洗衣机的外文翻译
洗衣机
来看一下涡流式全自动洗衣机的构造。这种洗衣机有各种各样的型号，其基本构造如图4.4所示。
洗衣机之所以能兼具洗条和脱水的功能，是因为它有一个双层水槽。在积满水进行“洗条”和“漂洗”时，振动机旋转，产生水流。脱水时，只有内槽快速旋转，将衣服中的水甩出。
最近渐渐流行的“离心式洗衣机”不是振动机旋转，而是内槽旋转。当内槽旋转时，该作用力使衣服贴近内层。由于水和洗条剂会从内槽的空洞向外甩出，因此能快速从衣服中穿透，用这种冲击力去除污后。这种机器的另一个好处是由于在水中衣物不会缠绕，因此不必担心衣物扭曲,变形或坏掉。
下面看一看不同类型的洗衣机！
也许很多人认为洗衣机中的水是在以同样方式旋转。事实上洗衣机的水流方式也有多种类型。
涡流式
这种类型洗衣机利用振动机的旋转产生涡流，从而祛除污后。有的新型洗衣机能使涡流上下反复旋转，从而使污后更容易祛除！
搅拌式
这种洗衣机在底部有一个看起来像螺旋桨的带有叶片的轴，它会反复地反方向转动，将水搅动起来，然后水的作用力将衣物中的污后祛除。它具有使衣服不易缠绕，并能均匀清洗的优点。
滚筒式
在开有许多小孔的圆筒中，有突出的板子。外围的滚筒旋转时，板子将衣物抬起，下落是时的冲力将污后祛除。
离心力式
就像我们前边所说的那样，旋转的内槽将水和洗条剂从内槽壁推出。从内槽向外甩出的力叫做“离心力”，这也是“离心力”这个名字的来源。这种洗衣机由于是内槽旋转，因此水会从内槽猛地向外部喷射，然后又会回到内槽中，不断地循环往复。正是这种循环清洁了衣物！
1930年，在日本，人们第一次开始使用洗衣机。不过，当时的售价还很高，并没有普及到一般家庭。
在以前的洗衣机中，安装了现在看起来有些可笑的部件。机器有两根滚轴，夹住洗条衣物，把水挤出来。由于采用的是手动旋转把手后滚轴转动的构造，所以需要相当大的力气，不过在当时它还是非常便利，此后，这种滚轴式脱水机大约被使用了长达30年之久，一直到离心式脱水机出现为止。
1953年,涡流式洗衣机的原形分流式洗衣机在日本上市销售。这种洗衣机就像现在所见的涡流式洗衣机的哥哥。由于这些洗衣机的价格低廉，使用洗衣机的家庭渐渐多起来。1968年，全自动式洗衣机登场，此后洗衣机变得愈加方便了。
洗衣机有许多种类。你们家里用的洗衣机属于哪一种类型呢？
全自动式
全自动式洗衣机通过双层的水槽接连进行洗条，漂洗，脱水。你需要做的就是将洗条剂和衣物放入洗衣机，之后洗衣机会自动进行清洗。还有一种可以烘干衣物的新型的全自动洗衣机。
双缸式
这种洗衣机进行洗条的部分与脱水的部分分离。虽然脱水时需要将衣物取出更换地方，但却具有洗条与脱水能同时进行的好处。
滚筒式
滚筒式洗衣机的特点是用水量较少，洗衣店使用的多是滚筒式的。许多欧洲家庭中也使用这种类型的洗衣机。
让我们制造出世界上最好的洗衣机！
我们应该很感激科学家发明出全自动洗衣机，因为它使洗衣服变成一件容易的事。
科学家仍在努力寻找方法使洗衣机的使用更加便利。另外，科学家们还正在努力，寻找更好的洗条衣物的方法和制造更耐用的洗衣机。现在洗衣机具有烘干功能，所以你甚至洗后不用进行挂晒，因为它可以自动烘干衣物！太神奇了！
目前科学家正在想方设法减少洗衣时的用水量。其原因是我们必须珍惜水资源，保护我们的环境。
你认为未来的洗衣机将会变成什么样子呢？如果能有可以洗条，烘干，折叠衣物或是能在人穿着衣服时进行洗条的洗衣机的话，该有多方便啊！记住。，如果第一台洗衣机对旧时代的人们是一个梦想的话，那么对未来洗衣机的种种设想就很可能会变为现实。
让我们想一想。为什么冰箱会制冷呢？如果先了解一下“汽化热”这个词的意思，就会明白它的秘密了。
打针的时候，护士会在注射前用含有酒精的棉球檫拭你的手腕处，这会使你的手腕处有冰凉的感觉。那是因为液态的酒精在转变成气体时（汽化过程）将手腕皮肤的热量带走的缘故。这种热就叫做“汽化热”。
在炎热的夏天，往院子里洒上水就能变得凉快，也是因为汽化热作用。水带走了地面和空气中的热量，变成了水蒸气。
冰箱制冷利用的就是这种汽化热的交换作用。通过汽热化将食品的热量带走，从而使它变冷，并将热量排出。这就是冰箱的基本原理。汽化热是怎样产生的呢？
冰箱的内部构造如图4.5所示。
如果沿着单向的箭头，就可以了解气体是以怎样的流向发生变化的。靠近压缩机的箭头和其它的箭头描述了气体循环的情况。其各自的作用如下：
压缩机：对气体加压，使它变为液体。
冷却器：将热量排到冰箱外部。
蒸发器：减压，将液体还原为气态。这时被带走的汽化热上冰箱冷却。
那么，冰箱是如何进行汽化热交换的呢？
如仔细观察冰箱后部，会发现许多上下环绕的管子。实际上，冰箱除了门以外的部分，都遍部有充入气体的管子。这些管子里充满气体，当加压时会变成液体，减压时又会变成气体。在从液体转变为气体的同时，发生带走汽化热的交换作用。冰箱反复地进行着这种交换流程。
直到20世纪90年代末，冷却管内才开始使用替代氟利昂。但是由于发现以前使用的“替代氟利昂”对地球环境不利，所以转而使用其他气体来代替。目前许多公司正在进一步开展“无氟冰箱”的制造，以更利于环境保护。
