四六级强化材料3

Model Test 3

Part ⅠWriting (30 minutes)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: Reading Selectively Or Extensively? You should write at least 150 words, and base you composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

1. 有人认为读书要有选择。

2. 有人认为应当博览群书。

3. 我的看法。

Part ⅡReading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)

Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.

The world was stunned by the news in the summer of 1995, when a British embryologist named Ian Wilmut, and his research team, successfully cloned Dolly the sheep using the technique of nucleartransfer. Replacing the DNA of one sheep’s egg with the DNA of another sheep?s the team created Dolly. Plants and lower forms of animal life have been successfully cloned for many years, but before Wilmut?s announcement, it had been thought by many to be unlikely that such a procedure could be performed on larger mammals and life forms. The world media was immediately filled with heated discussions about the ethical implications of cloning.

Some of the most powerful people in the world have felt compelled to act against this threat. President Clinton swiftly imposed a ban on federal funding for human-cloning research. Bills were put in the works in both houses of Congress to outlaw human cloning because it was deemed as a fundamentally evil thing that must be stopped. But what, exactly, is bad about it? From an ethical point of view, it is difficult to see exactly what is wrong with cloning human beings. The people who are afraid of cloning tend to assume that someone would, for example, break into Napoleon?s Tomb, steal some DNA and make a bunch of emperors. In reality, infertile people who use donated sperm, eggs, or embryos would probably use cloning. Do the potential harms outweigh the benefits of cloning? From what we know now, they don?t. Therefore, we should not rush placing a ban on a potentially useful method of helping infertile, genetically at-risk, homosexual, or single people to become parents.

Do human beings have a right to reproduce? No one has the moralright to tell another person that they should not be able to have children, and I don’t see why Bill Clinton has that right either. If humans have a right to reproduce, what right does society have to limit the means? Essentially all reproduction done these days is with medical help at delivery, and even before. Truly natural human reproduction would make pregnancy-related death the number one killer of adult women.

Some forms of medical help are more invasive than others. With in-vitro fertilization, the sperm and egg are combined in a lab and surgically implanted in the womb. Less than two decades ago, a similar concern was raised over the ethical issues involving “test-tube babies”. Today, nearly 30,000 such babies have been born in the United States alone. This miracle has made many parents happy. So what principle says that one combination of genetic material in a flask is acceptable, but not another?

Nature clones people all the time. Approximately one in 1000 births is an identical twin. However, despite how many or how few individual characteristics twins have in common, they are still different people. They have their own identities, their own thoughts, and their own rights. They enter different occupations, get different diseases, and have different experiences with marriage, alcohol, community leadership, etc. Twins have different personalities as would cloned individuals. Even if someone cloned several Napoleons, each would be different and even more unique than twins; the cloned child would be raised in a different setting. Therefore, cloning does not rob individuals of their personality.

Perhaps the strongest ethical argument against cloning is that it could lead to a new, unfamiliar type of family relationship. We have no idea what it would be like to grow up as the child of parents who seem to know you from the inside. Some psychological characteristics may be biologically, or genetically, based. The parent would know in advance what crises a cloned teenager could go through and how he or she will respond. Because the parents may understand what the child is going through, to greater degree than most parents, it may produce a good and loving relationship in the long run. On the other hand, most children want to have their own space. Simply because a family relationship is new and untried is no reason to automatically condemn it. In the past, many types of family relationships were considered harmful, but later showed to cause no harm to the children. Among these is joint custody after divorce, gay and lesbian parenting, and interracial adoption. As with adoption, in-vitro fertilization, and the use of donor sperm, how the child will react to the news about his or her arrival in this world will depend on how the parents feel about their mode of reproduction. Parents and children may adjust to cloning far more easily than we might think, just as it happened with in-vitro fertilization.

One recurring image in anti-cloning propaganda is of some evil dictator raising an army of cloned warriors. But who is going to raise such an army. Clones start out life as babies. It is much easier to recruit young adults than to take care of babies for twenty years. Remember that cloning isn?t the same as genetic engineering. No one can make another superman and his super powers might have a slim chance of being genetically determined, but nothing is certain.

