SAP MM模块高级标准培训教程

B a s ic s o f P ro c u re m e n t P ro c e s s

C o n te n ts:

B a s ic s o f P ro c u re m e n t P ro c e s s: U n it O b je c tiv e s

B a s ic s o f P ro c u re m e n t P ro c.: B u s in e s s S c e n a rio

?In the SAP R/3 System, organizational levels are structures that represent the legal or organizational

views of a company.

?Defining organizational levels is an essential step in your project and is vital for all subsequent

activities.

?Analyze the organizational structures and process structures in your company and match them with

SAP structures.

?Once you have decided on an organizational structure, it can only be changed with a great deal of

effort. In the example above, plant 1000 cannot be assigned to company code 0002.

C lie n t

●T h e c lie n t is a c o m m e rc ia l, o rg a n iza tio n a l u n it w ith in

th e R/3 S y s te m, w ith its o w n d a ta, m a s te r re c o rd s, a n d

s e t o f ta b le s.

●F ro m a b u s in e s s p e rs p e c tiv e, th e c lie n t fo rm s a

c o rp o ra te g ro u p.

S A P A G 1999

?Balance sheets and Profit and Loss statements, required by law, are created at company code level.

?You can set up several company codes in one client in order to manage various separate legal entities

simultaneously, each with their own balanced set of financial books.

?You can use a special Customizing function to copy a company code. This copies the company code

specifications to your new company code.

S A P A G 1999

P la n t

●

A p la n t is a n o rg a n iza tio n a l lo g is tic s u n it th a t s tru c tu re s th e e n te rp ris e fro m th e p e rs p e c tiv e o f p ro d u c tio n , p ro c u re m e n t, p la n t m a in te n a n c e , a n d m a te ria ls p la n n in g.

●

A p la n t is a m a n u fa c tu rin g fa c ility o r b ra n c h w ith in a c o m p a n y.

A plant can be one of the following types of locations: ? Central delivery warehouse ? Regional sales office ? Manufacturing facility ? Corporate headquarters ? Maintenance plant

When creating a new plant, you can use the plant copying function. When you use this function, the system processes the entry in the plant table and in all dependent Customizing and system tables in which the plant is included as a key.

S to ra g e L o c a tio n

●T h e s to ra g e lo c a tio n is a n o rg a n iza tio n a l u n it th a t

a llo w s th e d iffe re n tia tio n o f m a te ria l s to c k s w ith in a

p la n t.

●In v e n to ry M a n a g e m e n t o n a q u a n tity b a s is is c a rrie d

o u t a t s to ra g e lo c a tio n le v e l in th e p la n t.

●P h y s ic a l in v e n to ry is c a rrie d o u t a t s to ra g e lo c a tio n

le v e l.

S A P A G 1999

?The client is uniquely defined in the system by a three-digit alphanumeric key.

?A unique four-digit alphanumeric key in the client defines the organizational levels company code

and plant. A unique four-digit alphanumeric key in the plant uniquely defines the storage location.

?Organizational structures are assigned to each other. For example, several plants may be assigned to

one company code. However, a plant can be assigned to one company code only in the R/3 System.

S A P A G 1999

P u rc h a s in g O rg a n iza tio n / G ro u p

P u rch asin g o rg an izatio n

●A p u rc h a s in g o rg a n iza tio n is a n o rg a n iza tio n a l le ve l th a t n e g o tia te s co n d itio n s o f p u rch a se w ith ve n d o rs fo r o n e o r m o re p la n ts. It is le g a lly re sp o n sib le fo r co m p le tin g p u rch a sin g co n tra cts.●A p u rc h a s in g g ro u p is th e ke y fo r a b u ye r o r g ro u p o f b u ye rs re sp o n sib le fo r ce rta in p u rch a sin g a ctivitie s.

? The purchasing organization is responsible for the company's purchasing requirements.

You can incorporate purchasing into the company structure by assigning the purchasing organization to company codes and plants. This means that you can determine whether purchasing is organized centrally or decentrally in your company. You can have a combination of centralized and decentralized purchasing organizations.

In plant-specific procurement, a purchasing organization is responsible for procuring materials for one plant only.

You can set up a cross-plant purchasing organization for each company code. This purchasing organization procures material and services for all plants assigned to the company code.

If you want to organize purchasing on a cross-company-code basis, you cannot assign a company code to the purchasing organization in Customizing. When you create a purchase order, for example,

the system asks you to enter the company code for which you want to procure the material.

S A P A G 1999

P u rc h. req.

P ro cu re m en t

D e te rm in atio n o f re q m ts

P ay m en t p ro ce ss in g

V en d o r s ele ctio n

S o u rce d eterm in a tio n

P O p ro ce ss in g

4P u rc h. o rd.

102030

G o o d s rec eip t

6In v o ice ve rific atio n

In v o ice

P O m o n ito rin g

P ro c u re m e n t C y c le

P u rc h a se

o rd er

102030

Determination of requirements: The user department responsible can manually pass a requirement for materials to the Purchasing department via a purchase requisition. If you have set a MRP

procedure for a material in the material master, the R/3 System automatically generates a purchase requisition.