微波炉诞生于20世纪40年代末的美国。第二次世界大战期间，微波技术广泛应用在雷达设备上，因此这一技术也得到了提高。战后科学家们用这些知识发明了第一台微波炉。事实上正式由于这一历史原因，微波炉起初被叫做“雷达烤箱”。在那段时间，由于微波炉体积庞大，只有餐馆和一些其他的行业使用。
20世纪60年代，日本制造出第一台家用微波炉，但在当时只有富裕家庭才能买的起。而如今在许多国家人们都能买的起微波炉了。
有了微波炉，加热剩饭菜会变的十分简单。随着人们越来越多的了解使用微波炉所带来的便利，微波炉逐渐得到了推广。接下来让我们了解一下微波炉是如何发展的。
微波炉是使用一种被叫做微波的电磁波（所以称微波炉）加热食物的。这种微波类似海洋中的水波。可以在1秒钟内振动高达24亿5千次。
大多数食物中都含有水分。当水分子在经微波照射后会以非常快的速度振动。因此将微波照射到食物上后，食物中的水分子会通过振动相互碰撞，相互摩擦。摩擦产生的热叫摩擦热，而它使食物变热了。如果用火加热食物，会从外避开始逐渐变热，要加热至内部是需要一段时间的。而微波炉通过微波可以很快从食物内部开始加热。
让我们来研究一下微波炉的内部构造，看到图4.8中右上部的东西了吗？它就是微波炉内部被称作“磁控管”的装置。加热食物所用的微波，就是在这里产生的。发出的微波，通过波导管送入内部。
微波炉内壁由金属制成。这是因为如果微波第一次没有照到食物上，与内壁碰撞之后也会被弹回照到食物上。在门上覆盖有隔板，这样微波就不会泄漏到外部。
位于微波炉正中央的是转盘。是否注意到在用微波炉加热时，转盘总是会不停的旋转？
微波通过波导管送入微波炉内部时，不管怎样总会有一些地方照到微波，而有些地方很难照到，产生出差异来。这样一来，即使对食物进行加热，也会使得有些地方热，有些地方凉。这样食物就不好吃了。
怎样才能将微波均匀地照射到食物上呢？科学家反复研究后发现，通过转动食物要比试图改变微波以使其均匀照射更容易解决这一问题。于是就制作了转盘，将食物摆在上面旋转。
看到过雪的结晶吗？将雪抓到受中时，有时可瞬间地看到它的形状，雪晶体呈现以六角形为基础。比如雪融化成水时就不在是结晶状态了。
大家知道物体有固态、液态、气态三种状态吧？大多数物体都只有这三种状态。但是某些物体在转化过程中还保持一种介于固态和液态之间的一种状态。在这种情况下，这种物体虽然以液体的形式存在，但仍然保留着规则有序的结晶状排列。
从很久以前，人们就了解了这一现象。这一现象得到广泛确认后，从1889年在德国发表了叫做“流动晶体”的研究报告，距今已经100多年了。经过长时间的研究和发表，液晶电视达到了目前的水平。
将钉子放在两块磁铁之间，钉子的两端会向两块磁铁的方向靠近。与此相同，液晶并非成圆形，而是成细长形状，通电时具有与电流方向平行排列的性质。
在液晶电视机的屏幕中，两片玻璃之间有许多很小的间隔，分别在里面注入液晶，有红、蓝、绿三种颜色。由于平时液晶都在非活跃状态，所以即使有光线从屏幕后面照射过来也不会透光。
然而，当电流在蓝色间隔通过时，这个间隔中的液晶活跃起来，并透过光线。这就是画面怎样变成蓝色的缘故。混合红、蓝、绿（光的三原色）光后产生出各种颜色，这一点与显像管电视机相同，不过是液晶的光通过关闭或者特过光线而产生不同的颜色。
两片玻璃的间距仅为千分之五毫米。其空间只是头发的千分之一左右。在那里面装入液晶并让它按我们的要求运动是很了不起的，而要把两片玻璃在如此小的空间中毫不弯曲地支撑起来就更了不起了。所以把液晶电视做成30英寸那么小是很难的。
由于这种技术基于开闭或打开光阀决定是否透光，因此生产液晶电视还存在一个难点，也就是从莫一角度看，屏幕会很暗，但人们找到了解决这些问题的方法，曾被认为不可能的液晶电视机也制造出来了。不知道当你成为大人的时候，什么样的液晶电视会存在你周围。
washing machines
Let’s look inside one of today’s fully automatic washing machines that use swirling water to clean the clothes. There are many types of washing machines but this Fig.4.4 shows you what most
of them are basically made up of.
The reason why a washing machine like this can wash and get the water out of the clothes at the same time is because it has a double layer drum. When washing and rinsing, the pulsator spins and makes the water swirl.. To get the water out of the clothes, the inner wall f the drum spins and the water goes through the holes.
