06-06-13 Model Construction Contract (1999) formatted
CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT FOR DEVELOPMENT WORKS
MODEL TEXT
(1999 Version)
Formulated by
Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and State Administration for Industry and Commerce
December 1999
CONTENTS
PART ONE FORM OF AGREEMENT
I.Description of Works
II.Scope of Contracted Works
III.Duration of Construction
IV.Quality Standard
V.Contract Price
VI.Documents Forming the Contract
VII.Text
VIII.Text
IX.Text
X.Effectiveness of Contract
PART TWO GENERAL TERMS
I. Definitions and Contract Documents
1.Definitions
2.Contract Documents and Order of Priority in Interpretation
https://www.360docs.net/doc/5d5423886.html,nguage; Applicable Law, Standards and Rules
4.Drawings
II. General Rights and Obligations of Each Party
5.Engineer
6.Delegations and Orders of Engineer
7.Contractor's Representative
8.Employer's Tasks
9.Contractor's Tasks
III. Construction Organizational Plan and Works Period
10.Progress Scheme
https://www.360docs.net/doc/5d5423886.html,mencement of Works and its Postponement
12.Suspension of Works
13.Works Delay
https://www.360docs.net/doc/5d5423886.html,pletion of Works
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IV. Quality and Inspection
15.Works Quality
16.Inspection and Re-doing
17.Hidden Works and Interim Acceptance
18.Re-inspection
19.Trial Operation
V. Works Safety
20.Works Safety and Inspection
21.Safety Protection
22.Handling of Accidents
VI. Contract Price and Payment
23.Contract Price and Adjustment
24.Prepayment
25.Determination of Works Quantity
26.Payment of Work Price/Interim Works Prices
VII. Supply of Materials and Equipment
27.Supply of Materials and Equipment by Employer
28.Procurement of Materials and Equipment by Contractor VIII. Changes to Works
29.Changes to Works Design
30.Other Changes
31.Determination of Price for Changes
IX. Completion Acceptance and Settlement
https://www.360docs.net/doc/5d5423886.html,pletion Acceptance
https://www.360docs.net/doc/5d5423886.html,pletion Settlement
34.Liability for Defects
35.Warranty on Quality
X. Breach of Contract, Claims and Disputes
36.Breach of Contract
37.Claims
38.Disputes
XI. Others
39.Subcontracting of Works
40.Force Majeure
41.Insurance
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42.Guarantee
43.Patented Technologies and Special Know-how
44.Cultural Relics and Underground Obstructions
45.Termination of Contract
46.Effectiveness and Termination of Contract
47.Contract Copies
48.Supplementary Terms
PART THREE SPECIAL CONDITIONS
I.Definitions and Documents Comprising the Contract
2. Contract Documents and Order of Priority in Interpretation
3. Language; Applicable Law, Standards and Rules
4. Drawings
II.General Rights and Obligations of the Parties
5.Engineer
7.Project Manager of the Contractor
8.Obligations of the Owner
III.Construction Plan and Time of Completion
10.Schedule of Progress
13.Delay of Time for Completion
IV.Quality and Inspection
17. Covered-up Works and Interim Inspection for Acceptance V.Safety Operations
VI.Contract Price and Payment
23.Contract Price and Adjustment
24.Works Advance Payment
25.Certification of Work Amount
26.Payment for the Works (Progress Payment)
VII.Supplies of Materials and Equipment
27.The Owner Supplies Materials and Equipment
28.The Contractor Procures Materials and Equipment
VIII.Variations of Works
https://www.360docs.net/doc/5d5423886.html,pletion of Works and Settlement
X.Breach of Contract, Claims and Disputes
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35. Breach of Contract
37. Disputes
XI.Miscellaneous
38. Subcontracting of the Works
39. Force Majeure
40. Insurance
41. Guarantee
46. Copies of the Contract
47. Supplementary Clauses
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PART ONE FORM OF AGREEMENT
Owner (Full Name):
Contractor (Full Name):
In accordance with the Contract Law of the People's Republic of China, the Construction Law of the People's Republic of China and other relevant laws and regulations, based on the principles of equality, voluntariness, fairness, honesty and credibility, the Parties hereto have agreed on the construction project of development works and conclude this Contract.
I.Description of Works
Name of Works:
Location of Works:
Contents of Works:
Overall Works shall be attached with a list of Contract Works by the Contractor (Appendix 1)
Pre-Approval No. of Works:
Source of Funds:
II.Scope of Contracted Works
Scope of Contacted Works:
III.Duration of Construction
Commencement Date:
Completion Date:
Total calendar days of the duration of construction shall be days.
IV.Quality Standard
Quality standard applicable to the Works:
V.Contract Price
Amount (In Words): RMB¥
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US $
VI.Documents Forming the Contract
Documents forming the contract include:
1.Form of Agreement
2.The Letter of Acceptance
3.The Bidding Documents and the Appendices
4.Special Conditions of the Contract
5.General Conditions of the Contract
6.Standards, Specifications and other relevant technical documents
7.Drawings
8.Bill of Quantities
9.Schedule of Offer or Budget Statement
Any written agreements or documents relating to the Works or variation thereof made by the Parties hereof during the execution of the Contract shall be deemed to be parts of the Contract.
VII.Relevant words of this Form of Agreement shall have the same meaning that they are defined respectively in Part Two of the Contract – the General Terms.
VIII.The Contractor undertakes to the Owner that it will carry out and complete the Works and be responsible for maintenance and repair of the Works during the quality warranty period in accordance with the terms of this Contract.
IX.The Owner undertakes to the Contractor that it will pay the contract price and other payable amounts subject to the term and manner provided in the Contract.
X.Effectiveness of Contract
Execution Date:
Execution Place:
The Parties hereto agree that this Contract shall become effective upon .
Owner: (Official Seal) Contractor: (Official Seal)
Address: Address:
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Legal representative: Legal representative:
Attorney-at-law: Attorney-at-law:
Telephone: Telephone:
Facsimile: Facsimile:
Banker: Banker:
Account No.: Account No.:
Postcode: Postcode:
PART TWO GENERAL TERMS
I. Definitions and Documents Comprising the Contract
1.Definitions
In the Contract the words and expressions defined below shall have the meanings assigned to them, except where the context requires otherwise:
1.1General Conditions: means the terms and conditions prepared in accordance with the laws,
administrative regulations and requirements of the construction projects for the purpose of
general application to the construction projects
1.2Special Conditions: means the terms and conditions discussed and agreed by and between
the Owner and the Contractor in accordance with the laws and administrative regulations
and in consideration of the particulars of the Works, which shall be used as an addition or
modification specifically made to the General Conditions of the Contract.
1.3Owner: means the person named as such in Part II - Form of Agreement of the Contract,
who shall be legally capable of contracting the Works and making the payments therefor,
including the legal successors in title to such person, but not (expect with consent of the
Contractor) any assignee of such person.
1.4Contractor: means the person who has been accepted by the Owner and shall be capable of
executing the Works on a contract basis, including the legal successors in title to such
person, but not (except with the consent of the Owner) any assignee of such person.
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1.5Project Manager: means the person nominated by the Contractor in the Special Conditions
who shall act as the representative of the Contractor in management of the construction and execution of the Contract.
1.6Design Unit: means the unit with certificates of requisite qualifications in designing for civil
engineering works, who has been entrusted by the Owner to make the engineering designs for the Works.
1.7Supervision Unit: means the unit with certificates of requisite qualifications in supervising
the construction of civil engineering works, who has been entrusted by the Owner to supervise the construction activities of the Works.
1.8Engineer: means the chief supervising engineer appointed by the Supervision Unit or the
person designated by the Owner to act on behalf of the Owner for the purpose of the Contract, whose duties and authorities shall be specified and agreed upon by the Owner and the Contractor in the Special Conditions of Contract.
1.9Department for Management of the Costs of the Works: means the relevant departments of
the State Council, the competent administrative authorities of the people’s government of a county level or above, or the organizations for management of the costs of the Works duly authorized by such departments or authorities.
1.10Works: means the works within the contracted scope as has been specified and agreed upon
by the Owner and the Contractor in the Special Conditions of Agreement.
