投行职位描述和人才需求

概述

投资银行帮助企业和政府发行证券,帮助投资者购买证券,管理金融资产,进行证券交易,提供金融咨询服务。处于

领先地位的投资银行包括Merrill Lynch（美林）, Salomon Smith Barney, Morgan Stanley Dean Witter（摩根斯坦利）和Goldman Sachs（高盛）。这些投行公司在庞大的市场中运作。.其他的一些投资银行只在一个地区营业，

或处于中等规模的市场中。(如 Piper Jaffray)。还有一些规模小的专业公司被成为“精品店”。它们很可能只侧重于

股票交易，并购咨询，技术分析或项目交易。这些公司对某种证券有深刻的了解。公司内部由不同的部门组成。在

大多数的公司中，证券持有者进行交易，证券发行者（公司和政府）从事投资银行业务。

值得注意的是由于受去年发生的事件（如：巴西贬值和俄罗斯丧失偿还能力）的影响，从1999年的春天开始，

投资银行市场一直疲软。失业情况非常普遍，并很可能持续下去。尽管如此，仍有不少人认为就业机会很多, 特别

是在电信行业, 在欧洲市场和电子贸易领域中。实际上，只要人们能够重视自身的技能培养，不断学习，多做一些

信息咨询和实际调查，问题就容易解决了。如果你看准了98/99年投资银行市场，就会有人告诫你，在这个行业里找工作，一定要做好充分准备，并要有持之以衡的精神。也许明年最好的工作是在Corporate American 或是其它

领域中，比如市场研究。规模较大的公司的员工一直很多，并且流动性强。

注：目前市场恶化造成的冲击很可能加快投资银行部门的稳定性。引用Bloomberg在1998年11月发表的讲话：“ Allen Wheat, Credit Suisse第一波士顿主席和总经理，Credit Suisse 集团的投资银行总裁在接受意大利商务日报Sole/24 Ore的采访中说，…金融市场恶化的程度已经加快了银行产业的变化，特别是加快了其逐步形成稳定过程。

那些有潜力在国际市场中发展的银行，除了Credit Suisse外，只有欧洲的银行是UBS AG。?但是他们在开展投资银行业务方面已经放慢了速度。Deutsche 银行可能会“通过购买美国银行重新回到游戏中来”。一些机构，如Lehman, Bankers Trust ,甚至是J.P. Morgan也要注定要被兼并。9月3日，在谈到CSFB（Credit Suisse 第一波士顿）对俄

罗斯的策略时说，银行的外汇收支差总值达21.5亿美元。Wheat 说，银行的策略是非常清楚的，但不幸的是，结

果不尽人意。

能力和要求

投资银行希望员工有很强的分析和社交能力。一些工作更偏重于某一项技能。（如，经纪人主要是销售者。）一

份资产分析家的工作要求有分析和社交的能力。要求的能力包括：

社交能力：强销售能力：一般交流能力：强分析能力：强

综合能力：强创造性：强革新性：一般工作时间：50-90/周

许多大学毕业生在刚刚进入投资银行时，都是从分析员作起。要想成功地做好这个工作，你必须具有特别的技能，要有很好的处理电子表格的技能并且能思路清晰地分析问题。接下来，你有可能会成为合作伙伴。这需要同样的技能，只是要求更高一些。在你事业的中期，一般情况下，你的成功取决于你能否和客户交流并顺利做成生意的能力。同时，你还要了解市场情况，政治和宏观经济情况以及运作机制。投资银行的一些工作要求很强的数学功底。

如果你的数学很好，你可以考虑在理工类学科中再拿一个更高的学位（如随机演算和微分方程学）。然后继续在价

格学和股票评估等学科中选修几门更深的金融课程。最后在华尔街申请一个研发部门。（Carnegir-Mellon 的FAST 课程是培养适合在华尔街工作的数学和物理人材的最好的课程之一。）

在大多数分析员的工作中，正确地分析财务数字是非常重要的。如果你想成为一个证券分析员，你必须努力获得CFA（注册金融会计师）职称。如果有一天，你有志成从事“融资”的业务, 并成为公司的金融分析家，你最好再考

虑一下考取CMA（注册管理会计师）。.

