英语高级语法

第一章

名词

第一节可数名词与不可数名词

英语的名词分为可数名词与不可数名词。英语中的专有名词（人名、地名……）、物质名词（如copper, water）及抽象名词为不可数名词。此外，还有一些词并非根据其词义而是根据其本身属性为不可数名词，如：advice, baggage, clothing, equipment, evidence, garbage, information, litter, luggage, machinery, news progress, traffic, ware等。

有些名词作物质名词时，是不可数名词；也可作个体名词，而且这时则为可数名词。注意其意义上的变化，并注意他们作主语时，其谓语动词的单复数形式。

不可数名词可数名词不可数名词可数名词

iron 铁熨斗business 商业、事务企业、商店rubber 橡皮橡皮擦capital 资本首都

wood 木头森林brick 砖砖块

beauty 美丽美人glass 玻璃玻璃杯copper 铜铜币room 空间、余地房间

cork 软木软木塞chicken 鸡肉鸡

tin 锡罐cloth 布料抹布，桌布paper 纸试卷，文件，论文等power 权力强国

第二节

可数名词有单、复数之分。

1. 一般情况下在单数名词后加-s或-es即构成复数形式，如：desk—desks; girl—girls; brush—brushes; box—boxes.

2. 复合名词变复数时，有中心词时将中心词变为复数。

如：fortune-tellers( 算命人)；lookers-on（旁观者）；comings in (收入)；girl friends(女朋友，girl在这里表性别，friend 是中心词)；passers-by(过程人)；editors-in-chief(总编，主编)。

如果复合名词中无中心词，则复数加在词尾。如：forget-me-nots(勿忘我);grown-ups(成人)；set-backs(挫折)；break-throughs(突破)。

如果复合名词是以woman, man为前缀构成，则合成的两个名词都变为复数。

如：women teachers(女教师)；men doctors(男医生)。

当两个由’s构成的所有格名词修饰同一个事物时，前一个名词的’s省略；若它们所修饰的是互不相同的事物时，则两个所有格名词必须’s。如：Brown and Catherine’s villa(两人共同拥有的别墅)Brown’s and Catherine’s villa (分别指布朗的别墅和凯瑟琳的别墅)。

单数

复数单数复数scale

等级、刻度

规模天平advice 忠告通知，消息Short 短的短裤arm 武装武器surrounding 包围环境air 空气架子，神气content 内容目录good 好货物necessity 需要必需品remain 仍然（是）遗体，废墟color 颜色旗，绶带子rich 富裕财富

quarter 一刻钟，

四分之一

营房spirit 精神情绪

effect 效果财产，动产due 应得权益应付款humanity 人类人文科学manner 方式礼貌custom 风俗海关pain 痛努力

4.下列名词常以复数形式出现：

scissors(剪刀)；savings(积蓄)；ashes(灰烬，骨灰)；belongs(所有物)；earnings(收入)；lodgings(租住的房子)；minutes(会议记录)；outskirts(郊区)；slums(贫民窟)；at one’s finger’s ends(了如指掌)；make both ends meet（收支相抵）等。

5.下列名词单数形式相同：

deer(鹿)；sheep(绵羊)；craft(小船；飞船)；score(二十)；species(种，种类)；series(系列)；means(方式，方法)；works(工厂)；aircraft(飞机，飞船)；headquarters(总部)；Burmese(缅旬人，以-ese和-ss结尾的民族名称指人时单复数同形)。

Exercise 1

1.Folk art is a spontaneous expression of the feelings, attitudes, and the lower classes of a society.

A. need

B. need of

C. needs

D. needs of

2. He bought for his father in a drugstore.

A. some medicine

B. some medicines

C. many medicines

D. enough medicines

3.It requires a certain of preparation.

A. number

B. lot

C. amount

D. deal

4. I have to get about the subject before I write the paper.

A. a few more informations

B. a little more information

C. a few more information

D. a little more informations

5. Although a great number of house in that area are still in need of repair. There

been much improvement in their appearance.

