2016新版中石油职称英语水平考试《通用英语选读》第11-20课-课文精讲.pdf

中石油职称英语考试2016版60篇通用选读学习心得

（20篇新课文，考过的大题已标出）

目录

31 PETROLEUM GEOLOGY AND OTHER SCIENCES 石油地质学与其它科学................错误!未定义书签。

32. THE CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH加利福尼亚淘金热(2016新版) ............................错误!未定义书签。

33 WHAT DO PARENTS OWE THEIR CHILDREN 父母欠子女什么？ ............................错误!未定义书签。

34. SHOULD YOU GO ORGANIC? 你应该“有机”吗？（N2016新增） ...................错误!未定义书签。

35 YOU BET YOUR LIFE 以命相赌 ...............................................................................错误!未定义书签。

36. TO BE CONTENT WITH ONE'S LOT乐天知命..........................................................错误!未定义书签。

37 I DIDN'T KNOW HOW TO TEACH UNTIL I MET YOU 直到遇到你我才知道怎么教学错误!未定义书签。

38 RESERVOIR PRODUCTION MECHANISMS油藏开采机理（2016新版） ..............错误!未定义书签。

39 A $210,000 WALLET 价值21万美元的钱包..........................................................错误!未定义书签。

40 FUNDAMENTAL TECHNIQUES IN HANDLING PEOPLE 处理人际关系的基本技巧...错误!未定义书签。

11 Smoking and Cancer 吸烟和癌

1. Americans smoke six thousand million<百万>cigarettes<香烟，纸烟>every year (1970 figures). This is roughly<大致上，大体，大约> the equivalent<相等的> of 4,195 cigarettes a year for every person in the country of 18 years of age or more. It is estimated that<据估计> 51% of American men smoke compared with 34% of American women.

1、美国人每年抽烟60亿支(1970年的统计数字)。这大致等于每个18岁以上的人一年要吸4195支烟。据估计，美国有51％的男性吸烟，而女性吸烟的比例则为34％。

2. Since 1939, numerous<数不清的，许多的，大量的> scientific studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard<冒险，危险>. The trend of the evidence<证据> has been consistent<一致的> and indicates that there is a serious health risk. Research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt<毫无疑问的，不容置疑的> that tobacco<烟草> smoking, particularly cigarette smoking, is associated with<与…有关> shortened life expectancy<预期，期望>.

2、1939年以来，为了确定抽烟是否有害健康进行了大量的科学研究。证据所显示的趋势是一贯的，并表明对人体的健康有严重的危险。许多研究小组进行的研究不容置疑地表明，吸食烟草，特别是吸卷烟与预期寿命缩短有关。

3. Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs<肺癌> and cancer of the throat<喉癌> and is believed to be related to cancer of the bladder<膀胱癌>and the oral cavity<口腔>. Male cigarette smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males. (Female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply.) The majority<大多数> of doctors and researchers consider these relationships proved to their satisfaction <满意>and say, "Give up smoking. If you don't smoke-don't start!"

3、这方面的研究人员大都相信吸卷烟是产生肺癌、喉癌的重要因素，还认为膀胱癌、口腔癌也与此有关。男性吸烟者的心脏病死亡率比不吸烟的高。(他们认为女性吸烟者受影响小一些，因为她们吸烟不那么深。)大多数医生和研究人员认为，上述那些关系已得到令人满意的证实，并且告诫说：“戒烟吧，如果你不会抽-那可不要学!”

4. Some competent<有能力的，胜任的>physicians<医生> and research workers-though their small number is decreased<减少> even further-are less sure of the effect of cigarette smoking on health. They consider the increase in respiratory<呼吸的> diseases and various forms of cancer may possibly be explained by other factors in the complex human environment -atmospheric pollution, increased nervous stress, chemical substances<物质> in processed food<加工食品>, or chemical pesticides<杀虫剂>that are now being used by farmers in vast quantities to destroy insects<昆虫> and small animals. Smokers who develop cancer or lung diseases, they say, may also, by coincidence<恰巧>, live in industrial areas, or eat more canned<罐头> food. Gradually<渐渐地，逐渐地>, however, research is isolating<排除，孤立>all other possible factors and proving them to be statistically<统计上地，统计地> irrelevant<不相干的，无关的>.

4、有些精通业务的医生和研究人员-虽然这些人不多，并且人数在进一步减少-不那么肯定吸卷烟对人体健康有影响。他们认为呼吸系统疾病和各种癌症的增多也许可以说是由于人类复杂环境中另外一些因素，即：空气的污染、人们精神压力的增大、经过加工的食品中的化学物质、或化学杀虫药引起的。农民现在大量使用这些农药杀死昆虫和小动物。据他们说，那些患了癌症或肺病的人可能恰巧也住在工业区，或是吃了更多的罐头食品。但是研究工作逐渐排除了其它因素的可能性，并且用统计数字证明这些因素是无关的。

5. Apart from<除了> the scientific statistics<统计>, it might be helpful to look at<认清>what smoking tobacco actually does to the human body. Smoke is a mixture of gases, vaporized<气化的> chemicals, minute particles of ash<灰>, and other solids. There is also nicotine<尼古丁>, which is a powerful poison<毒>, and black tar<焦油，柏油>. As the smoke is breathed in, all these components form deposits<沉淀> on the membranes<膜，隔膜> of the lungs. One point of concentration<集中> is where the air tube<气管>, or bronchus<支气管>, divides. Most lung cancer begins at this point.

