考研英语翻译中定语的前置与后置

英语定语中，除了形容词作定语修饰名词时前置，大多数短语和句子作定语时基本是后置。而与此相反，汉语中，定语都要置于被修饰名词的前面。定语位置反映了英汉语言的一个重大差别。一般来说，英语是“中心词+修饰语”的语言(head-first language);汉语则是“修饰语+中心词”的语言，即中心词后置的语言(head-last language)。考生就应该遵循这个规律，在英译汉时，理解了英语定语结构后，用汉语的定语表达习惯表达出来。每年英译汉 5 个句子中至少含有一个定语从句，2003 年的试题中甚至有4 个定语从句。考生必须利用英汉定语差异把握定语从句的翻译技巧。

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1.1 前置法

我们知道，英语中的定语从句是在所修饰词的后面，但在把英语翻译成汉语时，可以直接把定语从句译成“……的”的定语短语，放置于被修饰的名词之前，这就是定语前置法。

Eg. It tends to ignore，and thus eventually to eliminate，many elements in the land community that lack commercial value，but that are essential to its healthy functioning. (2010年真题英译汉第50题)

解析：

首先，该句由but连接两个并列that引导的定语从句，修饰many elements“许多因素”。其次，in the land community修饰many elements，可直译为“土地群落中的很多因素”，但是“土地群落”用专业术语表达应该是“陆地生物群落”，这时，elements译为“因素”不恰当，而是指陆生群落中的“物种”。最后，这个定语从句的意义和结构都较为简单，可用前置法组合成为“陆生群落中的很多缺乏商业价值但是对其健康机制至关重要的物种”。

译文：这种保护体系往往会忽视，并因此最终消灭很多缺乏商业价值的但对其健康机制至关重要的物种。

1.2 后置法

定语从句较为复杂时，如果运用定语前置法，把定语从句译成“……的”，就过于冗长，意义较为繁杂或容易引起歧义、表达不清，这时可用后置法。把定语从句单独翻译成一个句子，放置于原来它所修饰的词的后面，关系代词可以译成先行词，或者与先行词相应的代词。有以下三种处理方式：

(1)重复先行词

Eg. The second，by Joshua Greenberg，takes a more empirical approach to universality，identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages，which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.(2012年真题英译汉第49题) 解析：首先，which的先行词是traits，“特点，特征”。干扰词是many languages，排除它是因为shared by many languages是过去分词短语作定语，修饰前面的traits，说明which 前面的中心词是traits.其次，谓语动词are considered to(被认为)在翻译时可以转化为主动的“人们认为”。最后，that引导的定语从句的先行词是biases，该定语从句比较简单，可采用前置法，修饰“偏见”。

本题考查考生定语从句的翻译技巧。本句带有两个较长的定语从句，不能两个都译成

“……的”结构。本句可以重复which所指的先行词“这些特征”，并把that引导的定语从句采用前置法放到前面修饰中心语，即“人们认为这些特征代表了由认知制约所产生的偏见”。

译文：作出又一贡献的是乔舒亚?格林伯格，他运用了更为鲜明的经验主义方法来研究这种普遍性，鉴别出多种语言的共同特征(特别是在词序上的特征)，而人们认为这些特征代表了由认知制约所产生的偏见。

(2)代词指代先行词

Eg. Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which，in its strongest form，states that language imprisons the mind，and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.(2004年真题英译汉第65题) 解析：which，in its strongest form，states……是which引导的定语从句。首先，in its strongest form是插入结构，代词its指代主句中的linguistic determinism(语言决定论)，可以用汉语的特指“其”来代替，理解为“以其极端形式”，插入语修饰整个定语从句，可以放在定语从句之前。其次，which的先行词也是linguistic determinism，谓语动词states “认为，宣称”后接两个并列宾语从句，这里可以用代词“其”来翻译关系词which，处理成一个独立的句子“其极端说法是：……”。

译文：沃尔夫进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点，其极端说法是：语言禁锢思维，语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。

(3)省略关系词

如果把定语从句翻译在先行词后面，在保证句子“通顺、完整”的前提下，有时可以不用重复先行词。

Eg. They are the possessions of the autonomous(self-governing)man of traditional theory，and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.(2002年真题英译汉第64题)

解析：in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements是which引导的定语从句。首先，该定语从句有两个并列谓语部分，结构比较复杂，根据后置法(1)重复先行词可以直接把这个定语从句组合在先行词后面。其次，which 的先行词是practices，介词in与先行词practices构成固定搭配，in which就相当于in practices，可译为“在实践中，一个人应该对自己的行为负责，并且因其成就而获得信任”，但在整个译文中我们可以进行灵活的翻译处理。由于整个定语从句修饰practices，所以可以把这个定语从句和practices结合在一起，利用后置法(3)省略关系词进一步调整为“(它们)是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而接受肯定的必不可少的前提。”

译文：自由和尊严(它们)是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责，并因其业绩而接受肯定的必不可少的前提。

1.3 状译法

有些定语从句在英语句子结构上是定语从句，但是，除了和先行词之间有说明原因、结果的关系，也和主句之间构成条件、让步、转折、目的等关系。也就是翻译成汉语时具有状语从句的功能，与主句有逻辑意义上的状语关系，说明原因、结果、让步或条件等关系。因此，翻译时应注意在英语的字里行间发现这些逻辑语义关系，然后翻译成汉语中的状语。