These days, the “centrifugal force washing machines” are quite popular. This type of machine does not use a pulsator. Instead, the inner wall spins really quickly. When the drum spins, the dirty clothes get stuck to the wall. The water and detergent also try to escape through the holes of the wall but before they do so, they are forced to escape through the clothes. When this happens, the power of the water and detergent removes the dirt form the clothes. Another good thing about this type of m achine is that clothes don’t get tangled up so you don’t have to worry about your clothes getting ripped or damaged.
Next, let’s look at some different types of washing machines!
Many of you probably think that the water inside washing machines goes round and round. Actually, different washing machines make water flow in different ways.
Whirlpool type
This type of washing machine uses a pulsator to force the water to move like a whirlpool inside the Drum. The spinning water forces the dirt out form the clothes inside the machine. Some of the newer models of this type also make the whirlpool move up and down to make it clean clothes even better!
Agitator stirring type
This type of washing machine has something that looks like a propeller at the bottom of the tub. This Propeller spins around and stirs the water. The water then forces the dirt out from the clothes in the machine. The good thing about this type of machine is that clothes do not get tangled up and clothes get evenly washed.
Drum type
This type of machine has a drum with many holes in it. There are also protrusions bumps on the wall of the drum. As the drum turns, the clothes are picked up by the protrusions. When the clothes fall down from the top of the drum through the water, the movement removes dirt from the clothes. Centrifugal force type
As we have said before, the spinning drum pushes the water and detergent out through the wall of the inner drum. The power that comes form spinning the drum is called centrifugal force., which is where the name comes from. The water is forced through the clothes and then the holes in the
inner wall. After one cycle, the water is recycled back into the tank and the process starts again. This cycle is what cleans the clothes!
In Japan, people first started using machines in 1930. But then the price of a washing machine was so high that most average persons could not buy one for their homes.
Looking back now, there was something strange and funny on some of the first versions of the washing machine .The machine had two rollers that were used to sandwich each shirt and other clothes to squeeze the water out of them. The rollers were turned by hand, and in fact, you needed a lot of strength to turn those things! Still, people then thought it was a really neat invention! This type of water squeezer was used for almost 30 years until something new came along. The spin drier that used “centrifugal force” to get most of the water out of the clothes.
In 1953, the nozzle type washing machine was first sold in Japan. This washing machine is like the older brother of the swirling washing machine that you see today. The price of these washing machines was lower and because of this, more people bought them. The first fully automatic washing machine was introduced in 1968, and after that, washing clothes became a lot easier to do! There are a lot of different types of washing machines. What kind of washing machine do you have in your house?
Fully automatic:
The fully automatic machine has two drum layers that wash, rinse and remove water from clothes together. All you have to do is add detergent and put in dirty clothes and then washing machine will do the rest. There is also a new type of fully automatic washing machine that can dry clothes after they have been washed.
Twin tub:
This washing machine has one part that dose the washing and another part that does the squeezing. Even though it’s a hassle to take the clothes out and move them to other tub, the good thing is that you can wash and squeeze at the same time with one machine.
Front loading:
The main feature of front loaders is that they use a lot less water than other types. This is the type of Washing machine that dry cleaners use but a lot of people in western countries have this type of washing machine in their homes too.
Let’s try to make the best washing machine in the world!
We should already thank the scientists that invented the fully automatic washing machine because it makes washing clothes a piece of cake.
Scientists are still trying really hard to find ways to make washing machines a lot handier to
use for everyone. Some of the things that they are trying to do are to find better ways of making clothes clean and ways to make washing machines last longer. There are washing machines with d tryi ng function today so you don’t even have to hang clothes after words because it dries them automatically! Amazing!
Scientists are also trying to find ways to use less water and less detergent in washing machines at present. This is because that it is better to use less water for preserving the environment.
What are washing machines of the future going to be like? Maybe there will be a washing machine that dries and folds your clothes after washing them, or maybe there will be one that will wash your clothes while you are still wearing them! How handy would that be! Remember, if the first washing machine was like a dream to people in the old days, all the dreams you have about washing machines of the future may come true!
Now, Let’s try to figure out why r efrigerators get cold. First, we should find out what vaporization heat is. One we know this, the rest is easy!
When you go to the doctors to get your shots (injections), the nurse usually wipes alcohol on your arm with a cotton ball before she puts the needle into your arm. When she does that, that part of your arm feels really cool. The reason why it feels coll is that when liquid alcohol turns into vapor (a prcess called vaporization), it steals the heat away from the skin on that part of your arm. The heat leaving your skin is called vaporization heat.
The reason why sprinkling water on your yard on a really hot summer day makes you feel cool is because of vaporization heat. The sprinkled water steals the heat away from the ground and air and turns into vapor.
Refrigerators also exchange vaporization heat to become cool. The main way a refrigerator cools down is using vaporization heat to steal heat away from food and then taking it outside. How do you make (or induce) vaporization heat?
The inside of the walls of a refrigerator looks like Fig.4.5.
You will be able to figure out how he gas flows and where it changes from gas to liquid if you follow the single arrows (in the Fig.4.5). The arrow near the compressor and other arrows are what are used to move the gas around arrows means.
Compressor: Squeezes the gas and turns it into liquid.
Condenser: Takes the heat away from the refrigerator.
Evaporator: Takes the pressure away to turn liquid back into gas. The vaporization heat taken heat taken away at this point is what cools the refrigerator.
Now let’s try to figure out how refrigerators exchange vaporization heat.