Some might think that cloning is playing God. However, can you really say that you know God’s intentions? There is substantial disagreement as to what God’s will is. Armstrong wrote, anyone who has truly proved that God exists, that God isn’t only Creator, but Life-giver, Designer, Sustainer, and Ruler over all his creation, knows that the human family began with one man, and that together with him a wife, miraculously created from his own body and as unique and original a creation as Adam himself, forme d the first family. Though God?s miraculous creation of Eve was far from cloning, it is interesting to note in passing that God?s own Word says He used Adam?s

rib-physical bone and tissue - to create Eve.?

Another argument against cloning is that it would only be available to the wealthy and, therefore, would increase social inequality. What else is new? This is the story of American health care. We need a better health care system, not a ban on new technologies. Hopefully our new president will help us with this problem as well.

The U.S. Federal Government should not deem human cloning and cloning research illegal. It may provide a way for completely sterile or homosexual individuals to reproduce, and will probably provide valuable basic research and possible spin-off technologies related to reproduction and development. Our society has respected general rights to control one?s body regarding reproduction, and finally prohibiting it would violate the fundamental freedom of scientific inquiring.

Will human cloning be done? Undoubtedly. The technique used in sheep cloning does not require a highly sophisticated laboratory. Since the United States government does not support research on human cloning, and the United Kingdom, France, and Germany have banned it, the research making cloning possible may take place in Asia, Eastern Europe, or the East. Much cloning may also take place in secret, and will occur regardless of United States policies. Approximately eighty percent of Americans feel that cloning is wrong. However, the vast majority of people, including those who rail against cloning research, owe their lives to previous medical discoveries. Don?t let the forces of ignorance and fear turn us away from n ew types of research.

1. What kind of cloning had been practiced for many years by the time of Dolly was cloned?

A）Cloning large mammals and life forms C）Cloning plants and large mammals

B）Cloning plants and lower forms of life D）Cloning all kinds of life forms

2. How much do we know about the potential harm about cloning?

A）All of harms C）80 percent

B）About Half D）A small portion

3. What make pregnancy-related death to be the number one killer of adult women?

A）Truly natural human reproduction C）All reproduction process

B）Cloning D）Medical therapy

4. How long was the “test-tube babies”practiced in our world?

A）One hundred years C）Less than two decades

B）Fifty years D）More than two decades

5. With in-vitro fertilization, what are combined in a lab and surgically implanted in the womb?

A）the sperm and egg C）the gene of twins

B）cloned gene D）genetical embryo

6. In the long run, producing a good and loving relationship by____.

A）the parents understanding of what the child is going through

B）the parents’good personality

C）the cloned childs’character

D）the cloned childs’responses

7. Compared with cloning human and bringing them up as an army, it would be much cheaper to

____.

A）recruit young adults C）recruit cloned warriors

B）recruit cloned people D）recruit middle-aged people

8. Some worry that human cloning as a potential privilege for the rich might contribute to

_____.

9. The illegalization of human cloning by the government may erase the hope of people like

______.

10. Since human cloning can not be done in the U.S., the U.K., France and Germany, researchers can still conduct their researches in Asia, Eastern Europe, or the East, or in ______.

Part ⅢListening Comprehension (35 minutes)

Section A

Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

11. A) The man attended the concert, but didn?t like it.

B) The man was sorry to miss the football game.

C) The man is more interested in football than in classical music.

D) The man was sorry that he didn?t attend the concert.

12. A) Singing loudly.

B) Listening to music.

C) Studying.

D) Talking on the phone.

13. A) She can?t receive any calls.

B) She can?t make any calls.

C) She can do nothing with the phone.

D) She can?t repair the phone.

14. A) Tom is very responsible.

B) Tom?s words aren?t reliable.

C) What Tom said is true.

D) Tom is not humorous at all.

15. A) How to use a camera.

B) How to use a washer.

C) How to use a keyboard.

D) How to use a tape recorder.

16. A) They should put the meeting to an end.

B) They should hold another meeting to discuss the matter.

C) She would like to discuss another item.

D) She wants to discuss the issue again later.

