课文译文 B4 Unit 4 Text A

第四单元

全球化

课文A

全球化正在扫除国界、改变国与国之间的关系。这对国家的认同和对国家的忠诚会带来什么影响呢?他们会得到加强还是削弱?作者对这些问题进行了探讨。

寻找达沃斯人

彼得·干贝尔威廉?布劳德在新泽西州的普林斯顿出生,成长于芝加哥,就读于加利福尼亚州的斯坦福大学。但别称其为美国人。他今年40岁了,过去的16年来一直没在美国生活,最初是在伦敦,1996年后在莫斯科经营自己的投资公司。布劳德如今掌管的资产价值是16亿美元。1998年,他放弃美国护照,成为一名英国公民,因为欧洲是他现在的生活中心。“国家认同对我来说无所谓,”他说,“我觉得自己完全是个国际人。如果你有四个好朋友,而且你又喜欢自己所做的事情,那么你在哪儿都无关紧要。那就是全球化。”

亚历克斯?曼德尔也是全球化的狂热信奉者,但他对于自己的看法与布劳德截然不同。61岁的曼德尔曾任美国电话电报公司总裁。他出生于奥地利,现在经营着一家法国技术公司,该公司在中国的业务正迅速增加。他估计自己90%左右的时间花在了出差上。尽管曼德尔全球到处跑,已经做了45年美国公民的他仍然认为自己是个美国人。“我毫不犹豫地把自己当做美国人。虽然我在其他地方度过很多时间,但是并不能改变我是美国人的事实,”他说。

虽然布劳德和曼德尔对各自的国籍有不同的界定,但他们都将国籍视为个人选择问题,而并非由出生地决定。而且,他们两个人都是达沃斯人,这可不是凑巧的事。达沃斯人指的是那些每年长途跋涉去瑞士阿尔卑斯山区的小城参加年度世界经济论坛的国际商业精英们。(该论坛成立于1971年)本周,布劳德和曼德尔将同2200余名企业高管﹑政客﹑学者﹑记者﹑作家和几位好莱坞明星一起,参加为期五天的交际活动﹑宴会和无休止的认真的讨论。讨论话题形形色色,从大选后的伊拉克和非洲的艾滋病病毒到全球的石油供应和纳米技术的意义。但是今年,或许比以往更甚的是,达沃斯论坛的一个热门话题即达沃斯本身。尽管与会男女各不相同,但他们大多数有一个共同的信念:全球化,即资本﹑劳动力和技术不受阻碍的跨国界流动,既值得欢迎又不可阻挡。在他们看来,世界越来越像一个巨大的互相联系的市场。在这个市场里,企业寻求采购﹑生产及销售产品和服务的最佳地点。

随着对边界和对国家的认同变得不那么重要,有些人将此当成威胁,甚至危险。哈佛大学教授塞缪尔?亨廷顿在一篇题目为《死魂灵:美国精英的非国家化》的论文中将达沃斯人(该说法在20世纪90年代首次引起广泛关注)描写为新兴的全球超级物种和威胁。他写道,该阶层的成员“不需要什么对国家的忠诚,将国界视为障碍,而值得庆幸的是这种障碍正在消失,他们还把国家政府看做是历史遗留下来的东西,它们唯一的作用是为精英们的全球运营提供方便”。亨廷顿提出,达沃斯人全球公民的自我形象与大多数美国人的价值观完全不同。后者依然坚定地忠于他们自己的国家。他说,这种脱节创造了“一个重大的文化界限。美国当权派﹑政府和私营企业均与美国大众渐行渐远”。

许多达沃斯人当然不接受亨廷顿的说法。世界经济论坛的创始人兼执行主席克劳斯?施瓦布争辩说,对全球观表示赞同并不意味着去除对国家的认同。“全球化永远不可能给予我们文化上的认同,因为后者在本质上必须是本土的﹑民族的。”

全球贸易已经持续了几个世纪;过去从中获益的企业和国家在很大程度上满足于这一点,即将世界上的广大地区当做自然资源的开采或者是成品的销售地。尽管到了20世纪80年代,资本全球化的速度加快,大多数外国投资仍然在相对富裕的国家间进行,并非从富裕国家流向较贫穷的国家。美国的技术、公司和资金通常处于这种流动的前沿。

