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——We argue that the neoclassical model alone is not adequate to explain the massive rural-urban internal migration underway in China. Instead,ideas drawn from both sociological theories of segmented markets and institutional economics are used to supplement the standard neoclassical explanation. 我们认为新古典模型本身并不足以解释中国正在进行城乡大迁移。相反,市场细化的社会学理论和制度经济学的观点都是用于补充标准的新古典主义的解释。
——Of particular importance was the development of a contract labor system and the emergence of a private sector. 特别重要的是劳动合同制度的发展和私营企业的出现。
——It is commonly believed that通常认为
——The goal of this paper is to answer several questions about the nature of this movement: 本文的目的是要回答几个问题关于这个运动的本质:
——Our analysis also shows that the rise of migration is happening in conjunction with a rising unskilled wage. 我们的分析还表明,移民的崛起与非技术工资上涨同步。
——What is, in part, driving these trends? 是什么,在某种程度上,推动这些趋势呢?
——Using a national representative set of data that consists of two waves of surveys done in 2000 and 2008 in six provinces, the paper finds that使用国家代表的数据集, 2000年和2008年分两波完成六个省份调查发现
——In this paper, we attempt to describe the present state of rural–urban migration from several different angles. 在本文中,我们试图从几个不同的角度描述城乡移民的现状。
——I am grateful to Professor Kosuke Aoki, my master thesis supervisor, for his great instruction and helpful comments. I thank all participants at the Macro-Finance Workshop at the University of Tokyo for helpful comments and Yuki Yao for help with MATLAB codding. All errors are mine and any comment is welcome. Email: chiminhlyao@https://www.360docs.net/doc/6f1001419.html,. 我感激北岛康介本人青木教授,硕士论文导师,伟大的指导和有益的点评。我感谢所有的参与者在宏观融资研讨会在东京大学的有用的评论和徐怀钰姚明与MATLAB codding寻求帮助。所有的错误都是我和任何评论是受欢迎的
——The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationships between travel behavior and immigrant status. 本文的目的是研究旅游行为和移民状况之间的关系
——Empirical work on the relationship between environmental stress and human migration has blossomed over the last 10 years. 有关环境压力和人类迁移之间关系实证研究在过去的10年已经发展
——While such work has provided important insights into this relationship, 虽然这样的研究提供了这种关系重要的见解
——While such work has provided important insights into this relationship, there has been, to date, limited effort expended on generating a generalisable framework for apprehending such interactions. 虽然这样的研究提供了这种关系重要的见解, 到目前为止，产生一种普世的框架理解这些相互关系耗费的精力一直有限。
——This paper seeks to address this de?cit.本文试图解决这一不足。
——Based on semi-structured interviews in two sending and four receiving areas in northern Ethiopia, it explores基于在埃塞俄比亚北部两个发送和四个接收地区半结构化访谈,本文探讨
——this still needs to be tested. 这还需要验证
——It is thought to provide a generalisable conceptual language which is capable of describing the role of environmental stress in mobility decisions. 它被认为提供概念性语言能够描述环境压力在迁移决策中的作用。
——In addition it is acknowledged that the framework suffers from some major limitations. 另外，必须承认框架有很大局限性
——Most notable is reliance on最值得注意的是依赖
——the inability to account for the non-environmental features which shape perceptions of migration. 无法解释形成移民观点的非环境因素。
——Some important effects of government policies on urban labor productivity are absent from Harris and Todaro’s popular two-region development model.哈里斯和托达罗广受欢迎的“发展模式”缺乏一些重要的政府政策对城市劳动生产率的影响。
——the formation and dynamics of the urban village are understood from the perspectives of land use transformation and property rights redistribution从土地利用转型和产权分配视角理解都市村庄的形成和动力学
——In this sense从这个意义上说
——characterized by以……为特征，表现为……特征
——Drawing from the empirical data of 11 urban villages from six large Chinese cities, this paper presents the general characteristics of urban villages基于中国六大城市11个城市村庄的经验数据,提出了城市村庄的一般特征。
——Urbanization is now becoming a global phenomenon, but its ramifications are more pronounced in developing countries. 城市化已经成为一个全球现象,但其后果是在发展中国家更为明显
——The focus of the present paper is to see the upcoming trends of urbanization in India and accordingly generation of waste本文的重点是印度未来的城市化趋势及产生相应的废物——It also provides the measures to deal this waste in healthy and environment friendly manner so that it may prove a resource instead of waste. 它还提供了健康的环境友好的方式来处理这些废物,可能是资源而不是废物。
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