5、除了科学统计之外，研究工作还有助于认清吸食烟草对人体的实际影响。抽烟产生的烟雾是一种混合的气体，包括气化的化学物质，极小的烟尘微粒和其它固体，还有毒性很强的尼古丁和黑焦油。当吸进烟时，所有这些成分就都沉淀在肺膜上。在气管和支气管分支的地方有一个集中点。大部分肺癌就从这里发端。

6. Smoking also affects the heart and blood vessels<血管>.It is known to be related to Beurger's disease, a narrowing<狭窄>of the small veins<静脉>in the hands and feet

that can cause great pain and lead even to amputation<切断手术>of limbs<肢>. Smokers also die much more often from heart disease.

6、抽烟也影响心脏和血管。现已查明抽烟与伯尔格氏病有关。这种疾病使手脚的细静脉不断缩小，从而引起剧烈疼痛甚至会导致截肢。抽烟者死于心脏病的也比不吸烟的人多得多。

7. While all tobacco smoking affects life and expectancy<期待，预期> and health, cigarette smoking appears to have a much greater effect than cigar<雪茄> or pipe<烟斗> smoking. However, nicotine consumption<消耗> is not diminished<减少> by the latter<后者> forms, and current research indicates a causal<具有因果关系的> relationship between all forms of smoking and cancer of the mouth and throat. Filters<过滤> and low tar tobacco are claimed to<据称> make smoking to some extent<程度上> safer, but they can only marginally<略微，在边上>reduce, not eliminate<消除> the hazards<危害>.

7、尽管吸食各种烟草都会影响预期寿命和健康，但是抽香烟的影响要比抽雪茄和抽烟斗大得多。不过，后两种并不能减少对尼古丁的吸食，并且当前的研究指出各式各样的吸烟都和口腔癌、喉癌有某种因果关系。据称过滤嘴香烟和低焦油烟草能使吸烟在某种程度上比较安全，但是这只能略微减少危害，而不能消除危害。

12.East Meets West in Relaxing Macau

澳门——东西方文化的交汇点

1.Macau<澳门> is largely unchanged since being returned to<回到> China on December 20th 1999 after 112 years as a Portuguese<葡萄牙>colony<殖民地> and visitors appreciate<欣赏> it.

1.在经过112年葡萄牙殖民统治后，澳门于1999年12月20日回归中国，此后基本上保持原貌，游客们对此很欣赏。

2.Macau inhabitants<居民>regarded the handover<移交>as a mere<只不过、仅仅是> change of administration.Certainly<确实、的确>,you see fewer Portuguese faces on the streets nowadays,but there remains the curious<稀奇的、不同寻常的>mixture<融合、混合> of European flair<才能，本领，天赋，特别的风格> and Far Eastern tradition that make the city so special.

2.澳门的居民认为这次移交仅仅是管理上的变化。的确，在今天澳门大街上你看不到多少葡萄牙人，但是这儿依然是欧洲风格与远东传统文化不同寻常的融合点，这使得它具有独特的城市风貌。

3.Like its larger neighbour Hong Kong,Macau is now a special<特别> administrative region of China,but its special capitalist status<资本主义制度>is guaranteed for<被保持> the next 50 years.

3.与较大的近邻香港一样，澳门现在是中国的一个特别行政区，它保持资本主义制度的特殊地位将50年不变。

4.When you first glimpse<一瞥>Macau on the ferry<渡船> from Hong Kong,it looks less than impressive<令人深刻的，引人注目的>.The skyline<轮廓> is dull<平淡，感觉或理解迟钝的，无趣的，呆滞的>compared to<与…相比> the imposing<雄伟的，使人难忘的，壮丽的> glass skyscrapers<摩天大楼> of Hong Kong,and most people do not take the time to revise<修正> this first impression<第一印象>,devoting<奉献，致力于> no more than a day trip to it.But this does not do justice to<公平对待> this city of two cultures<两种文化>,which hides<隐藏> plenty of interesting secrets.

4.当你从香港开来的渡船上第一次瞥一眼澳门时，它看起来并不起眼。同香港那雄伟壮丽的摩天大楼相比，澳门这个城市的轮廓显得并不鲜明，多数人只花不多于一天的时间去那里旅游，不愿多费时间去修正他们的第一印象。但是如此看待这座具有两种文化风格的城市是不公平的，这样很多有趣的东西就看不到了。

5.The Macau Museum<博物馆>,which opened two years ago,offers an excellent<极好的，优秀的>introduction to the peninsula’s<半岛>past and present<过去与现在>.Children love it because it is full of technical<专门的、技术的> paraphernalia<设备、东西，随身用具，装备>.You can press buttons to light up trade routes<贸易航线> on maps,or to hear the different typical<标准的、典型的>cries of Macau’s traders<商贩、酒店>.

5.两年前开放的澳门博物馆极好地展示了半岛的过去和现在。孩子们都喜欢它是因为里面有各种各样高科技含量的东西。你按一下按钮就能将地图上的贸易航线照亮，还可以听一听澳门商贩那各具特征的叫卖声。

6.Just a few metres from the m useum is the city’s most photographed symbol<象征、标志>:the ruins<遗址>of Sao Paulo,the Jesuit<耶稣会会员，阴险的人，伪善者>church<教堂> built in 1602,although today only its imposing stone facade<正面> remains.

6.离博物馆不远处就是这个城市最具标志性的建筑：圣保罗旧址，建于1602年的耶稣会教堂,尽管今天只有它那雄伟的石头砌成的正面仍保留下来。

7.While the majority of Macau’s inhabitants<居民>are Buddhist<佛教>,some seven per cent are Catholic<天主教>and the religious sites of Macau testify to<证明、说明>the special mix of eastern and western cultures here.As well as the numerous<数不清的，很多的> churches inherited<继承> from Portuguese rule,there are very many different temples<寺庙>.