1.11Contract Price: means the sum payable by the Owner to the Contractor for the execution
and completion of all the Works and the remedying of any defects therein in accordance with the Contract as has been agreed upon by the Owner and the Contractor in the Conditions of the Agreement.
1.12Additional Payment: means in case of any circumstances whereby payment for additional
costs has been necessary, such additional sum or sums as have been certified by the Owner and added to the Contract Price payable to the Contractor.
1.13Costs: means the expenditure that is not included in the Contract Price and that is to be met
by the Owner or the Contractor (as the case may be).
1.14Duration of Construction: means the total calendar days (including the legal holidays) as
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has been agreed upon by the Owner and the Contractor in the Conditions of Agreement for the completion of the contracted works.
1.15Commencement Date: means the relative or absolute date upon which the Contractor shall
commence the construction of the Works as has been agreed upon by the Owner and the Contractor in the Conditions of Agreement.
1.16Completion Date: means the relative or absolute date upon which day the Contractor shall
complete all the Works within the contracted scope as has been agreed by the Owner and the Contractor in the Conditions of Agreement.
1.17Drawings: means all the drawings (including supporting explanations and relevant
information) provided by the Owner or those provided by the Contractor and approved by the Owner necessary for the execution of the Works by the Contractor.
1.18Site: means the places provided by the Owner where the Works are to be executed and such
other places specifically designated by the Owner in the drawings for the purpose of execution of the Works.
1.19Writing: means the form of contract, letter or data transmission ( including cable, telex,
facsimile, electronic data exchange and electronic mail ) that can physically and visibly express whatever needs to be expressed.
1.20Liquidated Damages: means the liabilities arising out of failure or unconformity in
performing the duties and obligations specified and agreed hereunder by either party hereof.
1.21Claims: means the demand or request by either party hereof for economic compensation and
/ or extension of time arising out of the actual losses and damages resulted from the act of default by the other party hereof ( other than the claiming party ) in the execution of the Contract.
1.22Force Majeure: means the physical conditions that are unforeseeable, unavoidable and
insurmountable.
1.23Hour or Day: for the activities to be calculated by hours as has been provided for in the
Contract, the calculation shall start from the effective beginning of the activities (the time for a break shall not be deductible). For the activities to be calculated by days, the date of starting such activities shall be excluded, and the calculation shall be started from the
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second day thereafter. When the last day to be so calculated happens to be a holiday or other
legal holidays, the last day shall then be the first day after the said holiday(s), provided
however such calculation shall not be applicable to the date for completion. The deadline of
the last day so calculated shall be the 24:00 p.m. of the day.
2. Contract Documents and Priority of the Documents
2.1The documents forming the Contract are to be mutually explanatory of one another. Insofar
as has been specified otherwise in the Special Conditions, the priority of the documents
shall be as follows:
(1)Form of Agreement
(2)The Letter of Acceptance
(3)The Bidding Documents and the Appendices
(4)Special Conditions of the Contract
(5)General Conditions of the Contract
(6)Standards, Specifications and other relevant technical documents
(7)Drawings
(8)Bill of Quantities
(9)Schedule of Offer or Budget Statement
Any written agreements or documents relating to the Works or variation thereof
made by both parties hereof during the execution of the Contract shall be deemed
to be parts of the Contract.
2.2In case of any ambiguities or discrepancies of the documents forming the Contract, the
Owner and the Contractor shall discuss to obtain an agreement thereon if such ambiguities
or discrepancies shall not impede the normal progress of the Works. Both parties hereof
may also submit the matters in dispute to the supervisory engineer. In the event of both
parties hereof failing to obtain such agreement as aforesaid or failing to agree with the
explanations made by the supervisory engineer, the provisions specified in Clause 36 hereof
– Settlement of Disputes – shall apply.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/5d5423886.html,erning Language, Applicable Laws and Standards and Specifications
3.1Language
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The Contract shall be drawn up, construed and interpreted in Chinese and English. If two or more languages used in the Special Conditions according to provision, 如专用条款约定使用两种以上(含两种)语言文字时,the Chinese language shall be the language according to which the Contract shall be construed and interpreted and is hereby designated the ruling language.
In the minority area, the Parties may agree to use the language of minority for drawing up, construe and interpretation of the Contract.在少数民族地区,双方可以约定使用少数民族语言文字书写和解释、说明本合同。
3.2Applicable Laws and Standards and Specifications
This Contract shall be subject to the national laws and administrative regulations. In the Special Conditions, both parties hereof shall expressly specify the laws and regulations applicable to the execution of the Contract.
3.3Applicable Standards and Specifications
The national standards and specifications applicable hereto shall be agreed by both parties hereof and specified in the Special Conditions. The parties hereof shall agree on and specify the industrial standards and specifications in case of unavailability of the national standards and specifications. The parties hereof shall agree on and specify the local standards and specifications prevailing in the places where the Site is located in case of unavailability of the national or industrial standards and specifications. The Owner shall at the time specified by the Special Conditions furnish to the Contractor the agreed standards and specifications in duplicate
The Owner will specify the technical requirements for construction in case of unavailability of the applicable national standards and specifications, the Contractor shall then prepare the construction process within the time specified and according to the said technical requirements, and execute such programs subject to the approval by the Owner. Chinese translation of the foreign standards and specifications if specified by the Owner shall be provided to the Contractor.
The costs and expenses to be incurred for procuring and translating the standards and specifications or the specified construction process shall be on the account of the Owner.
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4. Drawings
4.1The Owner shall provide the drawings to the Contractor at the time and with the number of
copies specified in the Special Conditions. The Owner may, at the cost of the Contractor,
make such additional copies of the drawings as may be necessarily required by the
Contractor. When the Owner requires the Works to be treated as confidential, he shall so
specify in the Special Conditions and pay for the costs for maintaining such confidentiality.
The Contractor shall fulfill the obligations not to disclose any such confidential information
during the specified period of confidentiality.
4.2Without approval of the Owner, the Contractor shall not assign to any third party any of the
drawings provided for the purpose of the Works. At the end of the Defects Liability Period,
the Contractor shall return to the Owner all such drawings except the drawings necessary
for the Contractor for the purpose of keeping a record.
4.3The Contractor shall keep on the Site one complete set of the drawings, and make the same
available for inspection by the Engineer and the related persons.
II. General Rights and Obligations of the Parties双方一般权利和义务
5 Engineer
5.1When the practice of project supervision is followed, the Owner shall prior to the
supervision of the Works inform the Contractor by a written notification specifying the
name of the entrusted supervision unit, scope of supervision and powers and duties of the
supervisors.
5.2The chief engineer designated by the supervision unit shall be termed Engineer herein. The
name, title and duties and powers of the Engineer shall be specified by the parties hereof in
the Special Conditions. The Engineer shall carry out the duties and powers specified in the
Contract. If the Engineer is required as has been specified in the Special Conditions to
obtain the specific approval from the Owner before exercising certain authorities, he shall
obtain the approval before so doing.
5.3The person designated by the Owner to act as his representative on Site shall also be termed
as Engineer. The name, title and duties and powers of the Engineer shall be specified by the
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parties hereof in the Special Conditions. Provided always that the duties and powers of such
engineer shall not be in conflict with those of the Engineer designated by the supervision
unit. In case of any conflict or ambiguities of the duties and authorities of the engineers, the
Owner shall specify to distinguish and notify the Contractor in writing thereof
5.4The supervisory engineer shall exercise his powers as have been authorized hereunder to
impartially and justifiably deal with the matters relating to the rights or obligations of both
parties hereof during the execution of the Contract. The provisions prescribed in Clause 37
hereof shall apply when either party hereof disagrees with the decision made by the said
Engineer.
5.5Except as may be expressly stated otherwise herein or save as has been approved by the
Owner, the supervisory engineer shall not have the authority to relieve the Contractor from
any of his rights or obligations specified herein.
5.6When the practice of project supervision is not adopted, the engineer named as such in this
Contract shall mean the representative designated by the Owner to act on his behalf for the
purpose of execution hereof, the duties and authorities of such Engineer shall be specified
by the Owner in the Special Conditions.