A. has

B. have

C. will have

D. would have

6. Every means been tried since then.

A. have

B. are

C. has

D. is

7. He couldn’t remember .

A. what was the formula

B. what the formula was

C. what were the formula

D. what the formula were

8. He went to the to buy a pair of shoes.

A. shoes store

B. shoe store

C. shoes’ store

D. shoe’s store

9.I will give you to finish it.

A. two weeks time

B. two week’s time

C. two-weeks time

D. two weeks’ time

10. He gave me several good .

A. piece of advice

B. pieces of advices

C. piece of advices

D. pieces of advice

答案：1.D 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.A

6.C

7.B

8.B

9.A 10.D

第二章

代词

英语中的代词可分为下列八类：人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，指示代词，不定代词，疑问代词，连接代词和关系代词。英语专业四级考试中这部分测试的分量不重，稍加注意即可。

第一节人称代词、不定代词

1.人称代词要注意主格和宾格的用法。

2.物主代词则需要着区分名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词,要记住：名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+相应名词；名词性物主代词相当于名词的句法功能，在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语等；而形容词性物主代词不能独立来表达一个完整的含义，它充当名词的定语，总是与名词连用来表达一完整概念。

3.英语中不定代词有：all, each, everyone, everybody, both, enough, many , much, few, less, little, either, neither, other, another, some thing, anything, nothing等。而anybody, something, no thing 等不定词被形容词或限定词修饰时，该形容词或限定词应该后置，即：something(anything, nothing, anybody, somebody)+形容词或限定词，如:somebody old(某个老人)；something new (某个事物)；anything unknown(任何尚未知晓的事)等。

另外，不定代词有许多习惯搭配，表示特定的含义；nothing but(只不过，就是，只有)，anything but(根本不，并不)，something of (表示“略有”)，none other than(就是)。

4.英语中的相互代词只有两个：each other和one another。通常each other 用来指两个以上人或事物相互之间的关系。

第二节one和ones, it 和them,

that 和those的用法

在英语中，one和ones, it和them, that those 可用来代替上文出现过的名词（人或物），其中，one, it, that代替上文出现过的不可数名词或单数可数名词，而ones, them, those代替上文出现过的可数名词。

而one/ones, it/them及that/those这三组替代词用法的区别主要在于其是否带有前置和后置修饰语。

例：

1）I don’t like these shirts. Take them away, please.

2)Please show me the red ones(in the shop window).

3)Ok, I’d like to take those with bronze buttons.

句1)中的them代替上文出现过的复数可数名词shirts, 且既不带前置修饰词，也无后置修饰词。

句2）中的ones也代替上文出现过的复数可数名词shirts,在ones前有前置修饰词“the red”,而其后的修饰语“in the shop window”是否出现并不影响本句语法结构的正确及句意的完整，属可有可无。

句3）中的those 仍代替shirts, 但它不能有前置修饰语，却一定要带后置修饰语。

Exercise 2

1. It was who did that.

A. he and I

B. him and me

C. he and I

D. he and me

2. This bicycle is his, not .

A. their

B. hers

C. her

D. your

3. Each man and woman must sign full name before entering the examination.

A. their

B. its

C. her

D. his

4. The members of the two groups often help .

A. each other

B. one another

C. one and the other

D. one and another

5. “May I help you with some shoes, Sir?”

“Yes, I’d like to try on those brown .”

A. one

B. ones

C. pair

D. shoe

6.He has two blue pens and a red .