很难说什么样的人就是一个优秀的交易者。但至少你必须能充分了解市场，反映迅速，做出准确分析。建议你读

一读Michael Lewis 的Liars Poker一书，你会学到很多有关交易方面的东西。

大多数公司的办公地点不在纽約。尽管你想在其它地方工作，但你主要的寻找工作的地点仍可能集中在纽約。其

它一些值得你注意的地方还包括：香港，东京，伦敦，莫斯科和新加坡。如果你想找一个投资银行的工作，你应该

多去几次纽約。

在投资银行中获得成功的关键是团体协作。能够将每一个人团结起来，共同为客户服务是一个巨大的挑战，并且

回报很可能是非常高的。

毫无疑问，有科学和法律背景的人对投资银行来说价值是非常高的。科学家可以从事任何类型的工作，从计算

金融衍生品到生物工程学。律师可以协助设计新的证券，进行租赁经营并用他们杰出的分析问题的本领与客户交流。这就是说，有必要学会推销你自己。重新回到著名的学府读MBA不是件坏事。然后再重新在考虑投资银行中寻找

工作。

进入投资银行这个行业的关键是关系网。也许你早已被这种关系网吸引住了，但如果你没有,就应迅速建立你自

己的关系网。多参加一些产业会议，在你的同学通讯录里找一些从事商业的朋友。记住，你的关系网不一定马上就

能起到作用。如果你还年轻，但还没有取得MBA学位，你应该努力进最好的学校学习。

投入到投资银行这个行业以后，通常情况下，你应负责把你接受的每一个项目即时地做好，无论是写报告、绘制

电子表格、谈生意、做研发还是制定工作计划。然后，一旦你有机会接触客户并参与创造利润，并且只要这时，你

能为公司谈成生意，你的回报会是相当丰厚的。如果你已经成为高管（通常为董事，管理董事以及更高层管理人员）你必须要承担更多的风险。在这种职务上，不能很好地胜任工作的人，就要被迫离职。

工作描述

公司理财：

如果你担任合作金融这个职务，你应该帮助公司为新的项目和以后可能有的项目集资。你应该能够做到通过资产、负债、可转换证券、优先证券、或衍生品证券等方式确定客户所需的资金数量和构成。作为合作金融的一名新的分

析员，通常你应该更多的和客户打交道。Merrill Lynch, Paine Webber和 Salomon/ SmithBarney是公认的合作金融行业中的权威。在合作金融中的一些工作是指投资银行中的一些职务。如果你听到有人被称为IBD 或IBK，他们都

在从事合作金融。

并购：

使一个公司购买另一个公司的交易是许多投资银行资金收入的一个重要来源。这种做法在1995年华尔街上是十

分流行的。并且在90年代的剩下的时间里会继续持续下去。如果你从事这类工作，你应该成为客户的咨询者，为

交易估值、创造性地确定买卖结构、并协商对自己有利的条款。Goldman Sachs Morgan Stanley/Dean Witter 是世

界公认的并购领域里的领先者。投资银行经常自己承担投资风险，不断直接参与LBO，母公司收回子公司全部股本使之脱离，附带利益和过渡贷款。你的任务是分析适当的参与形式。

项目融资：

项目融资的范围正在迅速扩大。一般来说，项目融资包括为公司或政府主要的资产负债表上提到的基础设施和石

油资产项目筹资。有些银行如CSFB 或Deuttsche 在这些方面非常活跃。项目融资交易已经成为将外资引入一些国

家的最主要的渠道之一，如引入中国、也门和印度尼西亚。当其它借款枯竭时，一般来说项目融资仍然存在。

交易：

投资银行中一些最令人羡慕的工作往往是交易。你的责任是在商业银行、投资银行和大型的机构投资者中进行资产、股票、货币（指Forex 或FX），选择权或期货的买卖。交易是一件复杂的工作，因此要求你具有全面的市场