6. Engineer’s Authority to Delegate and Instruct
6.1The Engineer may from time to time delegate any of his duties and authorities specified
herein or hereunder to his representative and may at any time he deems fit revoke such
delegation. The Engineer shall inform the Contractor by 7 days prior written notice of any
such delegation or revocation and shall advise the Owner of the same. The notification of
such delegation and revocation shall form an appendix to this Contract.
Any correspondence given to the Contractor in writing by the Engineer’s representative in
accordance with the delegation shall have the same effect as though it had been an act of the
Engineer. If the Contractor questions any written correspond ence given by the Engineer’s
representative, the Contractor may refer the matter to the Engineer, who shall confirm. The
Engineer shall reverse or vary such instruction given by his representative that shall be
found to be incorrect.
No other person or per sons sent by the Owner to Site, except the Engineer or the Engineer’s
representative, shall have the right to issue any instruction whatsoever to the Contractor.
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6.2The instructions or notifications given by the Engineer shall not take effect unless the same
have been signed by himself and delivered in writing to the Project Manager, who shall acknowledge the receipt and endorse the return-slip. Provided that if for any reason the Engineer considers it necessary to give any such instruction orally, confirmation in writing of such oral instruction shall be made within 48 hours, and the Contractor shall comply with such instructions. If the Engineer fails to so confirm in writing promptly, the Contractor shall request the Engineer in writing to make such confirmation within 7 days from the issue of the oral instruction. The oral instruction shall be deemed to have been confirmed if the Engineer fails to reply to the aforesaid request by the Contractor within 48 hours from such request.
If the Contractor considers the instruction of the Engineer to be unreasonable, within 24 hours from receipt of the instruction, he may request the Engineer in writing to revise such instruction. The Engineer shall, within 24 hours from receipt of such request, advise the Contractor in writing of his decision whether the instruction is to be revised or retained.
Under circumstances of emergency, the Contractor shall comply with the instruction by the Engineer who insists on an immediate compliance therewith or such instruction by the Engineer who insists on an observation therewith regardless of any dispute by the Contractor thereto. The Owner shall be responsible to pay for any additional costs and losses incurred by the Contractor as a result of or in connection with any such instructions that proves to be incorrect, and an extension of time shall be granted accordingly.
The provisions specified in this sub-clause shall also apply to the instruction and notification issued by the Engineer’s representative.
6.3The Engineer shall in accordance with the Contract give instructions and approvals without
delay and perform such other duties and authorities as have been vested in him herein or hereunder. In the event of any delay being caused due to the failure of the Engineer to act at the time and in the manner prescribed herein or hereunder, the Owner shall be liable to pay for any additional costs thus incurred, compensate the Contractor for any losses resulted therefrom and give an extension of time accordingly.
6.4If the Owner intends to replace the Engineer, he shall give 7 days prior written notice to the
Contractor. The succeeding Engineer shall continue to exercise the duties and obligations vested in his predecessor hereunder.
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7. Project Manager of the Contractor
7.1The name and title of the project manager shall be specified in the Special Conditions.
7.2The notices given by the Contractor in accordance with the Contract shall be made in
writing and signed by the Project Manager, and shall take effect after the same has been
delivered to, countersigned and confirmed by the Engineer in acknowledge of receipt
thereof.
7.3The Project Manager shall organize the construction activities in accordance with the
construction plans approved by the Owner and the instructions given by the Engineer
hereunder. In the event of emergency or when the Engineer is unavailable, the Project
Manager shall take such urgent steps as may be necessary to safeguard the human life and
protect the Works and properties, and shall report to the Engineer within 48 hours after such
steps have been so taken. Any additional costs and expenses thus incurred by the Contractor
arising from default of the Owner or of any third party shall be borne by the Owner. The
Contractor shall bear any such additional costs and expenses if such additional costs have
been so incurred as a result of his own default and shall not be entitled to any extension of
time.
7.4If the Contractor intends to replace the Project Manager, he shall give 7 days prior written
notice to the Owner, and subject to the approval of the Owner. The substitute Project
Manager shall continue to exercise the rights and duties as have been vested in his
predecessor hereunder.
7.5The Owner may in consultation with the Contractor propose to change the Project Manager
who in the opinion of the Owner is disqualified.
8 Obligations of the Owner
8.1The Owner shall complete the following work at the times and in the manner prescribed in
the Special Conditions:
(1)Requisition of land, re-location and compensation of the inhabitants, and leveling of
the construction site so that the Site is ready for construction of the Works. The Owner
shall continue to attend to the outstanding issues related to the matters mentioned as
above.
(2)Readily serviceable water, electricity and telecommunication lines shall be introduced
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from the outside to reach the points specified in the Special Conditions, and ensure the
availability of all these facilities during the construction of the Works.
(3)The roads connecting the Site to the rural and urban areas, as well as the main access
internal routes on the Site shall be completed and open for traffic, to facilitate the
transportation for the purpose of construction of the Works. The Owner shall ensure
the availability of the infrastructure during the construction of the Works.
(4)Provide the information relating to the geological conditions and underground facilities
on Site, and ensure the correctness and accuracy of such information.
(5)Application shall be made to obtain construction license or other permits and approvals
necessary for the construction of the Works, and such other permits and approvals for
temporary use of land, suspension of water and electricity supplies, temporary cut-off
of the traffic and explosion operations (other than the certificates to verify the
qualifications of the Contractor ).
(6)Provide the benchmark and control points and requirements for hand-over of the Site:
the Site shall be handed over between the parties hereof in writing.
(7)Organize the Contractor and the design unit to check the drawings and meet to explain
the designs.
(8)Assist in handling such issues as protecting the underground facilities, nearby buildings
and structures (including the buildings and structures with cultural and archeological
value), and trees of age.
(9)Any other obligations to be fulfilled by the Owner shall be specified by both parties
hereof in the Special Conditions.
8.2The Owner may, subject to agreement to be made in the Special Conditions by both parties
hereof, entrust the Contractor to undertake part of the duties prescribed in sub-clause 8.1
hereof at the costs and expenses of the Owner.
8.3If any delay has been caused or losses have been created to the Contractor due to the failure
of the Owner to perform the duties prescribed in sub-clause 8.1 hereof, the Owner shall be
liable to compensate any such losses and grant extension of time correspondingly.
9. Obligations of the Contractor
9.1The Contractor shall complete the following work at the times and in the manner prescribed
in the Special Conditions:
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(1)As and when entrusted by the Owner, the Contractor shall subject to his grade of
qualifications and permitted scope of business complete the working drawings or auxiliary designs and execute the same subject to the approval of the Engineer. The Owner shall pay for all the costs and expenses incurred in connection therewith.
(2)Submit to the Engineer the yearly, quarterly and monthly progress report and statistics
of the schedule of progress.
(3)Provide and maintain the lighting (not for the construction activities at night), fencing
and security facilities as are necessary for the construction of the Works.
(4)Provide to the Owner the office and living quarters and facilities on Site with the
conditions and numbers specified in the Special Conditions.
(5)Comply with the regulations issued by the relevant governmental authorities with
regard to the internal transportation of the Site, control of noise, protection of environment and safety operations, handle such formalities as may be necessarily required, and report the same to the Owner in writing.
(6)Protect the completed part of the Works that has not yet been handed over to the
Owner, and pay for any costs incurred in remedying any damages to such completed Works; when the Contractor is required by the Owner to take special measures to protect certain part or parts of the Works, any additional costs thus incurred shall be agreed by both parties hereof in the Special Conditions.
(7)Take proper measures to protect the underground facilities, nearby buildings and
structures (including the buildings and structures with cultural and archeological value), and trees of age.
(8)Maintain a clean and hygienic condition of the Site to meet the relevant regulations on
environmental protection and hygiene. The Site shall be cleared and maintained in a condition to meet the requirements set forth in the Special Conditions. The Contractor shall be liable for all the losses or penalties resulted from his violation of the aforesaid regulations.
(9)Any other obligations to be fulfilled by the Contractor shall be specified by both parties
hereof in the Special Conditions.