A. it

B. one

C. ones

D. that

7. After a long walk, I wanted to drink .

A. cold something

B. something cold

C. something to make cold

D. anything cold

8. The man over there is our principal.

A. no other but

B. no other than

C. no one than

D. none other than

9. Our department is monitored by two supervisors, Bill and .

A. I

B. mine

C. me

D. my

10. I did not choose any of the three offerings, because I found satisfactory.

A. neither of them

B. none of it

C. either of them

D. none of them

答案：1.A 2.B 3.D 4.B 5.B

6.B

7.B

8.D

9.C 10.D

第三章

动词

动词是英语中涉及语法范畴最广、用法最为复杂、测试中出现频率最高、考生也感觉最难掌握的部分，它包括动词的时态、动词的语气，情态动词，主、谓数的一致，非限定动词等的用法与区别。

第一节

英语专业四级测试中常考虑的时态用法有一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，现在进行时，现在完成时，过去完成时的用法与区别。

一、一般现在时

1.表示普遍真理和客观事实。如：

Our teacher told us that anything that is dropped falls towards the center of the earth because of the pull of gravity.

2.在I’ll see to it that…,I’ll make sure that…, see(to it)that…结构的从句里用一般现在时表示将来含义。

如：1）I’ll see to it that you don’t get lost.

2) See(to it )that you are here punctually tomorrow morning.

3)在when ,while, as, the moment 等连词引导的时间状语从句中及if引导的条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来含义。

如：1）I’ll tell him your address when he comes back.

2) He will be glad if he passes the examination.

但注意：3) I don’t know when he will come back.

4)I am not sure if he will come.

句3)中when引导的从句中用将来时没错，因为when在本句中不引导时间状语从句，而引导宾语从句。

句4）中if引导的从句用将来时也对，因为if在此引导的不是条件状语从句。

4. come go, begin, end, leave, start, arrive, return, depart, stop等瞬间性动词常用一般现在时表示按计划、安排、时刻表将发生的动作。如：

1）The film begins at seven in the evening

2) The plane leaves at ten thirty.

二、一般过去时

1.在有些谚语中用过去时而不用现在时。如：

1）Care killed a cat.(忧郁伤身。)

2）The course of true love never did run smooth.(好事多磨。)

2.表示过去经常、反复、习惯但现在已经不再如此的动作。

如：I went to visit him everyday.

3.用一般过去时代替一般现在时表示更加客气、婉转的语气。

如：1）Could you tell me the way to the Summer Palace?

2）Did you need my help?

三、一般将来时

1. 当shall 在陈述句中用于第二、第三人称时，它不是将来时的时态助动词，而是情态动词，表示说话者的允诺、意图、警告、命令等。

例：He shall not leave his post.他不是离开岗位。

2.be about to 接动词原形也可以表示将来，有“就要、即将”的意思。但它不能与表示将来的时间状语连用。

例：He is about to start for Beijing tomorrow morning.[误]

改正：去掉tomorrow morning即可。

3.Will 和be going to 接动词原形均可表将来，但will常表示说话人临时“打算做什么”，而be going to 则表示说话人在讲此话前已作好决定“将做什么”。

例：1）—Mary is in hospital.

—Really? I will see her someday next week.

2)—John is in hospital.

—I know it I am going to visit him on next Wednesday.

四、现在进行时

1．现在进行时表示到现在某一刻或某一阶段尚未完成，仍在进行的动作或所处的状态。

例：The new library is still being built in our university.

2.现在进行时中有时用副词always, forever, constantly等，表示对某一经常发生动作的厌烦、赞同等感情色彩。

例：1）He is constantly telling the story of his life.

2) He is always helping others.

3.静态动词不用现在时行时，若用进行时则词义会有所变化。

例：1）He is wealthy and has two cars.

2) We are having English lesson the whole morning.