7.大多数澳门居民是佛教徒，只有7%的居民是天主教徒，澳门的宗教故址就足以证明这里是东西方文化特殊的交汇点。除了葡萄牙人统治时期遗留下来的众多教堂之外，这里还有很多风格不一的寺庙。

8.The largest is the Kun lam Tong<观音堂>.In the main hall<主厅、大厅> of this temple,giant<巨大的>spiral<螺旋形的，螺旋，盘旋>joss-sticks<香>hang<垂挂>from the ceiling<天花板>,raining small piles of ash<灰烬> on the heads of visitors.Along the sides are smaller ancestors<祖先>rooms commemorating<纪念>the dead.There is also a room of plants which includes a special bonsai tree<盆景>,the trunk<树干> of which happens to be<恰巧> shaped<形状>like the Chinese sign meaning long life<长命百岁>.

8.最大的是观音堂。在这个观音堂的主厅内，巨大的螺旋形的香从天花板上垂吊着，它的灰烬落下来，一些落到了观光者的头上。堂的两厢是纪念己逝先祖的小房间。有一间房内放着盆景，其中有一棵树很特殊，这树的树干形状正像汉字的“寿”。

9.The contrast<对比> between the peace of these temples and the bustle<匆匆忙忙> of Macau city could hardly be more stark<刻板的，十足的；完全地，极端地>.The lively pedestrian zone<步行街、行人区>flanked by<两侧> colonial buildings with their teeming<丰富的> side streets are not at all <一点也不>reminiscent of <令人回忆的>religious<宗教的>contemplation<意图、气氛，凝视，沉思，默祷>.Locals<当地人>and tourists saunter<闲逛>along with<连同、一起> shopping bags.

9.这些寺庙的宁静与澳门城市的喧闹形成鲜明对比。行人区内十分热闹，四边都是殖民地风格的建筑，小街纵横交错，这里一点宗教气氛都没有。当地居民和旅游者都带着购物的袋子闲逛。

10.Macau,on the southeast coast<东南沿海>of China,consists of the Macau peninsula<半岛> and the two offshore islands<沿海岛屿> of Taipa and Coloane in the Pearl River delta<珠江三角洲>.Ninety-six per cent of the 450,000 inhabitants are of Chinese origin<

出身、祖籍>.Anyone who stays a few days,soon realises that the city is small but charming<有魅力、迷人的>.You soon start to recognise<认出，承认> a few faces,even the city tramps<流浪者>start to become familiar.Although the tourism industry would like to sell Macau as a racy<生动的、有独特风味的>,modem city,its real appeal<吸引人的> is that it offers a very quiet, relaxing<令人轻松的> contrast to<与…形成对比> Hong Kong.

10.位于中国东南海岸的澳门，包括澳门半岛和两个位于珠江三角洲的凼仔岛和路环岛。45万澳门居民中96%的人祖籍是中国。无论是谁在这儿逗留几天便很快意识到这个城市不大但富有魅力。你很快就能够辨认出一些面孔，甚至对这个城市的流浪汉也变得熟悉起来。虽然观光业想要把澳门作为一个富有特色的现代化城市，但其真正令人喜欢的是，与香港相比，它显得特别宁静和让人放松。

11.But Macau is one of the richest regions in Asia,with an annual per capita gross national product<人均国民生产总值> of more than 17,000 U.S. dollars.This is mainly thanks to<多亏、由于>gambling<赌博>.Forty per cent of all state<国家的> income<收入、收益> comes from the numerous<众多的> casinos<赌场> here,the only legally<合法地> operating gambling halls on Chinese territory<领域>.

11.但是澳门也是亚洲最富的地区之一，它每年人均国民生产总值已经超过了1.7万美元。这主要得益于博彩业。40%的政府收入来自于这里众多的赌场，这里有中国版图上唯一合法经营的赌场。

13. The Positive<积极的，确实的> Meanings of Love 爱的真谛

1. We’d like to share some of the positive meanings love has for us.

1、我们想与大家一起分享我们对爱的一些积极看法。(would like to do sth. 想要做某事)

2. Love means that I know the person I love. I’m aware of<认识到，知道> the many sides of the other person-not just the beautiful side but also the limitations<局限>, inconsistencies<矛盾> and faults<缺点>. I have an awareness of the other’s feelings and thoughts, and I experience<感受，体会> something of the core<内心> of that person. I can penetrate<透过，穿透> social masks<面具> and roles and see the other person on a

deeper level.

2、爱就意味着了解所爱之人。能够认识到这个人的各个方面—不仅仅是美好的一面，还有他的局限、他的矛盾之处、他的缺点。要看到这个人的情感和思想，要感受他的内心世界。要能够透过他在社交场合的表现和他的社会角色而看到他的内心深处。

3. Love means that I care about the welfare<幸福> of the person I love. To the extent that<就…来说> it is genuine<真正的，真实的，诚恳的>, my caring is not possessive<占有>, nor does it hold the other person back<阻止，抑制>. On the contrary, my caring frees both of us. If I care about<关心> you, I’m concerned about<关心> your growth, and I hope you will become all that you can become. Consequently, I don’t put up obstacles<障碍>to what you do that enhances<提高，加强> you as a person，even though<即使> it may result in my discomfort<不方便，不适> at times<有时>.