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9.2If any loss has been incurred to the Owner due to the failure of the Contractor to perform
the duties prescribed in sub-clause 9.5 hereof, the Contractor shall be liable to compensate
any such losses
III. Construction Plan and Time of Completion
10 Schedule of Progress
10.1The Contractor shall submit an overall construction plan and schedule of progress to the
Engineer at the time specified in the Special Conditions. The Engineer shall confirm or
propose any modification thereto within the time specified in the Special Conditions. If the
Engineer fails to confirm or propose the modification as aforesaid, the construction plan and
schedule of progress shall be deemed to have been approved.
10.2If the sections of the overall Works need to be executed on a separate schedule of progress,
the Contractor shall prepare such schedules of progress for the said sections at the times and
as per the drawings and information to be provided by the Owner. Both parties hereof shall
specify the detailed arrangement in connection herewith in the Special Conditions.
10.3Subject to the inspection and examination by the Engineer, the Contractor shall organize the
construction activities as per the schedule of progress confirmed by the Engineer. The
Contractor shall propose measures for improvement when requested by the Engineer as and
when the actual progress is not in conformity with the approved schedule, and shall not take
such measures unless and until the Engineer has consented thereto. If the actual progress of
the Works does not agree with the scheduled progress, for which the Contractor shall be
responsible, the Contractor shall not be entitled to any additional costs for taking such
measures for improvement.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/5d5423886.html,mencement Date and Delay in Commencement
11.1The Contractor shall commence the construction of the Works on the Commencement Date
specified in the Form of Agreement. If the Contractor is not able to commence the Works as
scheduled, he shall give a written notice to the Owner 7 days prior to the Commencement
Date prescribed in the Form of Agreement to give explanation on the delay on his part and
request for an extended date for commencement. The Engineer shall respond to the
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Contractor in writing within 48 hours from the receipt of the said request. If the Engineer
fails to give his opinion within 48 hours from the receipt of such request, the request for an
extended date for commencement shall be deemed to have been approved and the an
extension of time shall be granted accordingly. No extension of time shall be given if the
Engineer disagrees with the aforesaid request or the Contractor fails to propose his request
for an extended date for commencement within the time specified herein.
11.2If the Owner fails to meet the Date for Commencement, the Engineer shall promptly notify
the Contractor in writing and postpone the date for commencement. The Owner shall pay to
the Contractor for any loss thus incurred to the Contractor as a result of such failure and
shall consent to an extension of time accordingly.
12. Suspension of Construction
12.1If the Engineer considers it necessary indeed to suspend the construction of the Works, he
may request the Contractor to suspend the construction and shall give his decision in writing
on the matter of suspension within 48 hours following his request for suspension. The
Contractor shall suspend the construction in compliance with such request as aforesaid and