4.表状态的动词一般不用现在时，而用一般现在时代替现在进行时。表状态的动词常见的有：live, hate, like, wish, belong to, sound, taste, desire, understand, think(认为)，know, own, possess, have(有)，envy等。

5.感觉动词表示“被动感觉”意义时不用进行时态，表示“主动感觉”时可以用进行时态度。

例：1）The wood is feeling very smooth.[误]

2) The wood feels very smooth.[正]

3）He is feeling his way in the dark.[正]

6.be 后接动态形容词时可用进行时态表示人的暂时行为和性格特征，若是表态形容词，则不能用进行时态。

例：1）He is being modest.他显得谦虚[正]

2) She is being tall.[误](tall 是静态形容词，不能表示暂时行为)。

五、现在完成时。

现在完成时表示动作的延续、结果或经历，着重于过去时间和现在时间的综观，因此，不能与表示单纯过去时间的状语（如two weeks ago, last year等）连用，而常与下列状语连用；already, yet, ever, never, scarcely, lately, recently, up to the present, up till now in the past few years, so far, once, just, this week等。

例：Up to now the work has been easy.

1.瞬间性动词或词组go, come, become leave, start, die, begin, stop, join, get up, borrow, buy, come back 等可以用于现在完成时，但它们若用现在完成时，则不能

for，since等表示延续的时间状语连用。要表示瞬间性动作持续多久时可用它们相应的系表结构或者换为持续性动词的完成时形式。

例：1）He has died. [正]

2) He has joined the army for 14 years. [误]

3）He has been in the army for 14 years. [正]

4）He has bought the TV set for 10 years. [误]

5）He has had the TV set for years. [正]

2.在It (That, This )is the first(second…)time, It is the most(best)…结构后通常要用现在完成时态。若be动词为"was"，则从句用过去完成时。

例：1）This is the second time I have visited your beautiful country.

2) It was the most interesting novel I had ever read.

3.瞬间性动词不与延续性时间状语同时用于现在完成时中，但若句子是否定结构则没有这个限制。

例：1）He has gone home for two weeks. [正]

2) He hasn’t gone home for two weeks. [误]

4.在“it is +时间段+过去时”结构中，since后面接终止性动词表示该动作开始；后面接延续性动词则表示该动的终止。

例：1）It is five years since I began to study English. 我已经学了五年的英语了。

2) It is five years since I studied English.我已经五年没有学英语了。

六、过去完成时

1.用动词hope, mean, suppose, intend, think, plan等的过去完成时表示过去未能实现的愿望等。

例：1）I had intended to come ten minutes earlier, but I was caught in a traffic jam.

2) by the end of后接过去时间，句子用过去完成时；by the end of 后接将来时间，句子用将来完成时。

例：1）By the end of last weekend all the papers had been checked.

2) By the end of next month we will have been in the United States for two weeks.

3.过去完成时不能单独使用，它所表示的动作必须是“过去的过去”，即表

示在过去某一时间或作（或用从句表示出，或可从上下文看出）之前的动作。

例：1）The instructor had gone over the problems many times before the students took the final examination.

2) Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.

Exercise 3—1

1.Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about compliments

to his political leaders.

A. paying

B. having paid

C. to pay

D. to have paid

2.By the time she is 50 years old, she an inmate of the prison for over half of her life.

A. would have been

B. will be

C. will have been

D. would be

3.There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone me that

evening.

A. to have interrupted

B. would have interrupted

C. had interrupted

D. to interrupt

4.Whatever the cause, English at the end of the 20th of the 20th century is more

widely spoken and written than any other language .

A. ever was

B. had ever been

C. has ever been

D. would ever be

5.The ambassador heard that at his post a year longer.

A. he be staying

B. him to stay

C. he would he staying

D. he will have stayed

6.Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage

avoided.

A. is to be

B. can be

C. will be

D. has been

7. In this experiment, they are wakened several times during the night, and asked to

report what they .

A. had just been dreaming

B. have just been dreaming

C. are just dreaming

D. had just dreamt

8."What do you think of the boxing match last night?"

“I really think Jackson .”

A. don’t…has won

B. didn’t…would win

C. didn’t …has

D. don’t …wins

9.It for over a month and the down pour had damaged many houses.

A. rained heavily

B. had been raining cats and dogs

C. has been raining heavily

D. has rained cats and dogs

10. The Managing Director said that improving relations with the association would

not be easy, but that they to try.