3、爱就意味着关心所爱之人的幸福。真正的爱不是占有，也不是束缚。相反，两人都在爱中得到自由。关心一个人就是关心他的成长，希望他可以尽其所能有所成就。因此，我不会为他的个人发展设置障碍，即使有时这样会给我带来不便。

4. Love means having respect for<尊敬>the dignity<尊严，高贵> of the person I love.If

I love you, I can see you as a separate<独立的> person, with your own values and thoughts and feelings, and I do not insist<坚持>that you surrender<放弃> your identity<放弃个性>to match an image of what I expect you to be for me. I can allow and encourage you to stand alone<与众不同> and to be who you are, and I avoid treating you as an object or using you primarily<首先，首要的> to satisfy<满足> my own needs. 4、爱就意味着尊重所爱之人的尊严。爱一个人，就是将其视作一个独立的人，有他自己的价值观、思想和感情。我不会为了自己而坚持要他放弃个性来变成我所希望的他。我能允许并鼓励他与众不同，成为他自己。我不会视他如物，或利用它来满足自己的需要。

5. Love means having a responsibility<责任，义务> toward the person I love. If I love you,

I respond to<响应，回应，对…反映>most of your major needs as a person. This responsibility does not include my doing for you what you are capable of<能够，有能力> doing for yourself; nor does it mean that I run your life for you. Instead<相反>, it means acknowledging<承认>that what I am and what I do affects you, so that I am directly involved in<涉及到，包括…中> your happiness and your suffering. A lover does have the capacity to<有…能力> hurt or ignore the loved one, and in this sense<从这个意义上讲>

we see that love involves an acceptance of some responsibility for the impact my way of being has on you.

5、爱就意味着对所爱之人负责。爱一个人，就要对他作为独立的个体的需求做出回应。这种负责不包括你要为他做“他可以自己做的事情”，也不是操纵他的生活。相反，这种负责是承认我的所作所为会影响到他，因此，他的欢乐和痛苦都与我休戚相关。相爱着的人有时却（does 加强语气）会伤害或忽略对方，所以，我们知道，爱就是要为自己的行为对对方产生的影响承担某种责任。

6. Love means making a commitment<承诺，许诺，委托事项，承担义务> to the person I love. This commitment does not mean surrendering our total selves to each other; nor does it imply<意味着>that the relationship is necessarily<必定地> permanent<永久的>. It does involve a willingness<心甘情愿，愿意>to stay with each other in times of<在…的时候> pain, struggle, and despair<绝望>, as well as in times of calm and enjoyment.

6、爱就意味着对所爱之人做出承诺。这种承诺并非意味着完全把自己交给对方，也不是意味着这一关系一定要永远不变。这种承诺（does加强语气）意味着不论在艰难困苦、失意绝望时，还是在恬适欢乐时，都愿意厮守相伴。

7. Love means trusting the person I love. If I love you，I trust that you will accept my caring and my love and that you won’t deliberately<故意地> hurt me. I trust that you will find me attractive<有吸引力>,and that you won’t abandon<抛弃>me; I trust the mutual<共同的> nature of our love. If we trust each other, we are willing to be open to each other and reveal<显示，透露>our true selves.

7、爱就意味着信赖所爱之人。爱一个人，就要相信他会接受我的关心，接受我的爱，相信他不会故意伤害我；相信自己对他有吸引力，相信他不会抛弃我；相信爱是相互的。如果我们彼此信赖，我们就愿彼此开诚布公，敞开心扉(be willing to do sth.愿意；be open to 对…开放)。

8. Love can tolerate<忍受>imperfection<不完美>. In a love relationship there are times when I am bored<厌烦>, times when I may feel like giving up，times of real strain<拉紧>, and times I feel I can’t move forward. Authentic<真正的> love does not imply enduring<持久的> happiness. I can stay during rough<艰苦的> times, however, because I can remember what we had together in the past，and I can picture<想象>what we will have together in our future if we care enough to face our problems and work them through. We agree with<和…意见一致> the idea that love is a spirit that changes life. Love is a

way of life that is creative and that transforms<改变>. However, love is not reserved for<为…保留> a perfect world. Love is meant for our imperfect world where things go wrong<弄错，出毛病>. Love is meant to be a spirit that works in painful situations. Love is meant to bring meaning into life where nonsense<荒谬> appears to rule. In other words, love comes into an imperfect world to make it possible to live.

8、爱能够容忍不完美。爱人之间有时会感到厌烦，有时会想放弃，有时感到压力，有时感到羁绊。真正的爱并不意味着永远幸福。但是，在困难时期我能坚守，因为我仍记得我们共同度过的往昔，我也能想象，如果我们愿意直面问题、渡过难关，我们将共同拥有什么样的未来。我们一致认为爱是一种精神，它能改变人生。爱是一种生活方式，它具有创造和改变的力量。但是爱并不只是完美世界所独有，爱本来就是为我们这个不完美、有缺陷的世界而存在的。爱应该是一种能缓解痛苦的精神力量(可直译：爱是一种精神，这种精神于苦痛之中发挥着作用)。爱应该给我们这充满荒谬的生活带来意义。换言之，是爱使我们在这个不完美的世界上生活下去。

9. Love is open. If I love you, I encourage you to reach out and develop other relationships. Although our love for each other and our commitment to each other might prohibit<阻止，禁止> certain actions on our parts，we are not totally and exclusively<专门地，排外地>married to each other. It is a false love that cements<接合，粘牢>one person to another in such a way that he or she is not given room to grow.

9、爱是大方的。爱一个人，就要鼓励其与他人建立联系。尽管对彼此的爱与承诺不允许我们有某些行为，这种结合也不是全然排他的。两个人密不可分，再无其他发展的空间，这样的爱是不明智的。

10. Love is selfish. I can only love you if I genuinely<真正地> love, value, appreciate, and respect myself. If I am empty, then all I can give you is my emptiness<空虚>. If I feel that I’m complete and worthwhile in myself, then I’m able to give to<给予> you out of my fullness<充实>. One of the best ways for me to give you love is by fully enjoying myself with you.