take proper measure to protect the works completed. Subsequent to his obedience of the
decision by the Engineer as aforesaid, the Contractor may request in writing for resumption
of construction and shall not resume the construction unless and until the Engineer has
consented thereto. The Contractor may at his sole discretion resume construction of the
Works if the Engineer fails to make a decision on the matter of suspension or to respond
within 48 hours to the request by the Contractor for resumption of construction. The
additional costs arising from the suspension shall be borne by the Owner if such suspension
is attributable to him. If the suspension is attributable to the Contractor, such additional
costs as aforesaid shall be borne by the Contractor and no extension of time will be granted.
13. Delay of Time for Completion
13.1Extension of time shall be granted, subject to the confirmation by the Engineer, in the event
of occurrence of the circumstances described below,:
(1)The Owner fails to furnish the drawings and provide the conditions necessary for
commencement of the Works within the time specified in the Special Conditions.
(2)The Owner fails to make advance payment or progress payment at the times specified
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等效电路模型参数在线辨识
第四章 等效电路模型参数在线辨识 通过第三章函数拟合的方法可以确定钒电池等效电路模型中的参数,但是在实际运行过程中模型参数随着工作环境温度、充放电循环次数、SOC 等因素发生变化,根据离线试验数据计算得到的参数值估算电池SOC 可能会造成较大的估计误差。因此,在实际运行时,应对钒电池等效电路模型参数进行在线辨识,做出实时修正,提高基于模型估算SOC 的精度。 4.1 基于遗忘因子的最小二乘算法 参数辨识是根据被测系统的输入输出来,通过一定的算法,获得让模型输出值尽量接近系统实际输出值的模型参数估计值。根据能否实时辨识系统的模型参数,可以将常用的参数辨识方法分为离线和在线两类,离线辨识只能在数据采集完成后进行,不能对系统模型实时地在线调整参数,对于具有非线性特性的电池系统往往不能得到满意的辨识结果;在线辨识方法一般能够根据实时采集到的数据对系统模型进行辨识,在线调整系统模型参数。常用的辨识方法有最小二乘法、极大似然估计法和Kalman 滤波法等。因最小二乘法原理简明、收敛较快、容易理解和掌握、方便编程实现等特点,在进行电池模型参数辨识时采用了效果较好的含遗忘因子的递推最小二乘法。 4.1.1 批处理最小二乘法简介 假设被辨识的系统模型: 12121212()()()1n n n n b z b z b z y z G z u z a z a z a z ------+++==++++L L (4-1) 其相应的差分方程为: 1 1 ()()()n n i i i i y k a y k i b u k i ===--+-∑∑(4-2) 若考虑被辨识系统或观测信息中含有噪声,则被辨识模型式(4-2)可改写为: 1 1 ()()()()n n i i i i z k a y k i b u k i v k ===--+-+∑∑(4-3) 式中, ()z k 为系统输出量的第k 次观测值;()y k 为系统输出量的第k 次真值,()y k i -为系统输出量的第k i -次真值;()u k 为系统的第k 个输入值,()u k i -为 系统的第k i -个输入值;()v k 为均值为0的随机噪声。
沙盘模型做的所用材料
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不平,且表现要求上也有周围邻近的建筑物,则依测量方法的不同,模型的制作方法也有相应的区别。尤其是针对复杂地形和城市规划等大场地时,常常是先将地形模型事先做成,一边看着模型一边进行方案设计的情况较多,因而必须在地形模型的制作上多下些功夫,但也不需把地形做的过细。 三、用卡纸做模型 卡纸是最常用模型材料,你可以根据你的需要选择不同的卡纸,如:白卡,灰卡,色卡。 四、用木板做模型 灵活运用轻木料木材所具有的柔软而粗糙的才质质感及加工方便的 特点,可以做出各种不同的表现效果来。切割薄而细的软木材坂料时,要尽可能使用薄形刀具,细小的软木在切割时,应使用安全刀片的刃
口精心切下,切割范围很小时,应在木材下面帖上一层赛路硌透明纸带,这样可以增加其强度,是切割不受影响。我建议大家选用 0.7--2mm的航模木板。不过要注意的是垂直于木纹切割时不要太用力,否则很容易切坏。 五、用泡沫苯乙烯纸做模型 这种材料最适合做一些草模和研究模型,非常便于加工。 六、用有机玻璃做模型 由于这种材料很难切割,要用专门的刀才能切开,这种材料由于很透明,通常用来做外表面,可以看到内部空间。也可用来做一些研究性模型。 七、用塑料板做模型 这种材料模型公司用的多,非常正式的模型才会用,加工起来很麻烦。沙盘模型制作的材料可以是五花八门,各种环保型材料,可回收材料应有尽有。
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模型制作材料
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基于最小二乘模型的Bayes参数辨识方法
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Bouc-Wen 滞回模型的参数辨识
上海交通大学 硕士学位论文 Bouc-Wen滞回模型的参数辨识及其在电梯振动建模中的应用 姓名:周传勇 申请学位级别:硕士 专业:机械设计及理论 指导教师:李鸿光 20080201
Bouc-Wen滞回模型的参数辨识 及其在电梯振动建模中的应用 摘 要 电梯导靴是连接轿箱系统与导轨的装置,它能起到导向和隔振减振的作用。同时,在电梯的运行过程中它又将导轨由于制造或安装所造成的表面不平顺度传递给轿箱系统,从而引起轿箱系统的水平振动。国内外学者在电梯水平振动的建模和分析中,往往把导靴视为线性弹簧-阻尼元件来建模而忽略了非线性因素。事实上导靴与导轨之间存在非线性的迟滞摩擦力,本文通过实验的方法,采用Bouc-Wen 滞回模型来建立导靴-导轨非线性摩擦力模型。 Bouc-Wen滞回模型因其微分形式的非线性表达式而使得其参数辨识存在较大的困难,本文利用模型中部分参数的不敏感性,通过数学变换将非线性参数辨识问题转化为线性参数辨识问题,从而使得问题大大简化,参数辨识的效果也能满足要求。 基于以上导靴-导轨间摩擦力模型,本文进而建立了轿箱-导轨耦合水平振动动力学模型,该模型将轿箱系统等效为2自由度的平面运动刚体,将导靴等效为质量-弹簧-阻尼单元,同时考虑了导靴-导轨间的非线性摩擦力,以及导靴靴衬与导轨间接触的不连续性等。 在建立了轿箱-导轨耦合水平振动动力学模型后,利用Matlab/Simulink,建立了相应的仿真模型,开展了几种典型导轨不