17. A) He believes the Browns have done a sensible thing.

B) He doesn?t think the Browns should move to another place.

C) He doesn?t think the Browns? inv estment is a wise move.

D) He believes it is better for the Browns to invest later.

18. A) He may convert it and use it as a restaurant.

B) He may pull it down and build a new restaurant.

C) He may rent it out for use as a restaurant.

D) He may sell it to the owner of a restaurant.

19. A) She doesn?t like the way the professor lectures.

B) She?s having a hard time following the professor?s lectures.

C) She is not interested in course.

D) She?s having difficulty with the heavy reading assignments.

20. A) He never keeps his promises.

B) He is crazy about parties.

C) He has changed his mind.

D) He is not sociable.

Section B Compound Dictation

注意: 听力理解的B节(Section B)为复合式听写(Compound Dictation)，题目在卷二上。现在请取出试卷二。

Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage tree times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. Then listen to the passage again. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from S1 to S7 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered S8 to S10 you are required to fill in missing information. You can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.

President Clinton later today joins (S1) ________ presidents Ford, Carter and Bus h at “the president?s summit for America?s future” (S2) ________ at recruiting one million volunteer tutors to provide after-school, weekend and summer reading help for up to three million children. Mr. Clinton will ask Congress this coming week for nearly three (S3) ________ dollars to fund a five-year program called “America Reads”.

The program would fund the (S4) ________ efforts of 20 thousand reading (S5) ________ and it would also give (S6) ________ to help parents help children read by the third grade, or about age eight. During his Saturday radio (S7) ________, the president explained why the program is important. “We need …America Reads? and we need it now. Studies show that if the fourth-graders fail to read well, (S8) ________. But, 40 percent of them still can?t read at a basic level.”

V olunteer tutors, who provide community service in exchange for college funding, are being used in literacy and tutoring programs. (S9) ________.

The president says many of the Philadelphia summit?s corporate sponso rs will recruit tutors. (S10) ________.

Part IV Reading Comprehension (35 minutes)

Directions: There are 3 reading passages in this part. Each passage is following by some questions

or unfinished statements-For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.

Questions31 to 35 are based on the following passage.

We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist (免疫学家) Mark Laudenslager, at the University of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could mot. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system.

Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli don?t develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists? suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression.

One of the most startling examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance. In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned (使形成条件反射) mice to avoid saccharin (糖精) by simultaneously feeding them the sweetener and injecting them with a drug that while suppressing their immune systems caused stomach upsets. Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener. In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader reexposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amounts of sweetener during their earlier conditioning died. He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them.

31. Laudenslager?s experiment showed that the immune system of th ose rats who could turn off the electricity ________.

A) was strengthened

B) was not affected

C) was altered

D) was weakened

32. According to the passage, the experience of helplessness causes rats to ________.

A) try to control unpleasant stimuli

B) turn off the electricity

C) behave passively in controllable situations

D) become abnormally suspicious

33. The reason why the mice in Ader?s experiment avoided saccharin was that ________.

A) they disliked its taste

B) it affected their immune systems

C) it led to stomach pains

D) they associated it with stomachaches

34. The passage tells us that the most probable reason for the death of the mice in Ader?s experiment was that ________.

A) they had been weakened psychologically by the saccharin

B) the sweetener was poisonous to them

C) their immune systems had been altered by the mind

D) they had taken too much sweetener during earlier conditioning

35. It can be concluded from the passage that the immune systems of animals ________.

A) can be weakened by conditioning

B) can be suppressed by drug injections

C) can be affected by frequent doses of saccharin

D) can be altered by electric shocks

Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.

The destruction of our natural resources and contamination of our food supply continue occur, largely because of the extreme difficulty in affixing (把…固定) legal responsibility on those who continue to treat our environment with reckless abandon (放任). Attempts to prevent pollution by legislation, economic incentives and friendly persuasion have been net by lawsuits, personal and industrial denial and long delays—not only in accepting responsibility, but more importantly, in doing something about it.