Eg. Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a “valid”or “fair”comparison. (1992年真题英译汉第73题)

解析：首先，the scale with which we are comparing our subjects由which引导的定语从句修饰the scale 作宾语从句的主语，介词with与先行词the scale构成固定搭配。该定语从句

比较简单，可采用前置法，翻译为“我们用以比较我们对象的尺度”。其次，宾语从句的谓语部分provides a “valid”or “fair”comparison可直译为“提供‘有效的’或者是‘公平的’比较”。最后，把整个宾语从句组合在一起，即“我们用以比较我们对象的尺度能提供‘有效的’或者是‘公平的’比较”。该译文显得过于冗长。回到英语原文中，发现定语从句与主句之间形成了条件关系，可进一步调整拆分为状语从句加主语的形式，“在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所使用的尺度能提供‘有效的’或者是‘公平的’比较”。

译文：既然对智力的评估是相比较而言的，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所使用的尺度能提供“有效的”或者是“公平的”比较。

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94年-14年历年考研英语翻译必背词汇英汉对照

94年-14年历年考研英语翻译必背词汇（英汉对照） 46) articulate 清晰的表达， 47) by all accounts根据、根据报道；by one’s own account根据某人自己所说，let alone更别提， 48) intensity紧张，abruptly突然地，sudden突然，soft柔和的，passage段落，rarely很少、几乎不，composer作曲家，compose作曲、编写, 49) associate联系， 50) suffer遭受, inevitable不可避免, render转换、使变成； 13年 46) strike打、震撼，for all尽管，style风格，urge需求、督促、鼓励，decoration装饰， 47)sacred神圣的，crude原始、粗糙，as opposed to与相反，shelter避难所， 48) in effect实际上，urban城市，discernible容易看出的，discern看出、识别， 49)blame批评， 50)implicit隐含的，explicit明确的，reference谈到、提及、参考，synthetic人造的； 12年 46) impulse冲动，unification统一、一致， generative生产的、生成的，generate产生， 47) constrain力劝、强迫、限制，constraint限制， 48) filter过滤, cognitive认知的， 49) empirical实证的、根据经验得到的, bias偏见， 50) track跟踪； 11年 46) erroneous错误的，error错误， 47) sustain支持、维持，illusion幻觉，conscious有意识的， 48) justification合理，借口，justify证明是公正的，rationalization合理，exploitation剥削、开发, bottom底， 49) circumstance环境， 50) upside积极的、正面的，contain包含，be up to取决于，array展示、陈列、一系列； 10年 46) rescue拯救，to the effect that大意是说，failed to不能，

历年考研英语翻译常考词汇汇总

历年考研英语翻译常考词汇汇总 A Abstract n.摘要，概要，抽象adj.抽象的，深奥的，理论的 Accelerate vt.&vi.（使）加快，（使）增速，n.接受速成教育的学生 Achievement n.成就；成绩；功绩，达到；完成 Acquire vt.得到，养成，vt获得；招致，学得（知识等），求得，养成（习惯等），捕获，Action n.作用，动[操]作，行动，机械装置[作用]，（小说等中的）情节 Activity n.活动，活动的事物，活动性，机能，功能 Actually adv.现实的，实际的；目前的；明确的，有效的 Additional adj.增加的，额外的，另外的 Advance vt.&vi.（使）前进，（使）发展；促进，vt.提出 Advantage n.利益，便利，有利方面，有利条件；优点；优势，（网球等）打成平手（deuce）而延长比赛后一方先得的一分（攻方所得称advantage in，守方所得则称advantage out） Agree vi.一致；相合同意，赞成约定，允诺，答应，相宜，调和，符合，和睦相处 Almost adv.几乎，差不多，差一点；将近 Amount n.量，数量，数额，总额，总数vi.合计，共计 Approach vt.&vi.接近，走近，靠近；vt.接洽，交涉；着手处理；n.靠近，接近，临近 Appropriate adj.适当的，恰当的；vt.挪用；占用；盗用 Argue vt.&vi.争吵，辩论；vt.坚决主张，提出理由证明，说服，劝说 Arise vi.&link v.呈现；出现；发生；vi.起身，起来，起立 Aspect n.方面，方位，朝向 Assert vt.声称，断言，维护，坚持 Assume vt.假设，臆断，猜想，假装，担，担任，就职

历年考研英语翻译词组汇总(免费下载阅读)

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历年考研英语翻译词组汇总(免费下载)

1990年 1. be determined by 由…所决定 2. have something to do with 与…有关 3. be central to sth. 是…的核心 4. in contrast/by contrast与此相反 5. be due to 由于（常做表语） 6. be deprived of 被剥夺 7. respond to 对…作出反应 8. as the basis of 依据/根据 9. be born with 天生具有 10. In contrast 相比之下 1991年 11. shut off 关上，停止，切断 12. in any case=at any rate 不管怎样，无论如何； in no case 决不 13. or so 大概，大约 14. at the rate of 以…的速率 15. take time 花费时间 16. be likely to 可能；倾向于

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