10、爱又是自私的。只有真正自爱自重、自赏自尊，才能爱别人。如果自己空虚，那么我能给所爱之人的全部也只有空虚。如果认为自己是完满的、出色的，那么我就能以自己的充实为所爱之人增光。表达爱的最好方法之一就是与所爱之人一起充分体验自己。

11. Love involves seeing the potential within the person we love. In my love for another, I view her or him as the person she or he can become, while still accepting who and what the person is now. By taking people as they are, we make them worse<使退步>, but by treating them as if they already were what they ought to be, we help make them better.

11、爱就要看到所爱之人的内在潜力。爱一个人，爱他/她今日之所作所为，也要视其所能为。视人静止不变，则令其退步，待他如同他的潜力已经发挥，则助其进步。

12. To sum it up<归根结底，总之>, mature<成熟的>love is union<联合>under the condition of preserving one’s individuality<保持个性>. In love，two beings become one and yet remain two.

12、归根结底，成熟的爱就是保持个性条件下的双方结合。两个人由于爱合二为一，又仍是两个独立的个体。

14 Taking chances, Making chances

抓住机遇，制造机遇

1.Lecturer<演说家> Charles Hobbs sometimes tells about<引用> a woman who lived in London over a century ago. She saved what little money<攒了一点儿钱>she could working as a scullery maid<帮厨> and used it one evening to hear a great speaker of her day. His speech moved her deeply and she waited to visit with him afterward.

1.演说家查尔斯·霍布斯经常会在他的演说中引用这样一个故事。一百多年前，伦敦住着一位女士，她以给人帮厨为生。生活虽然很艰难，她还是省吃俭用地攒了一点儿钱，并用这点儿钱去听了一场演讲。演讲者是一位在当时非常著名的演说家。他的演讲深深地感染了她，也触动了她。演讲结束之后，她并没有立即离去，而是去拜访了那位演说家。

2."How fine it must be to have had the opportunities you have had in life," she said.

2.“要能像您这样一生中拥有这么多的机会那该有多好啊！”她羡慕道。

3."My dear lady," he replied, "have you never received an opportunity?"

3.“哦，亲爱的女士，”那位演说家问道，“难道您从未得到过任何机会吗？”

4."Not me. I have never had a chance," she said.

4.“是的，我从未得到过任何机会。”她很沮丧。

5."What do you do?" the speaker asked.

5.“那您是做什么工作的？”演说家问道。

6.She answered, "I peel<剥皮> onions and potatoes in my sister's boarding house<寄宿公寓>."

6.“我在我姐姐开的寄宿公寓(boarding house)里帮厨，剥剥洋葱，削削土豆。”她答道。

7."How long have you been doing this?" he pursued<追问，追>.

7.“你做这事多长时间了？”演说家追问。

8."Fifteen miserable<悲惨的，令人痛苦的> years!"

8. “都已经干了15年了，难熬的15年啊！”

9."And where do you sit?" he continued.

9.“您工作的时候坐在哪里呢？”演说家继续问。

10."Why, on the bottom step in the kitchen." She looked puzzled<困惑的，茫然的>.

10.“您为什么问这个？”她感到非常的迷惑，“我就坐在厨房最低的一级台阶上。”

11."And where do you put your feet?"

11.“那么，您把脚放在哪里呢？”

12."On the floor," she answered, more puzzled.

12.“放在地板上啊。”她惊讶地望着演说家。

13."What is the floor?"

13.“那地板是什么样的？”

14."It is glazed brick<釉面砖，玻璃砖>."

14.“是用釉面砖铺就的。”

15.Then he said, "My dear lady, I will give you an assignment<工作，任务> today. I want you to write me a letter about the brick."

15.著名的演说家说道：“亲爱的女士，今天，我要给您布置一项任务。我想让您写一封信给我，谈一谈您对砖的认识。”

16.Against<反对> her protests<反抗，抗议> about being a poor writer, he made her promise to complete the assignment.

16.女士以自己根本就不会写信为由拒绝他的提议，但是，演说家坚持要她完成这项任务。

17.The next day, as she sat down to peel onions, she gazed at<凝视> the brick floor. That evening she pulled one loose<松的>, took it to a brick factory and ask ed the owner to explain to her how bricks were made.

17.第二天，当她坐在厨房的台阶上剥洋葱的时候，目光不禁聚焦在了釉面砖铺就的地板上。那天晚上，她取下一块松动的砖，把它带到砖厂向厂主请教砖头是如何制造出来的。

18.Still not satisfied, she went to a library and found a book on bricks. She learned that 120 different kinds of brick and tile<瓦> were being produced in England at the time. She discovered how clay beds<黏土层>, which existed for millions of years, were formed. Her research captivated<迷住> her imagination<想象力> and she spent every spare moment learning more. She returned to the library night after night and this woman, who never had a chance, gradually<渐渐地>began to climb the steps of knowledge.

18.有了这些收获，她并不满足，于是，她又跑到了图书馆。通过查阅资料，她了解到，在当时的英国，一共有一百二十多种砖瓦。她还发现了已经存在了数百万年的黏土层是如何形成的。她已经完全沉浸在她的研究之中了，她将所有的点滴闲暇时间全部用来学习更多的知识。每天晚上，她都会准时到图书馆查阅资料。这个从未有过学习机会的女人开始在知识的阶梯上步步攀登。

19.After months of study, she set out<着手，出发，安排，动身> to write her letter as promised. She sent a 36-page document about the brick in her kitchen and, to her surprise, she received a letter back.Enclosed<被附上的，把…装入信封>was payment for her research. He had published her letter! And along with the money came a new assignment - this time he asked her to write about what she found underneath the brick.