知识、金融工具和心理直觉。资本交易的工作经常包括给其他交易者“讲一个故事”，告诉他们买你的股票的原因。

固定收入交易的工作要求有很强的分析问题的能力并具备必要的资金来管理交易比较少的市场中大量盘存。衍生品

交易者需要很强的分析能力（你最好具备工科学位）。外汇交易更主要的是要求交易者对市场、政治和宏观经济方

面有直觉感。除此之外，还有其它类型的交易工作。

结构化融资：

结构化融资的工作包括金融工具的创新，以便重新将资金流入投资者中（作为有资产支持的证券）。普通的有资

产支持的证券会将应收信用卡，自动应收贷款或抵押贷款证券化。这种市场在1998-1999年非常火暴，并很可能

变成期货市场。其它也在不断变化的领域有资产支持的证券商业票据、有抵押的债券债务(CBOs)和重新包装的资产工具。如果你能同时具有绘制电子表格、会计和法律的技能是非常有利的。

衍生品:

衍生品的价值来自原始证券。选择权、换汇和期货都属于衍生品。衍生品市场是巨大的，并且越来越规范。衍生

品业务是一项高利润的业务。它对华尔街上的从事这项工作的人员的要求很高。衍生品市场将来很可能在换汇交易

的形式上以及外来选择权方面进行改革。这将会创造出专业性更强的工作。如果你对这类工作感兴趣，可以先学习

数学。除了销售技能非常重要外，你将听到的另一个词是“结构化票据”。一个结构化票据可以是根据客户的需求在

选择权中出现的外汇借贷，远期或期货合同。

咨询服务：

投资银行为大众或私人提供并购和金融方面的咨询服务。许多投资银行都设有风险管理的咨询服务。

资本和固定收入研究:

一般来说，证券分析员会被指定做某个企业或地区的分析研究。你的任务可能是向投资者推荐股票和债券的情况。你要不断与公司和机构投资者联系。投资银行经常雇用那些有在企业工作经验的人做分析员（相反却不是刚毕业的MBA或本科生）。比如，你是某个餐馆的经理，你可能就会成为餐馆行业的分析员。了解业务、能够和客户交流

并有良好的预见性是做好这项工作的重点。分析员主要指电脑分析人员和基础研究人员。基础研究人员会根据公司

的发展状况，CEO的状况提供一些建议。相反，电脑分析员要通过计算机程序来确认贬值的证券、市场甚至是整个国家。这类工作不多，但由于个工作要求的专业技能很高，其收入也很高。

国际交易和新兴市场：

尽管亚洲出现经济危机，但投资者对证券发行的需求仍然很旺。公司会派出很多专业的交易人员和专家来满足这

个要求。另一个有高需求的领域是新兴市场，如泰国或墨西哥的市场。公司需要雇用一些既精通外语，又愿意常出差，并了解新兴市场的员工。

财政：

市政公债市场巨大并需要分析学家、市政咨询专家和商人来研究它。搞财政的工作很难争取到，但是这行的报酬

却很高。曾在市政行政部门工作过的人会对投资银行业务有很强的吸引力。市政方面的主要增长点是项目融资这一块。比如Tucker Anthony 的财政高级VP在1995年8月发表讲话说，以前他从事的投资银行业务中，项目融资占15%，而现在增加到了60%。

证券交易经纪人：

证券交易经纪人的工作是为个人卖股票、债券、和其它投资服务。有些经纪人只为收入高的客户服务，而有些经

纪人则不加以区分地为所有客户服务。尽管这个行业开始做时很难（尤其是你的年龄要比客户小的多），但只要你

具有相当水平的交易技能，你的回报是很高的。据证券行业协会报道，1993年证券交易经纪人的平均年收入为128,553美元。有些经纪人的年收入甚至达到了500,000美元。因此，最好能进入象Merrill Lynch这样的公司，接