If you look closely at the back of a refrigerator, you will find a lot of tubes that go up and down. These tubes are attached to every wall, except the door of course. These tubes have gas in them and when the gas is squeezed (or compressed), it turns into liquid. When it is released, the liquid turns into gas again. When the gas changes from liquid back to gas again, vaporization heat is removed from the inside of the refrigerator. This process is repeated over and over all day long. Until the late 1990’s, chlorofluoro methane carbon (CFC) gas was used inside the tubes. But scientists found out that CFCs were actually bad for the environment and nowadays, a different gas is being used more and more instead. Many companies are now trying to make refrigerators that are CFC free so that they are better for the environment.
The microwave oven was invented in the late 1940s in the US. During World War II, microwave.Technology was used a lot in radar equipment, so the technology was advanced. After the war, scientists Used the knowledge that they had of microwaves to invent the first microwave oven. In fact, the microwave oven was called a “radar oven” at first because of its history. Back then, microwave ovens were so big that only restaurants and other businesses used them.
In the 1960s, the first home-use microwave oven was made in Japan. In those days, only rich people could afford it, but now a day , microwave ovens are more affordable for people in many countries.
It is easy to heat up yesterday’s leftovers with a microwave oven. As people like you start to understand more about how easy and convenient microwave ovens are, their popularity grow. Next, let’s look at how microwave ovens have changed over time.
Microwave ovens heat up food using electromagnetic waves called microwave (hence the name). These microwaves oscillate (go up and down like a wave in the ocean) 2,400,005,000(2.4 billion) times every second!
Most food contains water. When microwaves hit molecules of water, the molecules start vibrating really fast, which makes the water molecules hit each other and rub against each other. Heat caused by rubbing is called “frictional heat and this what starts cooking the food. If you use fire to heat something, it starts to get hot from the outside and it takes some time before the inside gets hot. But because microwave ovens use the power of microwaves, they can start cooking food from the inside right away.
Let’s take a look inside a microwave oven. Do you see that thing at the top right of the Fig.4.8? That is what is called a magnetron. This device makes the microwaves that heat and cook your food. The microwaves enter the oven area by traveling through a tube called a wave -guide.
The inner wall is made of metal wall hit your food, even if they miss it the first time. The
microwave door has a special oven on it that stops microwaves from escaping outside.
In the middle of the microwave oven is the turntable. Do you notice that when you heat something in a microwave oven, the turntable is always turning?
When the wave-guide tube we talked about before injects microwaves into the inside of a microwave oven, there are always some areas that get hit with a lot of waves and some areas that don’t. If food was warmed up like that, there would be parts that were hot and parts that were cold, so the food wouldn’t taste too good.
How do you get the microwaves to hit all parts of the food evenly? Scientists mulled over this question for a very long time and realized that moving the food was a lot easier than trying to make the microwaves reach every corner of the oven evenly. That’s why scientists started using turntables to spin the food inside microwave ovens.
Have you ever seen a snow crystal? Sometimes it’s possible to see them for a short moment when snow lands on your hand, but most of the time it melts before you get to see the beautiful hexagon-shaped (six said) crystals. Crystals are made up of particles that are arranged in a regular its crystal shape.
Do you know that there are three states for most objects: solid, liquid and gas? Most things only come in these three forms. However, some material can remain in a state that is somewhat between a solid and a liquid, In this state, the object is a liquid but still maintains the regular crystal like arrangement.
The existence of this state has been known for a very long time. In fact, there was a research article titled “the flowing crystal “ that was published in 1889, over 100 years ago. It took many, many years of research and development to get liquid-crystal display TVs to the point that they are at now.
If you put a nail in the middle of two magnets, the ends of the nail try to point towards each magnet. Similarly, crystals do not have a round shape but have a long narrow shape and when electricity is passed through a crystal, it tries to align itself in the direction of the electrical flow.
In a Liquid crystal TV, many small compartments are left between two pieces of glass. Each of these Compartments holds liquid crystals that are colored red, blue or green. Even if light is shined on the back of the screen, the screen remains black because the liquid crystals are not active and block any light from passing through it.
However, when electricity passes through a blue compartment, the liquid crystal in that compartment become active and allowed light through. That’s how a screen becomes blue. The way different colors are made by combining the three primary colors of light (red, blue and green) is the
same as the cathode ray tube TV, but in this case, the shutters of the liquid crystals block or let light pass and that’s how different colors are made.
The space between the two sheets of glass that we talked about is only 5/1000th of a millimeter. That is 1/10th the thickness of a piece of hair. It’s amazing that people have invented a way to control the movement of liquid crystals in such a small space. What’s more amazing is that people have developed a way to support these two pieces of glass between such a small space without letting it bend or sag. In fact, making a 30’ TV of this size is a very, very different task.
An nother different part of the liquid crystal TV is that the screen looks dark from an angle because the technology is based on a shutter closing or opening to allow light through. Yet, people have found a way to solve these difficulties and made liquid-crystal TVs that some said could never be made. You never know what kind what kind of liquid of liquid crystal TVs will be around when you become an adult.