19.经过几个月的研究之后，她按照自己的承诺给演说家写信。在这封长达36页的信中，她详细地介绍了厨房里地砖的有关情况。令她吃惊的是，不久以后，她就收到了回信。随信而来的，还有她的研究所获得的报酬。原来，那位演说家把她的信拿去发表了！不仅如此，演讲家又给她布置了一项新任务：写一些她在厨房地砖下面发现的东西。

20.For the first time in her life she could hardly wait to get back to the kitchen! She pulled up the brick and there was an ant. She held it in her hand and examined<检查，调查> it.

20.她生平第一次迫不及待地（can hardly wait to do 迫不及待）返回了厨房！她撬起一块砖头一看，发现下面有一只蚂蚁。她把它拿在手心仔细地观察它。

21.That evening, she hurried back to the library to study ants. She learned that there were hundreds of different kinds of ants. Some were so small they could stand on the head of a pin; while others were so large one could feel the weight of them in one's hand. She started her own ant colony<群聚地，殖民地> and examined ants underneath a lens<透镜，镜头>.

21.那天晚上一下班，她便急匆匆地赶到图书馆，去查阅有关蚂蚁的书籍了。通过研究，她了解到世界上有好几百种各种各样的蚂蚁。有的蚂蚁很小很小，小到可以站在针尖上，而有的则很大很大，大到放在手上都能感觉到它们的重量。为了便于研究，她还专门养了一群蚂蚁，每天都拿着放大镜仔细观察。

22.Several months later she wrote her findings in a 350-page "letter". It, too, was eventually published. She soon quit her kitchen job to take up<开始从事> writing. 22.经过几个月的观察与研究，她把她研究蚂蚁的发现写成了一封长达350页的“信”寄给了演说家。当然，这封“信”最终也发表了。不久以后，她便辞去了那份帮厨的工作，开始了她的写作生涯。

23.Before she died, she had traveled to the lands of her dreams and had experienced more than she ever imagined possible! This is the woman who had never had a chance.

23.直到她去世之前，她几乎游历了所有她梦寐以求要去的地方，而且还体验了许多她曾经想都不敢想的事情！这就是那位曾经感叹自己从未得到过任何机会的女人！

24.Some people wait for opportunity to come knocking. Here is a person who sought it out, proving again that we can be more than victim s<受害者> of mere<仅仅> circumstance<环境>.

24.有些人等着机会来敲门，而这个人却是去寻找机会（seek it out）。她再次证明我们不应该仅仅成为环境的受害者，我们可以做得更多。

25.If given a chance, will you take it? If given no chance, can you make one?

25.如果得到了机会，你能抓住它吗？如果没有机会，你能创造一个机会吗？

15. Conventional<常规> Petroleum Reservoir<储藏>

常规油气藏

1.A petroleum reservoir,or oil and gas reservoir,is a subsurface<地下的> pool<石油层，水池> of hydrocarbons<碳氢化合物> contained in permeable<可渗透的>,porous<多孔渗水的>or fractured<有裂缝的>rock formations<岩层>,with most reservoir rocks<储集岩>being limestones<石灰岩>,dolomites<白云岩>,sandstones<沙岩>,or a combination of<事物的综合>these.The three basic types of hydrocarbon reservoirs are oil, gas,and condensate<冷凝物>.The formation of petroleum reservoirs can be divided into<被分成> four stages<阶段>:

1.油藏或油气藏，是储藏于地下滲透性、孔隙性或有裂缝的地层中的碳水化合物。大部分储集岩是石灰岩、白云岩、沙岩或混合性岩石。油气藏有三种基本类型：油藏、气藏和凝析气藏。油藏的形成可以分为以下四个阶段:

1)With burial<埋葬>of plankton<浮游生物>,algae<海藻>and other protein<蛋白质>rich life forms under layers of sand and mud at a source rock<烃源岩>,and continuous accumulation<积累>of sand,the buried material heats up<升温>at 50°C to 70°C. 1)浮游生物、海藻或其他富含蛋白质的生物埋藏于烃源岩砂泥层中，随着沙子的不断沉积，埋藏生物温度上升到50至70摄氏度。

2)High temperature,combined with<连同>pressure，triggers<触发，引发> a “cooking”process.

2)地下高温、高压触发了“蒸煮”的生油过程。

3)Eventually,the buried residue<残余，渣滓，滤渣，残数，剩余物>transforms into<转化成>liquid hydrocarbons.

3)最后，埋藏的生物残骸会转换成流体状的烃类物质。

4)Later on they migrate from<从…迁移到> the source rock to porous rocks and get trapped<被困> in impermeable layers of rock.

4)然后，这些烃类物质从烃源岩运移到有孔隙的岩石，并且成藏于非渗透性岩层之间。

2.Oil Reservoir

2.油藏

3.An oil reservoir generally contains three fluids<流体>—gas,oil,and water—with oil

the dominant<占优势的> product.In the typical oil reservoir,these fluids occur in different phases<阶段> because of the variance<不一致，变化，变迁，分歧，不和> in their gravities<重力>.Gas,the lightest,occupies<占据>the upper part of the reservoir rocks;water,the lower part;and oil,the intermediate section<中部>.