受良好的培训。

机构销售

机构销售的工作主要是负责将有关特殊证券的信息传递给机构投资者。你很可能与你公司里的分析专家和销售人

员有频繁的接触。销售技巧和掌握产品知识是至关重要的。它关系到你是否有能力说服繁忙的机构投资者。投资银

行中的销售的工作（卖方）经常是在为转向买方（保险公司和共同基金会）做准备。两种工作都可将你置身于受谴

责的境地。华尔街上常流传这样的笑话：买者和卖者有什么区别呢？答案：如果你是卖方，他们只会在挂掉电话后

诅咒你。诅咒可以创造财富。据证券行业协会报道，1995年，机构销售人员的平均年收入超过300,000美元。

计算机专家

在华尔街上可以找到有关计算机和信息系统方面最好的工作。一个公司如果有几套好的销售软件或办公软件就非

常有优势。1994年和1995年，华尔街上许多大公司都在全国寻找能开发UNIX 的工作站软件和金融主机应用程序。对优秀的计算机人才来说，6位数的工资也不算奇怪。

资信评估分析员：

进入投资银行的一种方法就是从资信评估分析员做起。这个工作的薪金不是很高，升职的机会也不是很多。干投

资银行的人对这种情况非常清楚，因此经常以资信评估机构的名义吸引新的资信评估分析员。Moody的资信为50

亿美元证券和560名分析员。Standard and Poor的资信为20亿美元证券和800名分析员。资信评估机构是获利

高的机构，它的任务是对公司和独立实体进行信贷能量评估定级。这一行对人员的能力和专业要求都很高。

薪金

一个本科生，他最开始从事投资银行业务的薪金标准大概是25000美元到50000美元，其中包括奖金（一般担

任助理或普通分析员职务）。有MBA学历的毕业生薪金标准大约是60000美元到135000美元。不同的公司，不

同的地区，薪金标准也不相同。一般刚开始的时候，奖金占薪金的10%到50%，然后慢慢增加到1到3倍。目前

的趋势是薪金中包括所有者权益，至少三年以上不能流动。如果你是一名分析员，你可能不会遇到这种情况。这样

做对银行有利，因为它减缓了人才的流动性。

建议：有些公司付给你的薪金比别的公司少，其实这都无关紧要。重要的是你自己不要泄气。刚一开始，你所获

得的经验和你接触的人的价值要比你目前挣的钱重要的多。你要最大限度地扩大你目前的价值，并为以后的发展做

好准备。你目前的薪金会很低，但如果你幸运的话，也许会碰到很高的。

趋势

向投资银行发送个人简历的最佳时间是在11月和12月。招聘一般是在1月和2月进行。但就算到了2月份你

也不要停止发简历，因为你还没有找到你的目标。Salomon Smith Barney的分析员说：“能够做到持之以恒是非常

重要的。实际上这是一种数字游戏。和许多人打交道。但同时，你要根据你所接触的不同行业的人和不同类型的银

行来修改你自己的简历。这意味着找工作是件非常花时间的事情。”

别忘了发完简历后要确认以下。通常，招聘工作结束的时间是在4月份。也有很多人在3月到7月份之间换工作。这就是说，很多银行在7月份仍会招聘，挖到更合适的人才。令人觉得奇怪的是，寻找全职工作的最佳时间是在春

夏两季的季末。

投资银行是世界上最全球化的行业之一。投资银行家花许多时间在Peoria和Seattle寻找合作伙伴。但他们却很

可能只和世界另一端的投资者和证券发行者合作--也许是香港、Bulgaria甚至是非洲。

电子投资银行刚刚发展起来，并朝着正规的方向发展。有些公司如E-Trade 可提供网上股票交易。其它机构如DLJ和Deutsche 银行可提供网上股票和债券的电子交易。

Investment Banking: Job Options

Corporate Finance

In a corporate finance position you would work to help companies raise capital needed for new projects

and ongoing operations. You would work to determine the amount and structure of fund needs of a client through equity, debt, convertibles, preferred, asset-backs, or derivative securities. As a

starting analyst in corporate finance you would usually work on a client team and would have responsibilities to prepare registration statements, attend road shows where investors are sold on securities etc. Merrill Lynch, PaineWebber and Salomon/SmithBarney are acknowledged powers in corporate finance. Sometimes jobs in corporate finance are referred to as investment banking positions. When you hear phrases such as IBD or IBK people are referring to corporate finance.