但是,故去的二十年见证了另外一些重大参与者的出现。发达国家正在开辟一条通向中国和印度的大门的道路-------中国和印度的公司却将眼光投向海外以谋求未来的发展。北京甚至提出了“走出去”的政策,鼓励中国企业购买海外资产。亚洲各国正在形成“一个卓越的创新性环境”,思科系统公司的首席执行官约翰·钱伯斯如是说,“目前中国和印度的工科大学毕业生是我们美国的五倍还多。”那就意味着美国和欧洲的公司正面临着来自外海的高质量且低成本的竞争。难怪那么多西方工人担心失业。“如果问题涉及的是整个蛋糕的大小,那全球化已经被证明是件好事。”贝恩管理咨询公司的董事长奥里特·加迪西说,“如果问题是在于蛋糕怎么分,而你又是西方人,那你就会质疑全球化。”

最大的变化或许刚刚开始。高盛集团2003年进行的一项既有里程碑意义的研究预测说,根据对人口和经济增

长的预计,四大经济体------俄罗斯、巴西、印度和中国------在世界经济中的力量将普遍超过预期。中国的经济实力极可能就在这个十年内赶超德国。高盛集团说,到2050年,这四大经济体将有可能取代目前世界前六大经济体中除美国和日本之外的四个经济体。

在不远的将来,资本流动也完全有可能脱离达沃斯人式的全球化运行的轨迹。与达沃斯人相对应的是马尼拉女人。这些来自亚洲和其他地方的低薪流动工人正在全世界提供日益增多的关键服务。英国一家医疗保健公司------保柏集团的首席执行官瓦莱丽·戈丁说,要是没有来自菲律宾、印度、尼日利亚和其他地方的移民护士,英美两国的医疗保健体系就会崩溃。她说,与达沃斯人不同,她们毫不掩饰自己强烈的爱国情绪。

并不是所有的达沃斯人都在追逐全球市场。帕特里克·塞尔在法国经营一家名为尤拉吉奥投资集团的私募股权公司。他抱怨说,欧洲跨国经营中尚有太多的障碍,更别提全球化经营了。因此他的尤拉吉奥投资集团专注于国内市场。“我是法国人,在法国做生意对我而言要方便得多,”塞尔说,“别处也一样。如果你不是意大利人,却要在意大利做生意,你是无法取得成功的。”

那听上去也许像狭隘的民族主义,但其中确实大有智慧。回想一下,在1861年前,意大利还不是一个统一的国家,而是由城邦组成的联合体。尽管意大利南北方之间关系紧张,但保持地区认同和国家认同之间并无矛盾。例如,意大利电信公司的董事长马尔科·科隆切蒂·普罗维拉就觉得自己是个米兰人,同时也是个意大利人,尽管他在经营的公司正努力获得更大的国际影响力。问题是,达沃斯人是否需要再花上140年的时间才能搞明白如何在全球范围内取得同样的平衡。