It seems that only when government decides it can afford tax incentives or production sacrifices is there any initiative for change. Where is industry?s and our recognition that protecting mankind?s great treasure is the single most important responsibility? If ever there will be time for environmental health professionals to come to the frontlines and provide leadership to solve environmental problems, that time is now.

We are being asked, and, in fact, the public is demanding that we take positive action. It is our responsibility as professionals in environmental health to make the difference. Yes, the ecologists, the environmental activists and the conservationists serve to communicate, stimulate thinking and promote behavioral change. However, it is those of us who are paid to make the decisions to develop, improve and enforce environmental standards, I submit, who must lead the charge.

We must recognize that environmental health issues do not stop at city limits, county lines, state or even federal boundaries. We can no longer afford to be tunnel-visioned in our approach. We must visualize issues from every perspective to make the objective decisions. We must express our views clearly to prevent media distortion and public confusion.

I believe we have a three-part mission for the present. First, we must continue to press for improvements in the quality of life that people can make for themselves. Second, we must investigate and understand the link between environment and health. Third, we must be able to communicate technical information in a form that citizens can understand. If we can accomplish these three goals in this decade, maybe we can finally stop environmental degradation, and not merely hold it back. We will then be able to spend pollution dollars truly on prevention rather than on bandages.

36. We can infer from the first two paragraphs that the industrialists disregard environmental protection chiefly because ________.

A) they are unaware of the consequences of what they are doing

B) they are reluctant to sacrifice their own economic interests

C) time has not yet come for them to put due emphasis on it

D) it is difficult for them to take effective measures

37. The main task now facing ecologists, environmental activists and conservationists is ________.

A) to prevent pollution by legislation, economic incentives and persuasion

B) to arouse public awareness of the importance of environmental protection

C) to take radical measures to control environmental pollution

D) to improve the quality of life by enforcing environmental standards

38. The word “tunnel-visioned (Line 2, Para. 4) most probably means “________”.

A) narrow-minded

B) blind to the facts

C) short-sighted

D) able to see only one aspect

39. Which of the following, according to the author, should play the leading role in the solution of environmental problems?

A) Legislation and government intervention.

B) The industry?s understanding and sup port.

C) The efforts of environmental health professionals.

D) The cooperation of ecologists, environmental activists and conservationists.

40. Which of the following is true according to the last paragraph?

A) Efforts should be exerted on pollution prevention instead of on remedial measures.

B) More money should be spent in order to stop pollution.

C) Ordinary citizens have no access to technical information on pollution.

D) Environmental degradation will be stopped by the end of this decade.

Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage.

British universities, groaning under the burden of a huge increase in student numbers, are warning that the tradition of a free education is at risk. The universities have threatened to impose an admission fee on students to plug a gap in revenue if the government does not act to improve their finances and scrap some public spending cutbacks.

The government responded to the universities’threat by setting up the most fundamental review of higher education for a generation, under a non-party troubleshooter (调停人)，Sir Ron Dearing.

One in three school-leavers enters higher education, five times the number when the last review took place thirty years ago.

Everyone agrees a system that is feeling the strain after rapid expansion needs a lot more money-but there is little hope of getting it from the taxpayer and not much scope for attracting more finance from business.

Most colleges believe students should contribute to tuition costs, something that is common

elsewhere in the world but would mark a revolutionary change in Britain. Universities want the government to introduce a loan scheme for tuition fees and have suspended their own threatened action for now. They await Dearing?s advice, hoping it will not be too late-some are already reported to be in financial difficulty.

As the century nears its end, the whole concept of what a university should be is under the microscope. Experts ponder how much they can use computers instead of classrooms, talk of the need for lifelong learning and refer to students as “consumers.”

The Confederation (联盟) of British Industry, the key employers’organization, wants even more expansion in higher education to help fight competition on world markets from booming Asian economies. But the government has doubts about more expansion. The Times newspaper egress, complaining that quality has suffered as student numbers soared, with close tutorial supervision giving way to “mass production methods more typical of European universities.”