3.油藏通常有三种流体：油、气和水，其中油是主要产品。这三种流体由于重力差异呈现不同的形态，三者中最轻的气处在油藏的最上部；水处在最底部；油位于中间。

4.Although the structural<构造>traps in which oil accumulates exist in<存在于> various forms<多种形式>,the oil usually occurs in association with<与…结合> gas and salt water.A certain amount of<一定数量的> water always occurs together with<连同> the oil in the middle zone.The proportion<比例> of water to oil is usually about 10 to 30 percent.Water also occurs in the gas cap,but the proportion of water to gas is frequently lower than the proportion of water to oil.However,while some interstitial water<间隙水，底质水>is always present in the oil zone,the latter<后面的，后者的>is not always underlain by a continuous body of water.Where a considerable<相当大的>volume of water does underlie<位于…之下，成为…的基础> the oil in the same sedimentary bed<沉积岩> it is referred to as<被称为> the “aquifer”<含水层，含水土层，蓄水层>, and being under pressure also, it contributes to<有助于> the total energy<总能量> of the reservoir.

4.聚集石油的构造圈闭虽然有多种形式，但石油通常总是和天然气、盐水伴生的。总有一定量的水和中部原油共生。水与油之比通常约为10%?30%。水也会产生在气顶中，但是水与气之比常常要比水与油之比低。含油带中虽然总是存在一定量的隙间水，但在含油带的下面又并不总是存在着连续的水体。在同一沉积岩中，石油的下面如果确实存在数量可观的水体，就称之为“含水层”。而且，因为含水层也承受着高压，所以能对形成油藏的总能量有一定的作用。

5.The oil itself,when under pressure,contains an appreciable<相当可观的>quantity of dissolved<溶解>gas.The actual amount of gas will be governed by<取决于>the pressure and temperature inside the reservoir，and the oil is said to be “saturated<饱和>”if it cannot dissolve any more gas under these particular pressure and temperature conditions.On the other hand,the oil is said to be “undersaturated<未饱和>” if it could dissolve more gas at the same pressure and temperature.In many cases there can be more gas in the reservoir than the oil is capable of holding in solution.This extra<

额外的> gas being lighter than the oil,will have formed a gas cap,above the oil accumulation.If the pressure of a saturated oil reservoir is reduced for any reason,gas will come out of <从…出来>solution,and this is an important factor in the production of oil from the reservoir.

5.在高压条件下石油溶解有相当数量的天然气，天然气的溶解数量受油藏内部压力和温度制约。如果在特定的压力和温度条件下，石油再也不能溶解更多的天然气，就说石油“饱和”了。反之，如果在相同压力和温度条件下，石油还能够溶解更多的天然气，就说石油“没有饱和”。在许多情况下，油藏中的天然气比石油所能溶解的天然气数量要多，这些多余的天然气由于比油轻，就会在石油的凝集面上形成“气顶”。如果饱和油藏的压力因为某种原因而减少，天然气就会从石油中游离出来。这是从油藏中开采出石油的一个重要因素。

6.The reservoir crude<储层原油>may range from a very heavy viscous oil<粘性油>,containing little or no dissolved gas under very low pressure,to an extremely<极端地，非常地>light,thin,straw-colored<淡黄色的>oil containing a large amount of dissolved gas under considerable pressure.The viscosity<粘性> of the oil depends roughly<大体上，大致上>on its gravity and also to a large extent<程度>on the quantity of gas which it holds in solution.The less viscous an oil is,and the more gas it has in it,the more readily will it flow through the interstices<间隙>of the rock into the bottom of the well<井>.The interstices of the whole of the reservoir rock were originally occupied by salt water.When the oil migrated into the upper part of this rock,it displaced<取代、置换> the salt water from it.Not all of the salt water was displaced,however,and a certain amount remained in the interstices of the rock along with the oil.This remaining water is called “connate water”<原生水>or “interstitial water” and has to be taken into account<被考虑> when working out the volume of oil present in the reservoir rock.

6.储层原油多种多样，有非常粘稠、在低压下很少含气或根本不含气的重质油，也有稀薄、淡黄色、在相当压力下含有溶解气的轻质油。石油的粘度大致取决于密度，同时在很大程度上也取决于溶解气的多少。石油粘度越小，溶解的天然气就越多，也就越容易透过岩石的间隙流入井底。储集岩的孔隙原先都是充满盐水的。当石油运移到岩层上部时，油就把盐水置换出来。然而，并不是全部盐水都会被置换的，总有一定数量的盐水和石油一起留存在岩石的孔隙里。这些残留的水称为“原生水”或者“隙间水”。在估算储油岩中的石油含量时，必须考虑原生水的存在。

7.Gas Reservoir and Gas Condensate<凝析> Reservoir

7.气藏和凝析气藏

8.In addition to<除…之外> its occurrence as a cap or in solution,gas may accumulate independently of<独立于…之外>the oil;if so,the reservoir is called a gas reservoir.Associated with the gas,in most instances<情况，例子>,are salt water and some oil.

8.除了以溶解气或气顶的形式存在外，气也可以独立存在，这就叫做气藏。大部分情况下，气藏中还会有一些伴生盐水和油。

9.In certain instances gas reservoirs of high pressure and temperature,which are usually found at great depth,produce substantial quantities<大数量的>of liquid petroleum along with the gas.This liquid does not come from a separate oil zone,but exists as<作为…而存在>a gas in the reservoir and is made up of<由…组成> that part of the reservoir gas which condenses as its pressure is reduced by production.The liquid fraction is known as “condensate” and the type of<…的类型> reservoir is known as

a “gas condensate reservoir”.

9.某些通常位于地层深处的高压高温气藏，在生产天然气的同时还生产相当数量的液态石油。这种液态石油并非产生于独立的油层，而是呈气态存在于地下气藏中的。气藏中的这部分天然气，在生产过程中因压力下降而凝结，成为液态即“凝析油”，这种类型的气藏就是通常说的“凝析气藏”。

10.As the pressure of a condensate reservoir falls as a result of production,the gas will start to precipitate<促成，猛抛，使陷入，使沉淀> the condensate partly in the reservoir and partly in the well bore.This complex phenomenon<复杂的现象>, which is the reverse<反转>of what usually happens under less extreme conditions of temperature and pressure,is known as “retrograde condensation<反转凝析>”.