第三方物流外文文献(原文与翻译)
我国第三方物流中存在的问题、原因及战略选择 熊卫 【摘要】我国物流业发展刚刚起步，第三方物流的理论和实践等方面都比较薄弱。本文指出我国第三方物流存在的问题在于国内外第三方物流企业差距、物流效率不高、缺乏系统性管理、物流平台构筑滞后、物流管理观念落后等。分析了产生上述问题的原因，并提出了精益物流、中小型第三方物流企业价值链联盟、大型第三方物流企业虚拟化战略等三种可供选择的第三方物流企业发展战略。 【关键词】第三方物流；精益物流战略；价值链联盟；虚拟化战略 1引言 长期以来，我国国内企业对采购、运输、仓储、代理、包装、加工、配送等环节控制能力不强，在“采购黑洞”、“物流陷井”中造成的损失浪费难以计算。因此，对第三方物流的研究，对于促进我国经济整体效益的提高有着非常重要的理论和实践意义。本文试图对我国策三方物流存在的问题及原因进行分析探讨，并提出第三方物流几种可行的战略选择。 2我国第三方物流业存在的主要问题 (一)我国策三方物流企业与国外第三方物流企业的差距较大，具体表现在以下几个方面： 1、规模经济及资本差距明显。由于国外的大型第三方物流企业从全球经营的战略出发，其规模和资本优势是毫无疑问的，尤其初创时期的我国策三方物流业，本身的规模就很小，国外巨头雄厚的资本令国内企业相形见绌。 2、我国策三方物流业企业提供的物流服务水准及质量控制远不如国外同行。当国内一些企业还在把物流理解成“卡车加仓库“的时候，国外的物流企业早已完成了一系列标准化的改造。同时，国外的物流组织能力非常强大，例如德国一家第三方物流公司，公司各方面的物流专家遍布欧洲各地。如果有客户的货物需要经达不同的国家，那么欧洲各地的这些专家就在网上设计出一个最佳的物流解决方案。这种提供解决方案的能力就是这第三方物流公司的核心能力，而不像国内公司号称拥有多少条船，多少辆车。 3、我国加入WTO后物流产业的门槛降低。在物流服务业方面：我国承诺所有的服务行业，在经过合理过渡期后，取消大部分外国股权限制，不限制外国服务供应商进入
关于商业银行信用风险管理的文献综述
A)关于商业银行信用风险管理的文献综述 摘要：随着银行业自身的快速发展以及业务量的增加，信用风险问题在银行的经营过程中逐渐暴漏出来，这就在一定程度上要求银行业对信用风险进行管理以降低其发生的可能性。当前，国内外学者对信用风险管理的研究越来越多，使得银行业可以根据自身的实际情况选择相应的风险管理方法和工具。本文主要从银行信用风险的定义、银行内部评级体系和银行信用风险量化几个方面对当前的信用风险管理研究进行了文献综述，最后对国内外信用风险管理的相关文献做出了总结。 关键词：商业银行，信用风险，风险管理，文献综述 一、关于银行信用风险定义的研究 1.风险的定义 风险（Risk）最早起源于拉丁美洲人的日常生活用语“Resum”，原意是“因航海或海上活动，其可能伴随而来的各种无法预测的危险或风险”。而《辞海》中将风险定义为“人们在生产建设和日常生活中遭遇能导致人身伤亡、财产受损及其他经济损失的自然灾害、意外事故和其他不测事件的可能性”。在我国的《中国大百科全书（经济学）》中，提出“风险通常是指由于当事者主观上不能控制的一些因素的影响，使得实际结果与当事者的事先估计有较大的背离而带来的经济损失”。 2.银行信用风险的定义 亨利〃范〃格罗（2005）将信用风险定义为债务人或金融工具的发行者不能根据信贷协定的约定条款支付利息或本金的可能性，是银行业固有的风险。闰晓莉、徐建中（2007）认为信用风险狭义上一般是指借款人到期不能或不愿履行还本付息协议，致使银行金融机构遭受损失的可能性，即它实际上是一种违约风险。广义上是指由于各种不确定因素对银行信用的影响，使银行金融机构经营的实际收益结果与预期目标发生背离，从而导致银行金融机构在经营活动中遭受损失或获取额外收益的一种可能性。 二、关于银行内部评级体系的研究 1.银行进行内部评级必要性的研究
独特的品牌战略【外文翻译】
外文翻译 原文 Strategies for distinctive brands Material Source: Journal of Brand Management Author:Judith Lynne Zaichkowsky ABSTRACT Brand identity complements brand equity and it forms an important part of the strategic management of brands. Identity elements include a well-known brand name, logo, font type, symbols, colour, shape, as well as unique product and benefit descriptions. These different elements can contribute to distinct consumer perceptions of various brands in the marketplace and help to differentiate brands from competitors. Brand managers need to start with a vision of what they want their brand to represent and then use the appropriate identity elements to build the brand. Some brand identity components may be influential to choice at the subconscious level of consumers, and therefore the understanding of individual psychological processes of perception and social meaning is required by brand managers. Keywords: brand equity ; brand identity ; logos ; brand names ; packaging INTRODUCTION Much literature in the area of branding has focused on brand equity and its importance to strong brands. Although everyone agrees that understanding and creating brand equity is essential for marketing, very little academic attention is paid to understanding the importance of brand identity and its relation to brand equity and brand management. Brand identity is the visual picture and meaning derived from the visual impact of the brand. For the consumer to identify brands with their respective manufacturers, the brands must be sold with distinctive features supplied by that particular manufacturer. Strong and unique links to one source is what complements and protects brands from being interchangeable in the marketplace. Brand differentiation, or identity, may be achieved through a well-known brand name, logo, typeface, symbol, colour, shape, distinctive design of the package or product, as well as product benefit descriptions known as unique selling points
计算机网络安全文献综述
计算机网络安全综述学生姓名：李嘉伟 学号：11209080279 院系：信息工程学院指导教师姓名：夏峰二零一三年十月
［摘要］ 随着计算机网络技术的快速发展，网络安全日益成为人们关注的焦点。本文分析了影响网络安全的主要因素及攻击的主要方式，从管理和技术两方面就加强计算机网络安全提出了针对性的建议。 ［关键词］ 计算机网络；安全；管理；技术；加密；防火墙 一．引言 计算机网络是一个开放和自由的空间，但公开化的网络平台为非法入侵者提供了可乘之机，黑客和反黑客、破坏和反破坏的斗争愈演愈烈，不仅影响了网络稳定运行和用户的正常使用，造成重大经济损失，而且还可能威胁到国家安全。如何更有效地保护重要的信息数据、提高计算机网络的安全性已经成为影响一个国家的政治、经济、军事和人民生活的重大关键问题。本文通过深入分析网络安全面临的挑战及攻击的主要方式，从管理和技术两方面就加强计算机网络安全提出针对性建议。