A. would have decided

B. decide

C. have decided

D. had decided

答案：1.C 2.C 3.C 4.C 5.C

6.A

7.B

8.D

9.D 10.D

第二节主谓一致

英语中句子的谓语动词和主语在人称和数上必须保持一致，这叫主谓一致，首先应注意三大主谓一致原则，即语法一致、意念一致及就近一致原则。

一、语法一致原则

语法一致原则即确定谓语人称和数的形式时，只考虑主语的语法形式，不考虑其含意。

1.and 与with, together with, along with, as well as, besides, in addition to, including, accompanied by, combined with连接并列主语结构的区别。and 是并列连词，可连接并列成分，包括并列主语，而其余的词和词组均属介词，只能连接介词短语，作方式伴随状语。

例1）Mr. Wang and his wife are go to visit Canada.

(“and his wife”作并列主语)

2）Mr. Wang with his wife is going to visit Canada.

(“with his wife”是介词短语，作方式伴随状语，主语是Mr. Wang,单数)

2.Many a+单数可数名词，More than one +单数可数名词作主语时，谓语用单

例：1）Many a student sits in TEM-4 each year.

2) Many students sit in TEM-4 each year.

3)More than one question has been raised at the meeting.

二、意念一致原则

意念一致原则即确定谓语的人称和数的形式时，只考虑主语的含义，而不管其语法形式。

1.常用集合名词committee, family, audience, team, crowd, crew, staff, government, faculty, group, board, jury等意指整体时，谓语用单数；意指个体成员时，谓语用复数。

例：1）My family love classic music.

2) My family lives in a beautiful block.

2.表示时间、距离重量、价值等的复数名词作主语，表示整体概念，谓语用单数。

例：1）Seventy miles is a long way to drive.

2) Three thousand years is very short in the long history of the development of the universe.

3) Five hundred dollars is too much for me.

三、就近一致原则

就近一致原则即谓语的单、复数形式与靠近谓语的主语的数保持一致。

1.由并列连词neither…nor, either…or, not only…but also…等连接两个主语时，其谓语的单复数形式由贴近谓语的主语确定。

例：1）Either the teacher or the students have made a mistake.

2) Either the students or the teacher has made a mistake.

2.当关系代词作关系分句（即定语从句）的主语时，从句的谓语的数由靠近从句的名词的形式确定。

例：John is working with his friends who were his classmates in his middle school days.

但当关系分句的先行项被one of the 修饰，且one of the…又被the great, the only, the right, the very等强调时，关系分句的谓语是单数形式。

例：1）Luxun is one of the great writer who have made contributions to Chinese

2)Peter is the (only) one of the boys who is disobedient to the teachers.

3. 在表存在的“there be+名词”句型中，若名词主语是由“and”连接的并列主语，谓语“be”的形式由靠近“be”的名词形式确定。

例：1）There is a bed and several chairs in the room.

2)There are several pear trees and an apple tree in the courtyard.

除了这三大原则以外，还有很多其他形式的词、词组作主语时谓语的数也值得我们注意。

1.单个的名词性从句，动名词（或动名词短语）以及不定式（或不定式短语）作主语，谓语用单数形式。

例：1）Doing morning exercises is good for your health.

2) What interests the workers most is better wages and working conditions.

2.表示群岛、山脉、瀑布等以-s结尾的专有名词作主语时，谓语用复数。

例：The Andes are rich in minerals, especially copper, gold and silver.

3. 以-ics结尾的许多名词表示某个学科名称时谓语用单数；而指该学科的实践和具体运用时，谓语用复数。如：

politics政治学(单数) 政治见解（复数）

statistics统计学(单数) 统计数据（复数）

mathematics 数学（单数）数学能力（复数）

economics经济学（单数）经济效益（复数）

4.某些名词形式上是单数，意义上是复数概念，谓语用复数。如：police, people, clergy, youth, folk, cattle, militia等。

5.用and 连接的两个单数名词时，若and 后面的名词没有有冠词，则表示同一个人、同一物或同一概念，谓语用单数。如：

The wheel and axle轮轴，a knife and fork刀叉，the bread and butter 涂黄油的面包。

例：The secretary and dean is giving a speech.