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Unit4 1.The crisis of global poverty has, at long last, been accorded a high priority on the international agenda. This propitious development has sparked a flurry of discussion and research concerning the means for eradicating this debilitating condition from human life. Yet as renewed pledges for action pour in from governments, as long-held theories and conventional approaches fail to quell long-held prejudices, conflicts, and exploitation, a feeling of rudderlessness looms over the global enterprise of poverty eradication. At the same time, a palpable optimism emerges from the attention and momentum generated by the search for solutions to this worldwide challenge. 2.The mechanisms of poverty eradication have long been defined in primarily material terms. Indeed, the central pillar of the international community’s poverty alleviation efforts has been the transfer of financial resources. Approximately $2.3 trillion have been spent on foreign aid over the last five decades.[1] Tragically, the aid, far from ushering in greater self-sufficiency, has often had a detrimental effect on recipient communities: increased dependency on foreign assistance, subservience to externally dictated priorities, misappropriation of funds and decreased pressure for governance reform. In a resolute push for change, the United Nations has sought to expand the mechanisms for assistance and to galvanize support for poverty alleviation through its Millennium Development Goals.[2] 消除贫困的机制,很久以来主要是用物质的术语界定的。事实上,国际社会努力缓解贫困的主要手段是调配资金。在刚刚过去的五十年里,大约2.3万亿美元花在了外援上1。可悲的是,这些援助不但未能帮助受援群体增强自立的能力,反而常常带给受援群体负面影响——增加了他们对外援的依赖、总是屈从于来自外部的指示、挪用资金、减低了政府自身改革的动力。为了坚决推进变革,联合国通过其制定的《千年发展目标》寻求扩展援助的机制,加大对扶贫的支持力度。 3.It is now increasingly acknowledged that such conditions as the marginalization of girls and women,[3] poor governance,[4] ethnic and religious antipathy,[5] environmental degradation[6] and unemployment[7] constitute formidable obstacles to the progress and development of communities. These evidence a deeper crisis—one rooted in the values and attitudes that shape relationships at all levels of society. Viewed from this perspective, poverty can be described as the absence of those ethical, social and material resources needed to develop the moral, intellectual and social capacities of individuals, communities and institutions. Moral reasoning, group decision-making and freedom from racism, for example, are all essential tools for poverty alleviation. Such capacities must shape individual thinking as well as institutional arrangements and policy-making. To be clear, the goal at hand is not only to remove the ills of poverty but to engage the masses of humanity in the construction of a just global order. 4.Individuals and institutions must work in tandem to take up this task. One of the goals of poverty alleviation, then, centers on the individual: he must be helped to reclaim his dignity and sense of self-worth, must be encouraged to gain confidence to improve his condition and strive to realize his potential. Beyond the achievement of personal well-being, he must be nurtured to become a source of social good—of peace, happiness and advantage to those around him. It is at the level of service to others that our humanity achieves its highest expression. The second goal centers on institutions: at every level of society, they must serve as channels through which the talents and energies of individuals can be harnessed in service to humanity. Resources that help to develop this individual and institutional capacity represent a true source of wealth to the community. 5.Much like the physical principles that govern the material world, the social world, too, is governed by moral principles, which underlie the functioning of an ordered society. Principles such as gender equality,[8] trustworthiness,[9] access to education, human rights and freedom of religion,[10] for example, tend to correlate positively with measures of socioeconomic well-being and stability. The interrelatedness of challenges stemming from poverty calls for the articulation of principles capable of guiding analysis, decision-making and the

Unit-4-A-View-of-Mountains课文翻译综合教程四

Unit 4 A View of Mountains Jonathan Schell 1.On August 9, 1945, the day the atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, Yosuke Yamahata, a photographer serving in the Japanese army, was dispatched to the destroyed city. The hundred or so pictures he took the next day constitute the fullest photographic record of nuclear destruction in existence. Hiroshima, destroyed three days earlier, had largely escaped the camera’s lens in the first day after the bombing. It was therefore left to Yamahata to record, methodically -and, as it happens, with a great and simple artistry – the effects on a human population of a nuclear weapon only hours after it had been used. Some of Yamahata’s pictures show corpses charred in the peculiar way in which a nuclear fireball chars its victims. They have been burned by light –technically speaking, by the “thermal pulse” -and their bodies are often branded with the patterns of their clothes, whose colors absorb light in different degrees. One photograph shows a horse twisted under the cart it had been pulling. Another shows a heap of something that once had been a human being hanging over a ledge into a ditch. A third shows a girl who has somehow survived unwounded standing in the open mouth of a bomb shelter and smiling an unearthly smile, shocking us with the sight of ordinary life, which otherwise seems to have been left behind for good in the scenes we are witnessing. Stretching into the distance on all sides are fields of rubble dotted with fires, and, in the background, a view of mountains. We can see the mountains because the city is gone. That absence, even more than wreckage, contains the heart of the matter. The true measure of the event lies not in what remains but in all that has disappeared. 2.It took a few seconds for the United States to destroy Nagasaki with the world’s second atomic bomb, but it took fifty years for Yamahata’s pictures of the event to make the journey back from Nagasaki to the United States. They were shown for the first time in this country in 1995, at the International Center for Photography in New York. Arriving a half-century late, they are still news. The photographs display the fate of a single city, but their meaning is universal, since, in our age of nuclear arms, what happened to Nagasaki can, in a flash, happen to any city in the world. In the photographs, Nagasaki comes into its own. Nagasaki has always been in the shadow of Hiroshima, as if the human imagination had stumbled to exhaustion in

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