二．正文 1.影响网络安全的主要因素［1］ 计算机网络安全是指“为数据处理系统建立和采取的技术和管理的安全保护，保护计算机硬件、软件数据不因偶然和恶意的原因而遭到破坏、更改和泄漏”。计算机网络所面临的威胁是多方面的，既包括对网络中信息的威胁，也包括对网络中设备的威胁，但归结起来，主要有三点：一是人为的无意失误。如操作员安全配置不当造成系统存在安全漏洞，用户安全意识不强，口令选择不慎，将自己的帐号随意转借他人或与别人共享等都会给网络安全带来威胁。二是人为的恶意攻击。这也是目前计算机网络所面临的最大威胁，比如敌手的攻击和计算机犯罪都属于这种情况，此类攻击又可以分为两种：一种是主动攻击，它以各种方式有选择地破坏信息的有效性和完整性；另一类是被动攻击，它是在不影响网络正常工作的情况下，进行截获、窃取、破译以获得重要机密信息。这两种攻击均可对计算机网络造成极大的危害，并导致机密数据的泄漏。三是网络软件的漏洞和“后门”。任何一款软件都或多或少存在漏洞，这些缺陷和漏洞恰恰就是黑客进行攻击的首选目标。绝大部分网络入侵事件都是因为安全措施不完善，没有及时补上系统漏洞造成的。此外，软件公司的编程人员为便于维护而设置的软件“后门”也是不容忽视的巨大威胁，一旦“后门”洞开，别人就能随意进入系统，后果不堪设想。
关于商业银行信用风险的文献综述
龙源期刊网 https://www.360docs.net/doc/6f1483318.html, 关于商业银行信用风险的文献综述 作者：余峰 来源：《大经贸》2016年第05期 【摘要】随着我国商业银行的快速发展，信用风险问题在商业银行的经营过程中日益突出。本文主要从银行信用风险的定义、传统的信用风险管理和现代银行信用风险量化研究几个方面对当前的信用风险管理研究进行了文献综述，最后对国内外信用风险管理的相关文献做出了总结。 【关键词】商业银行信用风险文献综述 一、银行信用风险的定义 信用风险（CreditRisk）又称违约风险，是指交易对手未能履行约定契约中的义务而造成经济损失的风险，即受信人不能履行还本付息的责任而使授信人的预期收益与实际收益发生偏离的可能性。很多学者分别从广义和狭义的角度来定义信用风险。他们认为，狭义的信用风险一般是指信贷风险，而广义的则是指因债务人的违约而引发的一系列风险，其中包括在资产业务中因债务人没有及时偿还所借贷款而导致资产质量变换，负债业务中客户大规模提前支取导致挤兑从而加剧支付的难度等。 根据巴塞尔新资本协议，金融风险分为市场风险、信用风险、操作风险三大类。麦肯锡通过研究发现，商业银行的风险60%来自信用风险，其余40%来自市场风险和操作风险；前银 监会主席刘明康也认为，信用风险是在中国经济体制改革的形势下，商业银行所面临的最主要也是最大的风险之一。 二、传统的商业银行信用风险管理方法 商业银行传统的信用风险管理方法有信贷决策的“6C”模型和信用评分模型等。“6C”模型是指由有关专家根据借款人的品德（character）、能力（capacity）、资本（capital）、抵押品（collateral）、经营环境（condition）、事业的连续性（continuity）等六个因素评定其信用程度和综合还款能力，决定是否最终发放贷款。运用这种方法的缺点是，专家用在“6C”上的权重有可能以借款人的不同而变化，专家难以确定共同要遵循的标准，造成评估的主观性、随意性和不一致性。 而信用评分模型主要是通过对企业财务指标进行加权计算，对借款企业实施信用评分，并将总分与临界值进行比较，低于该值的企业被归入不发放贷款的企业行列。信用评分模型中最具代表性的是爱德华·阿尔特曼（Altman）1968年对美国破产和非破产生产企业进行观察，采用了22个财务比率经过数理统计筛选建立的著名的5变量Z-score模型和在此基础上改进的“Zeta”判别分析模型。将Z值的大小同衡量标准相比，可以区分破产公司和非破产公司。
冷链物流外文文献
附录A The Cold Chain and its Logistics Authors: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodriguez and Dr. Theo Notteboom 1. Overview While Globalization has made the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical separation of these same regions is still a very important reality. The greater the physical separation, the more likely freight can be damaged in one of the complex transport operations involved. Some goods can be damaged by shocks while others can be damaged by undue temperature variations. For a range of goods labeled as perishables, particularly food, their quality degrades with time since they maintain chemical reactions which rate can be mostly mitigated with lower temperatures. It takes time and coordination to efficiently move a shipment and every delay can have negative consequences, notably if this cargo is perishable. To ensure that cargo does not become damaged or compromised throughout this process, businesses in the pharmaceutical, medical and food industries are increasingly relying on the cold chain technology. The cold chain refers to the transportation of temperature sensitive products along a supply chain through thermal and refrigerated packaging methods and the logistical planning to protect the integrity of these shipments. Specialization has led many companies to not only rely on major shipping service providers such as the United Parcel Service (UPS) and FEDEX, but also more focused industry specialists that have developed a niche logistical expertise around the shipping of temperature sensitive products. The potential to understand local rules, customs and environmental conditions as well as an estimation of the length and time of a distribution route make them an important factor in global trade. As a result, the logistics industry is experiencing a growing level of specialization and segmentation of cold chain shipping in several potential niche markets within global commodity chains. Whole new segments of the distribution industry have been very active in taking advantage of the dual development of the spatial extension of
网络安全外文翻译文献
网络安全外文翻译文献 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 翻译： 计算机网络安全与防范 1.1引言 计算机技术的飞速发展提供了一定的技术保障，这意味着计算机应用已经渗透到社会的各个领域。在同一时间，巨大的进步和网络技术的普及，社会带来了巨大的经济利润。然而，在破坏和攻击计算机信息系统的方法已经改变了很多的网络环境下，网络安全问题逐渐成为计算机安全的主流。