书记兼系主任正在讲话。

6.and 连接数个单数名词作主语，若名词前有every, each 或no 修饰，则谓语用单数。

例：No boy and no girl is permitted to enter the room.

7.当most of, the rest of, all, half(of), the majority of, last, enough, the remainder 和分数、+百分数+名词作主语时，其谓语由名词的形式决定，名词为不可数名词或单数可数名词时，谓语用单数，当名词为可数名词复数时，谓语用复数。

例：1).Most of this book is interesting.

2) Most of these books are helpful.

8.以-ings结尾的名词，如beginnings , bookings, clippings, diggings, earnings, lodgings, surroundings, sweepings等作主语时，谓语用复数。

Exercise 3—2

1. Either of the two pupil the examinations.

A. have passed

B. have been passed

C. has passed` B. has been passed

2. The number of the students in the class small.

A. are

B. is

C. have been

D. were

3. were interested in the offer.

A. None of a customer

B. None of customer

C. None of the customer

D. None of the customers

4. Writing stories and articles what I enjoy most.

A. is

B. are

C. have to be

D. were

5. “The Arabian Nights”the story of Aladdin.

A. to contain

B. containing

C. contains

D. contain

6. A painter and decorator the walls of the house.

A. were calcimining

B. was calcimining

C. were calcimined

D. was calcimined

7.Either dye or paints to color cloth.

A. is used

B. be used

C. are used

D. was used

8. Every policeman and fireman to color cloth.

A. have been

B. are

C. was

D. were

9. Ten hours enough time for that paper.

A. is

B. are

C. have been

D. were

10. This department, along with three others the new method.

A. is trying

B. are trying

C. is tried

D. are tried

答案：1.C 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.C

6.B

7.C

8.C

9.A 10.A

第三节情态动动词

情态动词有一定词义，表示某种感情和语气，如能力、可能性和意愿等，但不能单独用作谓语，需和其他动词（原形）一起构成谓语。常用的情态动词can(could), may(might), must , shall, will(would), should, ought to , need, dare, 其中，need 和dare既可做情态动词，又可以做一般行为动语。

一、情态动词中，有些后面可跟完成时，即情态动词+have +V-ed，但意义各有不同。

1.can(could)have done是对过去事情肯定猜测，表示怀疑或不肯定的语气。

例：You can’t find your book and you can have left it at home.(可能)

2.can(could)not have done是对过去事情的否定猜测。

例：Now that he has not yet come, he can’t have caught the early bus.(不可能)

3.may(might)have done是对过去事情的猜测。

例：He may have lost his way.(也许已经)

4.must have done是对过去事情的肯定猜测，语气很强。

例：My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically, “Are you feeling all right?”(一定)。

5.should have done 与ought to have done都表示过去应该做但实际上并未做的事，是一种责备的语气；后者比前者语气更加。

例：You ought to have memorized all the words.(本应该已经记住而实际上没有记住)

Should’t have done 表示过去不应该做但实际上却做了的事，也含责备的语气。

例：You shouldn’t have made such a mistake.(你不应该犯这样的错误的，但实际上已犯了)

6.need have done 表示过去需要做但实际上没做的事，needn’t have done则表

示过去无须做但实际上却做了的事。

例：1）You need have prepared all for the examination.

2)You needn’t have told him about it.

7.would rather have done表示一件事实上未做但希望已经做了。

例：I’d rather have been blamed for it.我宁愿为此受责备（实际上没有）。

二、“must”表示“必须”时，否定式用needn’t.

例：“Must the be at the office that early?”