41. The chief concern of British universities is ________.

A) how to tackle their present financial difficulty

B) how to expand the enrollment to meet the needs of enterprises

C) how to improve their educational technology

D) how to put an end to the current tendency of quality deterioration

42. We can learn from the passage that in Britain ________.

A) the government pays dearly for its financial policy

B) universities are mainly funded by businesses

C) higher education is provided free of charge

D) students are ready to accept loan schemes for tuition

43. What was the percentage of high school graduates admitted to universities in Britain thirty years ago?

A) 20% or so.

B) About 15%.

C) Above 30%.

D) Below 10%.

44. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.

A) the British government will be forced to increase its spending on higher education

B) British employers demand an expansion in enrollment at the expense of quality

C) the best way out for British universities is to follow their European counterparts

D) British students will probably have to pay for their higher education in the near future

45. Which of the following is the viewpoint of the Times newspaper?

A) Expansion in enrollment is bound to affect the quality of British higher education.

B) British universities should expand their enrollment to meet the needs of industry.

C) European universities can better meet the needs of the modern world.

D) British universities should help fight competition on world markets.

Part V Cloze (15 minutes)

Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D) on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line

through the centre.

Most people who travel long distances complain of jetlag (喷气飞行时差反应). Jetlag makes business travelers less productive and more prone __46__ making mistakes. It is actually caused by __47__ of your “body clock”-a small cluster of brain cells that controls the timing of biological __48__. The body clock is designed for a __49__ rhythm of daylight and darkness, so that it is thrown out of balance when it __50__ daylight and darkness at the wrong times in a new time zone.

The __51__ of jetlag often persist for days __52__ the internal body clock slowly adjusts to the new time zone Now a new anti-jetlag system is __53__ that is based on proven __54__ pioneering scientific research.

Dr. Martin Moore-Ede has __55__ a practical strategy to adjust the body clock much sooner to the new time zone __56__ controlled exposure to bright light, The time zone shift is easy to accomplish and eliminates __57__ of the discomfort of jetlag. A successful time zone shift depends on knowing the exact time to either __58__ or avoid bright light. Exposure to light at the wrong time can actually make jetlag worse. The proper schedule __59__ light exposure depends a great deal on __60__ travel plans. Data on a specific flight itinerary (旅行路线) and the individual’s sleep __61__ are used to produce a Trip Guide with 62__ on exactly when to be exposed to bright light. When the Trip Guide calls _63__ bright light you should spend time outdoors if possible. If it is dark out-side, or the weather is bad, __64__ you are on an aeroplane, you can use a special light device to provide the necessary light __65__ for a range of activities such as reading, watching TV or working.

46. A) for

B) from

C) to

D) of

47. A) rupture

B) corruption

C) eruption

D) disruption

48. A) actions

B) functions

C) reflection

D) behavior

49. A) regular

B) formal

C) continual

D) circular

50. A) retains

B) encounters

C) possesses

D) experiences

51. A) diseases

B) symptoms

C) signs

D) defects

52. A) while

B) whereas

C) if

D) although

53. A) adaptable

B) approachable

C) available

D) agreeable

54. A) broad

B) inclusive

C) tentative

D) extensive

55. A) devised

B) recognized

C) scrutinized

D) visualized

56. A) at

B) through

C) in

D) as

57. A) most

B) least

C) little

D) more

58. A) attain

B) shed

C) retrieve

D) seek

59. A) on

B) with

C) for

D) in

60. A) unique

B) specific

C) complicated

D) peculiar

61. A) norm

B) mode

C) pattern

D) style

62. A) directories

B) instructions

C) specifications

D) commentaries

63. A) off

B) on

C) for

D) up

64. A) or

B) and

C) but

D) while

65. A) agitation

B) spur

C) acceleration

D) stimulus

Part IV Translation (5 minutes)

Directions: Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets.

66. The number of the students in this city has _____________________________ （增加了6倍）in comparison with 2001.

67. ________________________________________________________________ （有些大一新生打定主意）to pursue a master's degree after undergraduate studies.

68. _______________________________________________ （不管任务多么艰巨）, we must fulfill it in time.

69. He had understood nothing, _______________________________ （也没尝试着去）understand.

70. ______________________________________________ （随着时间的流逝）, they forgot their bitter sufferings.