1.2网络安全 1.2.1计算机网络安全的概念和特点 计算机网络的安全性被认为是一个综合性的课题，由不同的人，包括计算机科学、网络技术、通讯技术、信息安全技术、应用数学、信息理论组成。作为一个系统性的概念，网络的安全性由物理安全、软件安全、信息安全和流通安全组成。从本质上讲，网络安全是指互联网信息安全。一般来说，安全性、集成性、可用性、可控性是关系到网络信息的相关理论和技术，属于计算机网络安全的研究领域。相反，狭隘“网络信息安全”是指网络安全，这是指保护信息秘密和集成，使用窃听、伪装、欺骗和篡夺系统的安全性漏洞等手段，避免非法活动的相关信息的安全性。总之，我们可以保护用户利益和验证用户的隐私。 计算机网络安全有保密性、完整性、真实性、可靠性、可用性、非抵赖性和可控性的特点。 隐私是指网络信息不会被泄露给非授权用户、实体或程序，但是授权的用户除外，例如，电子邮件仅仅是由收件人打开，其他任何人都不允许私自这样做。隐私通过网络信息传输时，需要得到安全保证。积极的解决方案可能会加密管理信息。虽然可以拦截，但它只是没有任何重要意义的乱码。 完整性是指网络信息可以保持不被修改、破坏，并在存储和传输过程中丢失。诚信保证网络的真实性，这意味着如果信息是由第三方或未经授权的人检查，内容仍然是真实的和没有被改变的。因此保持完整性是信息安全的基本要求。 可靠性信息的真实性主要是确认信息所有者和发件人的身份。 可靠性表明该系统能够在规定的时间和条件下完成相关的功能。这是所有的网络信息系统的建立和运作的基本目标。 可用性表明网络信息可被授权实体访问，并根据自己的需求使用。 不可抵赖性要求所有参加者不能否认或推翻成品的操作和在信息传输过程中的承诺。
物流配送中心外文文献原稿和译文
物流配送中心外文文献原稿和译文 北京化工大学北方学院毕业设计(论文)——外文文献原稿和译文 外文文献原稿和译文 原稿 logistics distribution center location factors: (1) the goods distribution and quantity. This is the distribution center and distribution of the object, such as goods source and the future of distribution, history and current and future forecast and development, etc. Distribution center should as far as possible and producer form in the area and distribution short optimization. The quantity of goods is along with the growth of the size distribution and constant growth. Goods higher growth rate, the more demand distribution center location is reasonable and reducing conveying process unnecessary waste. (2) transportation conditions. The location of logistics distribution center should be close to the transportation hub, and to form the logistics distribution center in the process of a proper nodes. In the conditional, distribution center should be as close to the railway station, port and highway. (3) land conditions. Logistics distribution center covers an area of land in increasingly expensive problem today is more and more important. Is the use of the existing land or land again? Land price? Whether to
金融银行信用风险管理外文翻译文献
金融银行信用风险管理外文翻译文献 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 原文: Managing Credit Risks with Knowledge Management for Financial Banks Pan Jin Department of Economics Economics and Management School of Wuhan University Wuhan,Hubei Province,430072,China Abstract-Nowadays,financial banks are operating in a knowledge society and there are more and more credit risks breaking out in banks.So,this paper first discusses the implications of knowledge and knowledge management, and then analyzes credit risks of financial banks
with knowledge management. Finally, the paper studies ways for banks to manage credit risks with knowledge management. With the application of knowledge management in financial banks, customers will acquire better service and banks will acquire more rewards. Index Terms–knowledge management; credit risk; risk management; incentive mechanism; financial banks I.INTRODUCTION Nowadays,banks are operating in a“knowledge society”.So, what is knowledge? Davenport(1996)[1]thinks knowledge is professional intellect, such as know-what, know-how, know-why, and self-motivated creativity, or experience, concepts, values, beliefs and ways of working that can be shared and communicated. The awareness of the importance of knowledge results in the critical issue of “knowledge management”. So, what is knowledge management? According to Malhothra(2001)[2], knowledge management(KM)caters to the critical issues of organizational adaptation, survival and competence in face of increasingly discontinuous environmental change. Essentially it embodies organizational processes that seek synergistic combination of data and information processing capacity of information technologies and the creative and innovative capacity of human beings. Through the processes of creating,sustaining, applying, sharing and renewing knowledge, we can enhance organizational performance and create value. Many dissertations have studied knowledge managementapplications in some special fields. Aybübe Aurum(2004)[3] analyzes knowledge management in software engineering and D.J.Harvey＆R.Holdsworth(2005)[4]study