“No, he needn’t.”

“must”表示猜测时，否定式用can’t。

例：“It must be Prof. Li.”

“It can’t be him. He has just gone to Beijing.”

三、有些情态动词组成了固定的词组。

1.may(might) well+动词原形，意为“有道理，大概”。

例：His appearance has changed so much that you might well not recognize him.

2.may(might)as well+ 动词原形，意为“不妨”。

例：Since this medicine doesn’t work, you might as well try another.

3.cannot but+动词原形（不得不），can’t help+V-ing(情不自禁，忍不住)。

例：1）I can’t but wait for him.

2)When Jane fell off the bike, the other children could not help laughing.

4. had better+动词原形（最好是……），其否定形式：had better not+动词原形。

例：You’d better not take too much. It’s heavy.

5.Would rather+动词原形（宁愿不……）。

例：I’d rather not tell him the news.

四、need 作情态动词时不用于肯定句，作行为动词时没有这个限制。

例：1）We need inform him of that matter.

2) We must inform him of that matter.

3)We needn’t worry about it.

4)We need to expand the parking lot.

五、could 与was/were able to的用法的区别。

could表示过去一般情况下能做的事。

was/were able to表示过去在某一具体情况下能做的事。

例：Before liberation, the bread-earner could not afford a big family, but my grandpa was able to.

Exercise3—3

1.The librarian will tell Tom that he pay for the missing book.

A. need not

B. need not to

C. needs not

D. needs not to

2. I don’t believe him. What he has said be true.

A. may not

B. must not

C. can not

D. should not

3. Must I accompany him? No, you .

A. mustn’t

B. needn’t

C. cant

D. won’t

4.I’m sorry I couldn’t get in touch with him before he left.

I him earlier.

A. must have phoned

B. might have phoned

C. should have phoned

D. would have phoned

5.She more embarrassed.

A. couldn’t have looked

B. needn’t have looked

C. shouldn’t have looked

D. wouldn’t have looked

6. John’s score on the test is the highest in the class. He .

A. should study

B. should have studied last night

C. must have studied last night

D. need study last night

7.I’d rather Shanghai by train.

A. leave for

B. left for

C. leaving for

D. to leave for

8.When the lost of money is reported to him, the security officer interviews all those people who the opportunity to go into the Sales office.

A. might have had

B. would have had

C. will have had

D. should have had

9.I’d rather you about it.

A. don’t tell

B. not to tell

C. not tell

D. tell not

10.You’d better it right now, otherwise you can’t finish it in time.

A. to do

B. do

C. will do

D. did

答案：1.A 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.A

6.C

7.A

8.A

9.C 10.B

第四节虚拟语气

虚拟语气表示说话人所说的话是某种愿望、假设、怀疑、猜测或可能，虚拟语气较多地用于条件句，也可见于其他从句。

一、虚拟语气的三种常见结构见下表。

假设If从句的谓语形式主句的谓语形式

与现在事实相反一般过去时

be 动词用were Would(could, might, should)+动词原形

与过去事实相反Had+过去分词Would(could, might,

should)+have +过去分词与将来事实相反should(were to)+动词原形Would(could, might, should)+动

词原形

例：1）If I had more time , I would study German.

2) I would have checked my paper again if I had had more time at yesterday’s examination.

3)If the sun were to rise in the west, I would marry you.

二、虚拟语气的混合式：条件从句的动作和主句动作发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式决定于要表示的具体时间。

例：If she hadn’t trained so hard, she wouldn’t be able to run so fast.

三、虚拟语气条件从句的倒装与省略：在书面语中，如果条件从句中的谓语含有were, had或should等词，要将were, had或should与从句的主语交换位置，从布满省略if,条件从句形成倒装和省略。

例：1）Were I you, I Would get up early every morning.

2) Had you arrived at the station ten minutes earlier yesterday, you could

have caught the train.

3)Should you change your mind, let me know.