平顺度激励(弯曲、失调和台阶)下的仿真分析。研究结果表明,这些分析对于电梯结构优化设计和动力学建模与分析有理论指导意义。 关键词:迟滞,参数辨识,非线性,动力学建模,系统仿真
模型制作材料
模型制作资料收集 一、制作工具 一.常用刀具 1.常用美工刀又称为墙纸刀,主要用于切割纸板、卡纸、吹塑纸、软木板、即时贴等较厚的材料。 2.美工钩刀切割有机玻璃、亚克力板、胶片和防火胶版的主要工具。 (美工刀) 3.手术刀 主要用于各种薄纸的切割与划线,尤其是建筑门窗的切、划。 (手术刀) 4单、双面刀片 单、双面刀片的刀片最薄,极为锋利,用于切割薄型材料 5.木刻刀 用于刻或切割薄型的塑料板材。 6.剪刀 用于裁剪纸张、双面胶带、薄型胶片和金属片的工具。根据用途通常需要几把不同型号。 7.微型机床、切割机 7.微型机床、切割机 相比手工切割,使用小型或者微型机床进行切割能够更好地提升工作效率,同时,使用高精度的锯片,能够使切割面更加整齐、平整。微型切割机搭配不同的锯片,能够用于切割比较厚、硬的板材。 二.常用度量工具 1.T形尺 用于测量尺寸,同时辅助切割。 2.三角板、圆规、量角器等 用于测量平行线、平面、直角,画圆、曲线等。
3.钢角直尺 画垂直线、平行线与直角,也用于判断两个平面是否相互垂直,辅助切割。 4.卷尺 用于测量较长的材料。 4.卷尺 用于测量较长的材料。 三.修整工具 1.砂纸 用于研磨金属、木材等表面,以使其光洁平滑。根据不同的研磨物质,有干磨砂纸、耐水砂纸等多种。干磨砂纸(木砂纸)用于磨光木、竹器表面。耐水砂纸用于在水中或油中磨光金属表面。 (砂纸) 锉 用于修平和打磨有机玻璃和木材,分为木锉和钢锉,木锉主要用于木料加工,钢锉用于金属材料与有机玻璃加工。按锉的形状与用途,可分为方锉,半圆锉,圆锉,三角锉,扁锉,真挫,可视工作的形状选用。 按锉的锉齿分为粗锉,中粗锉,细锉。锉的使用方法有横锉法,直锉法和磨光搓法。 其他工具 各种铅笔 用于做记号,在卡纸材料上通常用较硬的铅笔 镊子 制作细小构件时需要镊子来辅助工具 3,鸭嘴笔,勾线笔 画墨线的工具 4,清洁工具 模型制作过程中模型上会落有很多毛屑和灰尘,还会残留一些碎屑,可以用板刷,清洁用吹气球来清洁处理。 其他工具 一般最常用的五金工具,如老虎钳,小型锤、精密钢锯,卷尺,尖嘴钳等,在不同的材质制作模型中会需要用到。 纸质材料 按模型的使用特征分类,通常分为建筑结构和框材料,建筑表面和装饰材料,环境装饰材料和底盘材料。
制作建筑模型的材料
制作建筑模型的材料 Company number:【0089WT-8898YT-W8CCB-BUUT-202108】
建筑模型设计制作员:把“大家伙”变成工艺品职业定义 建筑模型设计制作员指的是能根据建筑设计图和比例要求、选用合适的模型制作材料,运用模型设计制作技能,设计制作出能体现建筑师设计思想的各种直观建筑模型的专业模型制作人员。 从事的主要工作包括 (1)读懂建筑图,理解建筑师设计思想及设计意图;(2)模型材料的选用及加工;(3)计算模型缩放比例;(4)制定模型制 作工艺流程;(5)制作模型。 职业概况 我国目前建筑模型设计制作业从业人员有120万多人,其中从事实物建筑模型(非计算机模拟模型)的专业制作人员占20%以上,按此计:建筑模型制作员从业人数可达24万。从业人员主要分布情况大致如下:70%的建筑模型制作员就业于模型制作公司;15%左右就职于各类展台布置装潢公司;10%开设独立的建筑模型设计制作工作室;5%分布在各大设计院、设计公司、设计师事务所。 目前的建筑模型设计制作员从业人员素质情况如下:水平参差不齐,很多从业人员都是半路出家,没有经过系统的学习与培训,靠师傅带和自己琢磨成才。有些模型制作人员无法读懂建筑设计图,使制作出来的建筑模型与要求相差太远。建筑模型设计制作不需要很大的场地,对人员的文化水平、年龄、性别等条件相对限制不是很多,没有各类污染,是花费少投入多的都市产业,对促进就业、发展社会经济作用很大。规范本职业的意义在于:提高本行业从业人员的素质、对衡量建筑模型库制作从业人者从业资格和能力提供依据;促进就业;加强建筑模型制作员这一新职业的科学化、规范化和现代化管理,从而从根本上提高从业人员整体素质。 目前本职业在劳动分工中主要有以下岗位:建筑模型设计公司模型制作工、展台布置装潢公司模型制作工、房产公司模型制作工等。 目前国内院校与本职业相关的专业设置没有。但在国内院校的建筑系有相关劳技课程,课时不多。 建筑模型设计制作员在国外的职业状况和我国相近,从业人员比我国少很多,制作水平更专业化。
蔬菜虫害分类
蔬菜主要病虫害种类 十字花科蔬菜病虫:主要有小菜蛾、菜青虫、黄曲条跳甲、斜纹夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾、蚜虫、菜螟、软腐病、黑腐病、菌核病、霜霉病、炭疽病、白锈病等。 豆科蔬菜病虫:主要有豆荚螟、豆蚜、斜纹夜蛾、豆芫菁、斑潜蝇、烟粉虱、朱砂叶螨、白粉病、炭疽病、枯萎病、锈病、轮纹病、病毒病等。 葫芦科蔬菜病虫:主要有黄守瓜、芫菁、瓜娟螟、蚜虫、蓟马、斑潜蝇、烟粉虱、灰霉病、疫病、霜霉病、白粉病、炭疽病、黑斑病、叶斑病、蔓枯病、枯萎病、细菌性角斑病、病毒病等。 茄科蔬菜病虫:主要有蓟马、棉铃虫、二十八星瓢虫、茶黄螨、青枯病、早疫病、晚疫病、褐纹病、炭疽病、白粉病、灰霉病、根结线虫病等。 葱蒜类蔬菜病虫:主要有蓟马、潜叶蝇、斜纹夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾、灰霉病、疫病、霜霉病等。 蔬菜主要病虫害种类及适用农药品种 乐斯本基立甲霜灵百菌清农药杂谈分类:农业 病虫种类: 1、苗期病害(猝倒病、立枯病)发生作物:叶菜类、瓜类、茄果类苗期。适用农药:恶习霉灵、甲基立枯磷、苗菌净、多氧霉素、甲霜灵锰锌。 2、霜霉病类发生作物:瓜类、葱类、叶菜类。适用农药:甲霜灵锰锌、百菌清、氰霜唑、杀毒矾、克露、氟吗锰锌、疫霜灵。 3、疫病类型发生作物:瓜类、葱类、叶菜类。适用农药:甲霜灵锰锌、百菌清、氰霜唑、杀毒矾、克露、氟吗锰锌、疫霜灵。 4、早疫病类发生作物:辣(甜)椒、黄瓜、葱、芋等。适用农药:代森锰锌、可杀得、百菌清、甲霜灵锰锌、杀毒矾、异菌。 5、晚疫病类发生作物:番茄、马铃薯。适用农药:甲霜灵锰锌、氟吗锰锌、氰霜唑、金雷多米尔、克露、蓝保、可杀得。 6、炭疽病类发生作物:甜(辣)椒、白菜、黄瓜、菜豆。适用农药:炭特
模型制作大全
模型制作大全 INDEX 上手快速索引:关键词按拼音首字母的顺序排列,基础篇涵盖素组所需的大部分技术。 B 补土/无缝 D 打磨 G 工具勾线 K 刻线 Q 去色 S 渗线砂纸术语水口素组 T 贴纸 X 消光/光油 B 关键词:补土/无缝 Q:什么叫补土啊? A:分3种: 1)牙膏补土:补缝,填小气泡 2)宝丽补土/AB土:都可以用来塑型,填较大的洞等 3)水补土:上色前喷可以统一底色,检查无缝是否完美,也能补一些很小的气泡 Q:我的补土不是挤牙膏一样的:上面有两条,一条白色一条淡土黄色,说明书上指示使用的时候要把两种混合在一起。 A:AB土,用来塑型和填大窟窿用的,用的时候就将同样长度的两条剪下,捏,充分混合后填到洞里,或者捏想要的形状,等完全硬化后再修。如果要做无缝的话还是得用那种牙膏包装的补土。 Q:AB补土使用时,把两块补土捏在一起,之后要捏到什么程度呢?颜色完全统一?A:当然是捏到匀了。 Q:AB补土是不是直接粘在零件上造型并完全干透后就把能自行粘合在零件上还是要另加接合剂? A:自己会粘住的。