Mergers and Acquisitions

Setting up deals where one company buys another is an important source of fee income for many investment banks. This has been a hot area on Wall Street in the 1990s and is likely to continue hopping through the next century. If you go to work in this area you would help out with a team which acts as an advisor to a client, values transactions, creatively structures deals and negotiates favorable terms. Worldwide, Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley/Dean Witter are the recognized leaders in M&A advisory. Investment banks have increasingly participated directly in LBOs, spinoffs and bridge loans, often by taking their own investment stake (known as merchant banking). Your duties could involve analyzing the appropriate form of participation. Expect to start running lots of valuation models on spreadsheets and gradually get more client focus as you progress.

Project Finance

The field of project finance is booming. Typically project finance involves f unding infrastructure and oil capital projects off of a company or government's main balance sheet. Banks like CSFB and Deutsche Bank are active in this area. Project financed deals have been some of the first significant conduits of foreign capital into countries such as China, Yemen and Indonesia. When other sources of borrowing dry up, project finance is generally still there.

Trading

Some of the most desirable jobs in investment banking are in sales and trading. Your responsibilities would involve undertaking transactions in equities, bonds, currencies (referred to as Forex or FX), options or futures with traders at commercial banks, investment banks and large institutional investors. Trading can be tumultuous and requires a thorough knowledge of markets, financial instruments and an intuition for human psychology. Equities trading positions often involve "telling a story" to other traders about why they should purchase your stock. Fixed income trading positions call for strong analytical know-how and the wherewithal to manage large

amounts of inventory in an often-thin market. Derivatives traders need very strong analytical know-how (perhaps even an engineering degree). Foreign exchange trading is based more on your instincts about markets, politics and macroeconomics. There are a variety of other types of trading jobs in agency securities, commercial paper,

repos etc.

Structured Finance

Positions in structured finance involve the creation of financing vehicles to redirect cash flows to investors (known as asset-backed securities). Typical asset-backs securitize credit card receivables, auto loan receivables or mortgages. This market is red hot in 1998-9 and is likely to grow considerably into the future. Other growth areas include asset-backed commercial paper, collateralized bond obligations (CBOs), and repackaged asset vehicles. It would be beneficial to have a solid combination of spreadsheet, accounting and legal skills. Most students coming out of school know very little about this area; so you can get an edge by educating yourself by reading articles in the area from publications like Standard and Poors CreditWeek and picking up lingo like "early-am risk" from talking to market participants on informational interviews.

Derivatives

Derivatives derive their value from another primitive security. Options, swaps and futures are examples of derivatives. The market for derivatives is gigantic and subject to increasing scrutiny. The derivatives business is highly profitable and the demand on Wall Street for skilled derivatives practitioners has been very high. This market is likely to see further innovation in the forms which swaps take and in the area of exotic options. This will create further specialized job areas. If this area interests you, start studying math (especially stochastic differential equations and derivation of common models like Black-Scholes). Questions about models are likely to come up in interviews. Sales skills are also important in this area. Another related word you will hear is "structured notes." 结构性票据A structured note might be a foreign exchange loan, forward or futures contract with built in options structured to a client's need. So, for example, a client that will no longer be worried about their position once the Yen falls below 85 to the dollar could buy a "knock-out" option on a forward that will not be active once the yen/dollar rate falls below a floor. A related and popular area is credit derivatives which might involve selling an option which pays off when a defaults on one of its debt obligations.

Advisory

Advisory services are often provided by investment banks to public and private clients involved in M&A and financings. The area of risk management advisory has been popular at many investment banks. Often work will be done to determine a client's value, options for creating value or on a client's industry conditions.