四、含蓄虚拟：当虚拟句中的虚拟条件不用if引导的条件从句表示，而是

对过介词短语或but 连接的转折分句来表示，即含蓄虚拟条件。

1.用“but for”,“without”来代替“if…not”。

fail.

例：But for your help, I would

Have failed.

2.用“otherwise”, “but that+ 从句”或“but”分句代替if引导的条件句。

例：1）He worked very hard, otherwise he might have failed.(主句有陈述语气，分句用虚拟语气)

2）But that he saw it with his own eyes he could not have believed it.要不是他亲眼所见，他就不会相信那事。（从句用陈述语气，主句用虚拟语气）3）I would have gone to visit you, but I was fully occupied last week.我早已经想去看你了，但上周我完全没空。（主句用虚拟语气，分句用陈述语气）

五、虚拟语气用于宾语从句。

宾语从句的谓语动词是否用虚拟语气由主句的谓语动词确定。

1.当主句的谓语动词是表示“建议、命令、要求、欲望、想法”等意义的词，如：suggest, propose, recommend, move(提议)，advise, order, command, decide, agree, insist, maintain, urge, desire, prefer, require, request, demand, resolve, rule, stipulate(规定)等，宾语从句中虚拟表达形式：should+动词原形（美国英语中常省掉should）。

例：I recommended that he, my best student, (should)be admitted to the postgraduate’s college.

2.当主句的谓语动词是would rather, had rather, would as soon时，后面的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，这种虚拟语气用过去时表示一种未实现的愿望。

例：I would rather you stayed here.

3. 动词wish 后跟由that 引导的宾语从句（that 经常省略）要用虚拟语气，这种虚拟语气用过去时表示一种不可实现的愿望；用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。

例：1）She wishes she had more money.

2)She wished she had more money at that time.

4.在expect, believe, think, suspect等+动词的否定式或疑问形式后面的宾语从句中，谓语常用“should+动词原形（或完成时）”，表示怀疑、惊奇和不满等。

例：I never expected that he should be so generous.

六、虚拟语气用于主语从句。

1.在It is/was+形容词+that…从句的句型中，“it”是形式主语，而“that…从句”是主语从句，主语从句是否要用虚拟语气由形容表语决定。当形容词是表示“必须，重要”等概念的词时，that…从句的谓语动词常用有：“should+动词原形”表示虚拟，should常省略，这类形容词有：necessary, essential, vital, important, urgent, imperative, obligatory, strange等。

例：1）It is necessary that you should clean the workshop after work.

2)It is very strange that he should have left without saying good-bye.

2.当形容词是由上述表示主张、要求、命令等概念的动词加-ed或加-able 构成的时候，主玉器从句也须用should+ 动词原形表示虚拟，should可省。

例：1）It was recommended that his best student (should)be admitted to the postgraduate’s college.

2)It was advisable that he(should)not stay up the whole night before examination.

注意下面这个句子：

I thought it imperative that we(should)take immediate actions to prevent the event from spreading.

虽然在句中that引导的是一个宾语从句，似乎不符合虚拟语气用于主玉器从句的语示规则，但这个句子可以扩充为：

I thought that it was imperative that we should take immediate actions to prevent the event form spreading.

扩充后，“that we should…”部分就充当宾语从句中的主语从句了。这是目前常测试的语法知识。

七、虚拟语气用于表语从句和同位语从句：在suggestion, proposal, recommendation, motion, advice, order, commend, decision, insistence, desire, requirement, request, demand, resolution, rule, stipulation(即由上述表示“建议”、命令、要求、欲望、想法”的动词构成的名词)等名词后接的表语从句和同位语从句用should+动词原形（should可省）表示虚拟。

例：1）My advice is that every testee (should)concentrate much upon improving their ability of reading comprehension.

2)His suggestion that we(should)start early was adopted.

八、虚拟语气用于关系句中，在It is (high, about)time…后接的关系分句中用