Q:组好以后零件之件的细缝只能用补土来填吗?用502的话会不会对塑料造成伤害呢?素组的是不是不用填缝呀?还是填了缝后一定要上色呢? A:无缝作业的话胶水和补土都需要,模型胶和502都可以用。做了无缝后还是上色好些,打磨会影响模型表面的。素组的概念因人而异,但如果做了无缝,不上色的话,会很难看的还有就是用502的话,要注意不要按的太死,不然会把塑料溶掉的。 Q:在用田宫补土补缝的时候发现田宫的补土刚放到模型上不久就干掉了,有什么办法可以让补土不用那么快干呢? A:可以用田宫溶剂稀释。但要注意:牙膏补土越稀释,干时的收缩就越明显。 Q:请问做无缝除了用补土还有什么办法?用胶水又怎么做?等胶水干又要多久? A:以下的网址里的5至11楼有教用胶水做无缝: https://www.360docs.net/doc/5d5423886.html,/forum/index.php?showtopic=10462也可参见:https://www.360docs.net/doc/5d5423886.html,/viewthrea ... 1%26filter50Ddigest Q:请问在上补土(做无缝的)之后处理比较圆的地方时有什么秘诀吗?还有!上补土时有什么要注意的? A:弧面的地方要慢慢磨,小心不要将弧面磨平即可。上补土的话我比较喜欢先用溶剂湿润一下补土后再上。 Q:拿什么来稀释这些“补土”呢? A:牙膏补土的话,可以用郡士的溶剂来稀释,或者田宫的Lacquer溶剂(黄色盖,水油通吃,也可用于除去漆膜)。 Q:罐装水补土HOBBY分几种? A:有灰的和白的两种颜色,有500,1000,1200等号数,号数越高粒子越细。 Q:水补土能用笔涂吗? A:效果会不均匀。如果做铸造感的特殊效果的话,可以用水补土干扫。 Q:500号和1000号的水补土有什么不一样? A:参见上面。水补的编号和砂纸的编号都是细腻度的意思。越大越细腻。 Q:如果不上补土直接上油性漆的话会有什么不好的后果? A:不上补土当然也可以上色,当然油性漆要经过稀释,只是附着力不会很好就是了。油性漆比水性的腐蚀性要大(指的是稀释液),如果不喷补土可能(有可能)塑料会变脆,尤其是透明件。 Q:罐装水补土要注意什么? A:可以参看进阶篇喷罐相关。简单的说,就是距离30cm左右,快一点来回碰,少量多次的原则。 Q:不喷漆想要做到无水口、无缝还需要什么工具? A:不涂装,做无缝比较难些,因为总是要打磨的,一打磨塑料表面就花了,基本不可能做到无痕迹。白色零件上可以尝试,痕迹不会很明显。模型胶水,砂纸必须。 D 关键词:打磨 Q:问下打磨高达用的砂纸除了田宫的还有别的种类吗? A:高目的砂纸就别省这个钱了。田宫的砂纸的确非常好用。(还可以用3M的砂纸,很好用)粗目的用五金砂纸也行,几毛钱一张。不过不耐用。美国3M打磨布,很好用,贵。
参数辨识示例 报告
参数辨识 参数辨识的步骤 飞行器气动参数辨识是一个系统工程,包括四部分:①试验设计,使试验能为辨识提供含有足够信息量且信息分布均匀的试验数据;②气动模型结果确定,即从候选模型集中,根据一定的准则和经验,选出最优的气动模型构式;③气动参数辨识,根据辨识准则和数据求取模型中待定参数,这是气动辨识定量研究的核心阶段;④模型检验,确认所得气动模型是否确实反映了飞行器动力学系统中气动力的本质属性。这四个部分环环相扣,缺一不可,要反复进行,直到对所得气动模型满意为止。 参数辨识的方法 参数辨识方法主要有最小二乘算法、极大似然法、集员辨识法、贝叶斯法、岭估计法、超椭球法和鲁棒辨识法等多种辨识方法。虽然目前参数辨识的领域己经发展了多种算法,但是用于气动参数估计的算法主要有:极大似然法(ML),广义Kalman滤波(EKF)法,模型估计法(EBM )、分割及多分割算法(PIA及MPIA)、最小二乘法,微分动态规划法等。 因为最小二乘法和极大似然法是两种经典的算法,目前己经发展得相当成熟。最小二乘法适于线性模型的参数辨识,可以用于飞行器系统辨识中很多的线性模型,如惯性仪表误差系数的辨识,线性时变离散系统初始状态的辨识及多项式曲线拟合等。目前最小二乘法已经广泛应用于工程实际中。而极大似然算法因其具有渐进一致性、估计的无偏性、良好的收敛特性等特点而被广泛应用于飞行器参数辨识领域。 最小二乘法大约是1975年高斯在其著名的星体运动轨道预报研究工作中提出来的。后来,最小二乘法就成了估计理论的奠基石。由于最小二乘法原理简单,编程容易,所以它颇受人们重视,应用相当广泛。 极大似然估计算法在实践中不断地被加以改进,这种改进主要表现在三个方
遗传算法工具箱识别(GA)Bouc-Wen模型参数辨识_识别
Bouc-Wen模型因数字处理方便简单而得到较为广泛的应用,力可以表示为: 利用遗传算法工具箱(GA)对Bouc-Wen模型进行参数识别。 实验数据来源于对磁流变阻尼器(MR damper)进行性能测试,试验获得的数据包括力F,位移x,采用频率已知,速度和加速度可以由位移求导得出。 参数识别出现程序如下:(文件名:Copy_0_of_BoucWen) function j=myfung(x) y0=[0]; yy=y0; tspan=[]'; s=[]'; v=[]'; Ft=[]'; rr=max(size(s));%计算数据个数 i=1; while (i
(完整版)手工建筑模型制作工具、材料及步骤概要
模型手工制作工具及主要材料 ?常用刀具 1?常用美工刀 又称为墙纸刀,主要用于切割纸板、卡纸、吹塑纸、软木板、即时贴等较厚的材料。2?美工钩刀 切割有机玻璃、亚克力板、胶片和防火胶版的主要工具。 美工刀美工钩刀 3?手术 刀 单、双面刀片的刀片最薄,极为锋利,用于切割薄型材料。 5?木刻 刀 用于刻或切割薄型的塑料板材。
6?剪刀 用于裁剪纸张、双面胶带、薄型胶片和金属片的工具。根据用途通常需要几把不同型号。 7?微型机床、切割机 相比手工切割,使用小型或者微型机床进行切割能够更好地提升工作效率,同时,使用高精度的锯片,能够使切割面更加整齐、平整。微型切割机搭配不同的锯片,能够用于切割比较厚、硬的板材。 ?常用度量工具 1.T形尺 用于测量尺寸,同时辅助切割。 2?三角板、圆规、量角器等 用于测量平行线、平面、直角,画圆、曲线等。 三角板钢直角尺 3?钢角直尺 画垂直线、平行线与直角,也用于判断两个平面是否相互垂直,辅助切割。 4.卷尺 用于测量较长的材料。 三.修整工具 1.砂纸 用于研磨金属、木材等表面,以使其光洁平滑。根据不同的研磨物质,有干磨砂纸、耐水砂纸等多种。干磨砂纸(木砂纸)用于磨光木、竹器表面。耐水砂纸用于在水中或油中磨光金属表面。
2 .锉 用于修平和打磨有机玻璃和木料。分为木锉与钢锉,木锉主要用于木料加工,钢锉用于 金属材料与有机玻璃加工。 按锉的形状与用途,可分为方锉、半圆锉、圆锉、三角锉、扁锉、针锉,可视工件的形 状选用。 按锉的锉齿分粗锉、中粗锉和细锉。锉的使用方法有横锉法、直锉法和磨光锉法。 四.其他工具 2.镊子 制作细小构件时需要用镊子来辅助工作。 3.鸭嘴笔、勾线笔 画墨线的工具。 4?清洁工具 模型制作过程中,模型上会落有很多毛屑和灰尘,还会残留一些碎屑。可以用板刷、清 洁用吹气球等工具来清洁处理。 砂纸 锂 1.各种铅笔 用于做记号,在卡纸材料上通常用较硬的铅笔( H —3H )。
白菜类蔬菜病虫害识别与防治
白菜类蔬菜病虫害识别与防治 白菜类蔬菜属于十字花科芸苔属一年生或两年生草本植物,按照它们的形态,可以分为大白菜、小白菜、菜薹、乌塌菜以及芜菁等。 大白菜就是结球白菜,在全国都有分布,以北方栽培为主,是华北秋季栽培的主要蔬菜。 小白菜就是不结球白菜,我国北方俗称它为小油菜,南方地区成为青菜。 菜薹又称菜心,是我国著名的特菜之一。 乌塌菜含有丰富的矿物质和维生素,所以人们又叫它“维生素菜”。 总的来说,白菜类蔬菜的叶片、叶球、花薹和嫩茎等,富含各种维生素和矿物质,符合人们的食用习惯,再加上它们栽培面积广、产量高、耐于贮运、供应期长,所以,白菜类蔬菜称得上我国最重要的蔬菜之一。 在白菜类蔬菜的生长过程中,经常会出现各种各样的病虫害,如果不及时地进行防治、或是防治方法不对的话,会对蔬菜的产量和品质造成严重影响。接下来的节目中,我们首先来认识几种典型的病虫害,然后再看看如何防治。 病害 白菜类蔬菜的病害可以分为侵染性病害和生理性病害,而侵染性病害又分为细菌性病害、真菌性病害和病毒性病害。 细菌性病害
细菌性病害是植株由于受到细菌侵染而引起的一种病害,一般表现出坏死、腐烂、萎蔫、畸形的特点。 软腐病 您瞧这颗大白菜,叶球直接露出来了,叶柄基部和根茎处的心髓部组织已经完全腐烂,充满了灰黄色的粘稠物,还散发出很大的臭味,这就是软腐病的典型症状。 软腐病又叫做烂疙瘩、烂葫芦、腐烂病、水烂病等,发生极为普遍。它的主要特点是轻轻一掰,植株就倒了,病部呈黏滑软腐状.并伴有恶臭味。小白菜、菜心等白菜类蔬菜发生软腐病时,症状与大白菜基本相似。 拿大白菜来说,大白菜定植后直到形成心叶的这个过程是长外叶的过程,这个过程中软腐病不会发生。而当植株外叶即将罩严地面的时候,大白菜渐渐进入壮心期,这时软腐病开始发生,从壮心开始至收获的整个过程中都有发病的可能,如果在这个时期,一开始植株外围的叶片在烈日下表现出萎蔫,但早晚尚能恢复,慢慢儿地外叶不能恢复的话,那您就要注意了,这有可能是得软腐病的早期症状。 黑腐病 您瞧这棵大白菜,从叶片的边缘往两侧和里边扩展,形成“V”字形黄褐色枯斑,病斑的周边呈淡黄色,这就是黑腐病的症状。以后,病原菌还会沿着叶脉向里扩展,形成大块黄褐色病斑或网状黑脉,并感染叶柄。大白菜一般在莲座期以后容易得这种病,它也是由细菌引起的。
做模型用什么材料介绍