Equity and Fixed Income Research

Security analysts are usually assigned to an industry or region. You could be responsible for making buy or sell recommendations to investors about a stock or bond. Your duties would involve visiting companies and heavy telephone contact with institutional investors. Investment banks often like to hire people with industry experience into analyst positions (as opposed to fresh MBAs or undergrads). For example, if you were a restaurant executive

you could probably get hired as a restaurant industry analyst with a healthy pay raise. Knowing the business, being able to talk to clients well and having good forecasts are key in this position. You want to help your firm avoid the dreaded Worst Analysts list. Analysts are often referred to as either quants 技术面派or

fundamentalists基本面派. Fundamentalists make recommendations based on what's going on at a company--how's the CEO, what are the earnings etc? In contrast, quants look at computer programs that identify undervaluated securities, markets or even whole countries. There are fewer quant jobs, but they often pay more because the required skills are greater.

International Sales/Emerging Markets

A rapidly growing area is in international sales. Despite the Asia crisis, investor demand for securities issued in emerging markets is strong. Firms are meeting this demand by providing sales personnel and analysts specialized in these markets. Another area of high demand is in emerging markets such as Thailand or Mexico. Firms are looking for people with specific language skills, a willingness to travel and knowledge of these emerging markets. You can often rise very quickly in this area, even if you are quite young. With volatility in emerging market bonds in 1998, be sure to do your research carefully--the Russia crisis has triggered layoffs at a number of firms. A great place to track goings on is through Bloomberg's web site.

Public Finance

The market for municipal bonds is very large and calls for analysts, municipal advisors and traders. Positions in public finance are usually difficult to obtain but offer high rewards. Persons with previous experience in public administration would be attractive to investment banks in this capacity. A major growth area in municipals is in the project finance area. For example, Senior VP of public finance at Tucker Anthony, stated in August 1995 that his area has moved from 15% project finance before to 60% today.

Retail Brokerage (Stockbroker)

Stockbrokers are in the business of selling stocks, bonds, insurance and other investments to individuals. Some brokers specialize in high net worth高资本净值 individuals while others span a variety of clients. This is a tough business to get started in (especially if you are much younger than your clients), but the rewards to a good people person with great sales skills are high. The Securities Industry Association reports that the average retail broker earned $128,553 in 1993. And many brokers earn upwards of $500,000. Try to start with a firm like Merrill Lynch that has a good training program. A good web page to look at if you are interested in being a broker is the Syndicate.

Institutional Sales

In institutional sales you would be responsible for conveying information about particular securities to institutional investors. You would be likely to have heavy contact with portfolio managers and your own

firm's analysts and traders. Sales skills and product knowledge are crucial in this area as is the ability to get through to联系 busy institutional investors. Working in sales for an investment bank (on the sell side) is often good preparation to move over to the buy side (insurance companies and mutual funds). Both types of jobs can be brutal and subject you to abuse. A common Wall Street Joke: What's the difference between

a sell side and a buy side player? Answer: On the sell side they curse you only after they hang up the telephone. Taking abuse can be lucrative. The average salaries in institutional sales in 1995 exceeded $300,000 according to the Securities Industry Association.

Computer Guru

Some of the best jobs in computers and information systems are on Wall Street. A firm with good trading software, pricing software, or back office software can get a strong competitive advantage. In 1999 the big headhunters and firms on the Street have been scouring the country for people who can develop UNIX-based workstation software and financial mainframe applications. Six figure salaries are not uncommon for really good systems people.

Ratings Analyst:

One way to break into investment banking is to start as a ratings agency analyst. The pay is relatively low and advancement opportunities aren't great, and the investment banks know it and use the agencies as hunting grounds狩猎场 for new analysts. Moody's rates $5 trillion worth of securities and has 560 analysts. Standard and Poors rates $2 trillion worth of securities and has 800 analysts. These agencies are highly profitable and grade the credit quality of companies and sovereign entities accessing the markets. Most revenue comes from issuer fees. There is high demand for persons who can rate structured finance and corporate bonds intelligently. "We are not auditors and we don't use lie detectors, so it's up to our analysts to be smart enough to ask the right questions," says Edward Emmer, executive managing director and head of S&P's corporate ratings department.