Determination of the source of supply: The R/3 System helps the buyer determine possible sources of supply. You can use determination of the source of supply to create requests for quotation (RFQs) and then enter the quotations. You can also access existing purchase orders and conditions in the system.

? Vendor selection: The system simplifies the selection of vendors by making price comparisons between the various quotations. It automatically sends rejection letters.

? entering purchase orders.

at any time and can determine whether goods or an invoice have been received for the relevant purchase order item. The system also supports reminder procedures.

? Goods receipt: The system compares the goods receipt quantity with the purchase order quantity. ? Invoice verification: Vendor invoices are checked for accuracy of prices and contents. ?

Payment processing: Financial Accounting normally deals with vendor payments.

S A P A G 1999

P u rch a se re q u isitio n

R F Q

P u rch a se o rd e r

P u rch asin g

V en d o r

O th er p lan t

M as te r d ata

P u rc h a s e O rd e r

? A purchase order is a formal request to a vendor to supply certain goods or services under the stated conditions.

? You can create purchase orders without reference, or with reference to a purchase requisition, a request for quotation, or another purchase order.

When you enter the purchase order data, the system suggests default values. For example, it suggests the ordering address, as well as the terms of payment and freight (incoterms) from the vendor master record. If you have maintained a material master for a given material in the R/3 System, the system suggests the material short text or the material group, for example. If a purchasing info record already exists in the system, the system copies a price proposal to the purchase order.

You either send the purchase order to a vendor or you carry out a stock transport order in another plant belonging to your company or group. With a stock transport order, you can take into account the associated freight costs in the purchase order.

Note: For more information about stock transport orders, refer to the Materials Management documentation on the topic of Inventory Management: Special Stocks and Special Forms of Procurement in Materials Management.

Posting a goods receipt to stock with reference to a purchase order has a number of advantages for you, including:

?The goods receiving point can check whether the delivery is the same as the purchase order data, that

is, whether the goods that were ordered have been delivered.

?The system suggests data from the purchase order when you enter the goods receipt (for example,

items and quantities). This makes it easier to enter the goods receipt and check overdeliveries and underdeliveries when goods arrive.

?Among other things, the purchase order history is automatically updated as a result of the deliveries.

The Purchasing Department can send a reminder about late deliveries.

?When you post a goods receipt to the warehouse, the system creates a material document containing

information such as the material delivered and the quantity delivered. The system also records the storage location in which you place the material into stock in the plant concerned.

?In transactions relevant for material valuation, the system creates at least one accounting document,

which records the effects of the goods movement on the value of the stock.

?In Materials Management, the procurement process is concluded by the invoice verification process,

during which invoices and credit memos are entered and the contents and prices are checked for accuracy. However, payment and evaluation of invoices is not part of Invoice Verification; the appropriate information for these tasks is passed on to other departments. Invoice Verification therefore creates a link between Materials Management and external or internal accounting.

?When you enter an invoice with reference to a purchase order, the system suggests data from the

purchase order and the goods receipts for the purchase order (for example, vendor, material, quantity still to be invoiced, terms of payment, and so on).

?If there are discrepancies between the purchase order or goods receipt and the invoice, the system

warns the user, and depending on how the system is configured, blocks the invoice for payment.

?The posting of the invoice completes the invoice verification process. The system updates the

purchase order history and Financial Accounting initiates payment for the open invoice items.

Invoice Verification creates a link between Materials Management and external or internal

accounting.

S A P A G 1999

O rg a n iza tio n a l L e v e ls a t ID E S

●

ID E S is th e R /3 In te rn a tio n a l D e m o a n d E d u ca tio n S yste m. T h e ID E S g ro u p co m p rise s se ve ra l m o d e l

co m p a n ie s th a t m a p th e b u sin e ss p ro ce sse s o f th e R /3S yste m.

●

T h e e xa m p le o f th e ID E S g ro u p stru ctu re sh o w s yo u h o w th e o rg a n iza tio n a l le ve ls re le va n t to p ro cu re m e n t p ro ce sse s ca n b e m a p p e d in th e R /3 S yste m.

The IDES System is delivered along with the Standard R/3 System. It contains sample data that you can use for internal and external training.

?IDES is a multinational group, with companies in Europe, Asia, and North America. In Europe,

IDES has companies in Germany and Great Britain. Due to different legal regulations concerning the balancing of accounts and Profit and Loss statements, IDES needs two company codes in Europe. ?IDES has five manufacturing plants in Germany. The motor bikes are assembled in the Hamburg

plant, the Berlin plant manufactures the crankcases, the Dresden plant manufactures the gearboxes, the Frankfurt plant is responsible for producing the brake systems, and the electric components are made in the Stuttgart plant.

?IDES has four storage locations in its Hamburg plant. These enable the plant to differentiate its

material stocks.