做模型用什么材料好 有很多朋友问我们做模型材料的,如果要用来做模型都是需要一些什么材料呢?那么用什么材料是最好的呢?这样的问题涉及面很 广泛,如果说要一一介绍到模型材料,可能三天三夜也不能完全介绍完,如果说要介绍用什么材料最好呢?其实每种模型都有最适合的模型材料,各个材料有各个材料的优点,当然也有缺点,关键是要看你怎么做这个模型!对于朋友们提的问题,我将会成系列的例举下来,文章每天都会有更新,请大家多多关注,多多支持! 材料系列(一) 材料是建筑模型构成的一个重要要素,它决定了建筑模型的表面形态和立体形态。 在现代建筑模型制作中,材料概念的内涵与外延随着科学技术的进步与发展,在不断的改变,而且,建筑模型制作的专业性材料与非专业性材料界限的区分也越加模糊。特别是用于建筑模型制作的基本材料呈现出多品种、多样化的趋势。由过去单一的板材,发展到点、线、面、快等多种形态的基本材料。另外,随着表现手段的日臻完善和对建筑模型制作的认识与理解,很多非专业性的材料和生活中的废弃物也被作为建筑模型制作的辅助材料。 这一现象的出现无疑给建筑模型的制作带来了更多的选择余地,但同时,也产生了一些负面效应。很多模型制作这认为,材料选用的档次越高,其最终效果越好。其实不然,任何事物都是相对而言,高档次材料固然很好,但是建筑模型制作所追求的是整体的最终效果。如
果违背了这一原则去选用材料,那么再好、再高档的材料也会黯然失色,失去它自身的价值。 模型材料的分类:材料有很多种分类方法,有按照材料产生的年代进行划分的,也有按照材料的物理特性和化学特性进行划分的。我们之后要介绍的材料分类,总分类为:主材料和辅助材料,再对两大类进行详细的分类。主要是从建筑模型制作角度进行划分,由各种材料在建筑模型制作过程中所充任的角色不同划分。(未完待续。。。。。。)
蔬菜病虫害防治
蔬菜——不用农药怎么防止病虫害? ?A+ ?A- 2017-04-05 10:01:47农产信息网关注 说实话,作物病虫害防治不用农药很不现实,比较麻烦且费人力,但要有想学习如何不用农药来防治病虫害的朋友可以来看一下。 蔬菜虫害是蔬菜种植户们非常头疼的问题,若是用传统的农药喷洒方式解决虫害,会因为农药残留影响蔬菜的品质。这里和大家分享一下蔬菜虫害的科学防治方法。
一、伴生植物法: 1.青椒和大蒜间作。由于大蒜有一种特殊气味,能使为害青椒的害虫闻之即逃,避免青椒受害。 2.番茄和甘蓝套种。番茄的叶片会散发一种特殊的气味,可驱赶走为害甘蓝的菜青虫和蚜虫。除此之外,这两种蔬菜吸收的营养有很强的互补性,能充分发挥地力。 3.葱头与胡萝卜间作。它们各自散发的气味能驱走相互间的害虫。若单一种植胡萝卜,为防止虫害,可在地内或四周种上几棵葱头,这也能起到驱虫的作用。 并非所有的蔬菜都可以间作,如甘蓝和芹菜、黄瓜和番茄等不宜间作在一起,因为它们各自的分泌物能抑制对方的生长。 这种方法对适用于种植户和家庭小面积种植者。 二、自然材料治虫
1.草木灰液治虫。草木灰10千克对水50千克浸泡24小时,取滤液喷洒可有效地防治蚜虫、黄守虫。若葱、蒜、韭菜受种蝇、葱蝇的蛆虫危害,每亩沟施或撒施草木灰20~30千克,既治蛆又增产。 2.红糖液防治病。害红糖300克溶于500毫升清水中,加入10克白衣酵母,置于温室或大棚内,每天搅拌1次,发酵15~20天,待其表面出现白膜层为止。然后将此发酵液再加入米醋、烧酒各100克,对入100千克水。每隔10天1次,连喷4~5次,防治黄瓜细菌性斑点病和灰霉病有良好效果。 3.兔粪治地老虎每10千克水加兔粪1千克,装入瓦缸内密封沤15~20天,用时搅拌均匀,浇于瓜菜根部,可防治地老虎。 4.尿洗合剂治菜蚜用洗衣粉、尿素、水按1∶4∶400的比例制成混合液,可防治菜蚜,杀虫率达90%以上。 5.猪胆液治病虫10%浓度的猪胆液加适量小苏打、洗衣粉,能防治茄子立枯病、辣椒炭疽病,能驱赶长豆角、四季豆、瓜类等蔬菜上的蚜虫、菜青虫、蜗牛等多种害虫。稀释液可保持10天有效。 6.大蒜、番茄叶巧杀红蜘蛛用大蒜(捣烂成泥状)2份,水1份混拌均匀,取其滤液喷治。或用新鲜的番茄叶(捣烂成浆)加清水2倍并浸泡5小时然后取滤液喷洒果树、花木或蔬菜,都可有效将红蜘蛛杀死。 7.糖醋、烂果诱捕金龟子选用熟烂酸臭的无花果、烂西瓜等,与糖醋液(红糖、醋、水比为1:3:16),一起放入陶钵,支撑分布在果园或菜园中,每2—3天收集钵中的金龟子即可。 8.三合板涂漆聚捕微型害虫在较大的三合板两面涂上橙黄色油漆,干后再涂一层机油、黄油混合油,分布挂在果园或菜园中,蚜虫、白粉虱、美洲斑潜蝇等害虫就会自投罗网。1周后更换涂刷油漆、混合效果更好。
(完整版)手工建筑模型制作工具、材料及步骤概要
模型手工制作工具及主要材料 一.常用刀具 1.常用美工刀 又称为墙纸刀,主要用于切割纸板、卡纸、吹塑纸、软木板、即时贴等较厚的材料。 2.美工钩刀 切割有机玻璃、亚克力板、胶片和防火胶版的主要工具。 美工刀美工钩刀 3.手术刀 主要用于各种薄纸的切割与划线,尤其是建筑门窗的切、划。 4单、双面刀片 单、双面刀片的刀片最薄,极为锋利,用于切割薄型材料。 5.木刻刀 用于刻或切割薄型的塑料板材。 木刻刀剪刀
6.剪刀 用于裁剪纸张、双面胶带、薄型胶片和金属片的工具。根据用途通常需要几把不同型号。 7.微型机床、切割机 相比手工切割,使用小型或者微型机床进行切割能够更好地提升工作效率,同时,使用高精度的锯片,能够使切割面更加整齐、平整。微型切割机搭配不同的锯片,能够用于切割比较厚、硬的板材。 二.常用度量工具 1.T形尺 用于测量尺寸,同时辅助切割。 2.三角板、圆规、量角器等 用于测量平行线、平面、直角,画圆、曲线等。 三角板钢直角尺 3.钢角直尺 画垂直线、平行线与直角,也用于判断两个平面是否相互垂直,辅助切割。 4.卷尺 用于测量较长的材料。 三.修整工具 1.砂纸 用于研磨金属、木材等表面,以使其光洁平滑。根据不同的研磨物质,有干磨砂纸、耐水砂纸等多种。干磨砂纸(木砂纸)用于磨光木、竹器表面。耐水砂纸用于在水中或油中磨光金属表面。
砂纸锉 2.锉 用于修平和打磨有机玻璃和木料。分为木锉与钢锉,木锉主要用于木料加工,钢锉用于金属材料与有机玻璃加工。 按锉的形状与用途,可分为方锉、半圆锉、圆锉、三角锉、扁锉、针锉,可视工件的形状选用。 按锉的锉齿分粗锉、中粗锉和细锉。锉的使用方法有横锉法、直锉法和磨光锉法。四.其他工具 1.各种铅笔 用于做记号,在卡纸材料上通常用较硬的铅笔(H—3H)。 2.镊子 制作细小构件时需要用镊子来辅助工作。 3.鸭嘴笔、勾线笔 画墨线的工具。 4.清洁工具 模型制作过程中,模型上会落有很多毛屑和灰尘,还会残留一些碎屑。可以用板刷、清洁用吹气球等工具来清洁处理。
建筑模型制作所需材料和工具(2)
建筑模型制作所需材料和工具 一.基本设备: 简单工具,能够应付大多数的建模工作 1.测绘工具、三棱尺(比例尺) 、直尺、三角板、弯尺 (角尺) 、圆规、游标卡尺、模型、蛇尺等。 2.剪裁、切割工具 勾刀、笔刀、裁纸刀、角度刀(45o) 、切圆刀、剪刀、手锯、钢锯、电动手锯(积梳机) 、电动曲线锯、电热切割器、电脑雕刻机。 3.打磨喷绘工具 砂纸、砂纸机、锉刀、什锦锉、木工刨、台式砂轮机。 二. 材料 1简易的建筑模型用聚苯泡沫塑料块切割成建筑模型实体部分的毛坯,也可用泡沫极做简易模型的底盘;用茶色涤纶纸,茶色不干胶纸作模型的窗、底盘粘面;用吹塑板、吹塑纸作阳台、墙面、地面、道路、台阶、屋顶等;用绒纸、砂纸作绿地草坪、步行道、广场等;用彩色橡皮块、海绵作汽车、树木等配景。以上几种材料价格低,易加工制作。一般视为同一档次的模型材料。这些材料灵活配合使用,可快速制成比较理想的设计模型或表现模型。 2. 建筑模型是使用易于加工的材料依照建筑设计图样或设计构想,按缩小的比例制成的样品。它是在建筑设计中用以表现建筑物或建筑群的面貌和空间关系的一种手段。对于技术先进、功能复杂、艺术造型富于变化的现代建筑,尤其需要用模型进行设计创作。那么制作一般的建筑模型需要哪些材料呢?以下做了一个简单的归类: 1、主体墙面:模型专用"747"型ABS高分子工程塑料板(厚度0.8 mm -33 mm) 2、主体玻璃:模型专用ICI高透明有机玻璃(厚度0.8 mm -1.2 mm) 3、路面、硬质铺装及加工方式:全部使用模型专用LG ABS板材。 4、绿化草坪:模型专用FALLER草坪 5、植物:软化铜丝、高弹海绵、高质量颜料及模型专用FALLER草粉 6、粘合剂:优质三氯甲烷、日本A-A超能胶、德国UHU胶、喷胶 三、制作流程 做建筑模型用的材料一般是ABS.用卡纸。 1、把图纸按需要的比例进行缩放,比如要做一比一百,就缩放到一比一百。 2、把建筑的各个面分解出来,单独出图,然后一比一打印出来。 3、把打印出来的纸贴在卡纸上,然后裁出门窗和边框。