10.当凝析气藏的压力因为开采而下降时，会有一部分天然气在气藏里凝聚，还有一部分在井筒里凝聚。因为通常在温度、压力不是很高的条件下发生的情况正好相反（气体会从油藏中逸出而不是凝聚），所以，这种复杂的现象叫做“反转凝析”。

11.Most of the condensate which falls out in the reservoir will remain there where its recovery is not a practical<实用的，可实现的>proposition<主张，建议，陈述，命题>.If,therefore,the reservoir is being produced for the sake of<为了>its condensate only it is important to prevent<防止> retrograde condensation taking place in the

reservoir.This is achieved<实现> by maintaining<保持> the pressure of the reservoir by re-injecting or “cycling” the produced gas back into the reservoir after the condensate liquid has been extracted<提取，获得>from it at the surface.Alternatively<或者>,if the dry gas has a ready sale,the reservoir pressure can be maintained by water injection<注水>.Gas recovery as such is,unlike oil,not improved sufficiently by water displacement to justify<证明…是正当的> the expense<花费> of such an operation. 11.在气藏中凝聚的大部分凝析油将停留在原地，想要开采出来是不大可能的。因此，如果确实仅仅是为了获得凝析油而开采这个气藏，防止在地下发生反转凝析就很重要。可以通过保持气藏压力做到这一点，方法是把地面上脱去凝析液的气体再度注入气藏，也称为“干气回注”。如果干气准备销售，可以改用注水的办法维持气藏压力。和注水驱油情况不同，用注水提高天然气采收率的作法尚不十分完善，结果往往得不偿失。

16. Unconventional Oil and Gas

非常规油气

1.One of the universally<普遍地> accepted definitions<定义> for unconventional<非传统的>oil and gas is that they are extracted<开采、萃取>using techniques other than the conventional method.In terms of<依据，在某方面>the chemical composition,unconventional oil and gas are identical to<与…相同，identical同一的，同样的> conventional.Unconventional oil consists of<包含> oil sands,extra heavy oil and shale oil,which need advanced<先进的> technology to be extracted.Unconventional gas is found in highly compact<致密的，紧凑的>rock or coalbeds and requires a specific set of production techniques.

1.非常规油气的一个广为接受的定义是它们是以非常规手段开发的油气。从化学成分上来看，非常规油气和常规油气是相同的。非常规石油包括油砂、超重石油和页岩油，但需要先进技术开采。非常规天然气存于高度致密的岩石或煤层中，需要使用特殊开采技术才能获得。

2.Oil Sands

2.油砂

3.Tar sands <焦油砂>are a combination of<结合>clay,sand,water,and bitumen<沥青>,a heavy black viscous oil<粘性油>.Tar sands can be mined<开采> and processed<加工> to

extract the oil-rich bitumen,which is then refined<精制，精练> into oil.The bitumen in tar sands cannot be pumped<注入> from the ground in its natural state<自然状态>;instead tar sand deposits are mined,usually using strip mining<露天开采> or open pit<采石场，露天开采> techniques,or the oil is extracted by underground heating with additional upgrading.

3.焦油砂是一种粘土、砂、水和沏青（一种重质黑色稠油）的混合物。通过开采和加工焦油砂，可获取富含石油的沥青质，然后再将沥青质炼制成石油。油砂中的天然沥青无法从地下泵上来，但油砂沉积物可以开采出来，通常使用露天开采技术或地下加热处理技术开采。

4.Tar sands deposits near the surface can be recovered by open pit mining<露天开采> techniques.New methods introduced in the 1990’s considerably improved the efficiency<效率> of tar sands mining,thus reducing the cost.These systems use large hydraulic<液压的，水力的，水压的>and electrically powered shovels<铲，铁铲>to dig up tar sands and load them into enormous<巨大的>trucks that can carry up to 320 tons of tar sands per load.

4.近地表的焦油砂沉积物，可以通过露天采矿技术进行开采。20世纪90年代引进的新方法大大提高了焦油砂的开采效率，从而降低了成本。这些方法包括使用大型液压挖土机和电动挖土机挖掘焦油砂，然后装载到巨型卡车上，这种卡车每次可负载多达320吨的焦油砂。

5.After mining,the tar sands are transported<运送>to an extraction plant,where a hot water process separates<分离> the bitumen from sand,water,and minerals<矿物质>.The separation takes place in <发生在>separation cells<分离间>.Hot water is added to the sand,and the resulting <产生>slurry<泥浆>is piped<以管子输送>to the extraction plant where it is agitated<搅动，摇动，煽动，激动>.The combination of hot water and agitation<搅拌>releases bitumen from the oil sand,and causes tiny<微小的>air bubbles to attach to<附着> the bitumen droplets<小滴>,that float to the top of the separation vessel<容器>,where the bitumen can be skimmed off<撇出去>.Further processing removes residual water<残留水> and solids.The bitumen is then transported and eventually upgraded into synthetic crude oil<合成原油>.

5.焦油砂挖出后，运至提炼厂，经过热水处理，沥青质便与砂、水以及矿物质分离开来，该分离过程一般在分离间进行。焦油砂加高温热水后产生泥浆，泥浆通过管道运至提炼厂，进行搅拌。经过热水混合搅拌后，沥青就从焦油砂中释放出来；微小气泡附着在沥青质微滴的表面，