knowledge management in the aerospace industry. Li Yang(2007)[5] studies knowledge management in information-based education and Jayasundara＆Chaminda Chiran(2008)[6] review the prevailing literature on knowledge management in banking industries. Liang ping and Wu Kebao(2010)[7]study the incentive mechanism of knowledge management in Banking. There are also many papers about risks analysis and risks management. Before the 1980s, the dominant mathematical theory of risks analysis was to describe a pair of random vectors.But,the simplification assumptions and methods used by classical competing risks
疫苗供应链和冷链物流运输外文文献翻译2020
疫苗供应链和冷链物流运输外文翻译2020 英文 Cold chain transportation decision in the vaccine supply chain Benjamin Lev Abstract Vaccines are a special kind of drug, the quality of which is highly sensitive to temperature and directly related to public health. Recently, numerous vaccine-related adverse events have occurred in the world, especially in developing countries, due to vaccines being exposed to inappropriate temperatures during their transportation. This paper considers the vaccine supply chain including a distributor and a retailer (hospital or clinic). The distributor decides to use a cold chain or non-cold chain to transport the vaccines. The retailer performs an inspection when receiving the vaccines. First, a basic model is developed to study the conditions under which the distributor will transport the vaccines via a cold chain or non-cold chain. Then, two common inspection policies (a single-step one and a two-step one) are introduced into the basic model to explore the impact of the retailer's inspection at the end of transportation on the distributor's original decision. We show that the retailer's single-step inspection influences the distributor to choose the cold chain option. Interestingly, we prove that the two-step inspection policy is less effective than the single-step one in this effect. We suggest that the
品牌营销外文翻译
品牌营销外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 译文： 品牌 消费者总有关于产品可用性、质量和可供选择的价格的不完全信息。这样的“不完美的信息”导致他们依靠那些减轻获取产品信息的费用的品牌。由于依靠名牌和伴生的公司名誉，每次购买时，消费者没有搜寻或调查产品就能做出合理的购买。 许多经济学家惊叹这样一个事实：消费者在名牌上投入了如此的信赖。问题是，如同这些经济学家看见的，消费者的信赖给了公司建立超出他们能收取的价格的品牌“市场力量”。因为这些经济学家宣称要“真实地”辨别产品，当公司以独特的名牌、相关的广告和积极的竞争来“区分”他们的产品，他们能够比其他人得到更多。名牌引导消费
者在不同的产品之间进行那些经济学家认为的人为的分别。公司因为品牌而受到尊敬，因此，名牌能使企业在提高价格的情况下而不会失去重大的销售额。 品牌导致消费者经常根据现实世界和“完美的”信息世界之间的比较而付出不必要的多余地的高价，那里同一个行业内的每个公司都承担出售相同的、没有品牌的“同类”产品。这些是在“完善的竞争模型，”作的假定，及有时供经济学家使用的简化的构建。虽然不完美信息是完全自然的和不可避免的。许多经济学家认为完善的竞争的绝佳状态是衡量政策是否理想的评判标准。那是因为在完善的竞争之下公司没有任何力量抬高交易价格。如果公司提高了他们的产品的价格甚至只比市场价格高一分，它都将什么也卖不出去。因此，在完全竞争情况下，消费者不会支付更高一分的价格购买在其他任何地方以更低的价格能买到的相同的产品。毫不奇怪，假定同类产品是理想的，导致以品牌区分产品而减少消费者福利的不正确涵义。那么，反过来，导致由哈佛经济学家爱德华·H 1956年主张的政策——商标不应该被强制执行。 但是，越来越多的经济行业认识到了假定产品是相同的存在着问题。你无法理解由没有下降的品牌效应为其服务的经济目的假定，我们居住在消费者都知晓的完全信息的世界。实际上，消费者没有充分的掌握信息，并且他们也知道他们并没有掌握完全的信息。因此，他们重视公司的名誉——并且他们愿意支付更多在那些一直供应高质量产品、拥有良好声誉的生产商的产品上。通过这种做法，消费者不会不合理行动。他们简单地设法保护自己没有必须用许多时间去学习获得关于各个公
网络安全中的中英对照
网络安全中的中英对照 Access Control List（ACL）访问控制列表 access token 访问令牌 account lockout 帐号封锁 account policies 记帐策略 accounts 帐号 adapter 适配器 adaptive speed leveling 自适应速率等级调整 Address Resolution Protocol(ARP) 地址解析协议Administrator account 管理员帐号 ARPANET 阿帕网（internet的前身） algorithm 算法 alias 别名 allocation 分配、定位 alias 小应用程序 allocation layer 应用层 API 应用程序编程接口 anlpasswd 一种与Passwd+相似的代理密码检查器 applications 应用程序 ATM 异步传递模式
audio policy 审记策略 auditing 审记、监察 back-end 后端 borde 边界 borde gateway 边界网关 breakabie 可破密的 breach 攻破、违反 cipher 密码 ciphertext 密文 CAlass A domain A类域 CAlass B domain B类域 CAlass C domain C类域 classless addressing 无类地址分配 cleartext 明文 CSNW Netware客户服务 client 客户，客户机 client/server 客户机/服务器 code 代码 COM port COM口（通信端口） CIX 服务提供者 computer name 计算机名
生鲜电子商务物流配送模式研究外文文献翻译2017
文献出处：Croxton K.LThe research of fresh food e-commerce logistics distribution modefJ]. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 2017, 1(2): 13-24. 原文 The research of fresh food e-commerce logistics distribution mode Croxton K L Abstract With the development of electronic commerce enterprise, from the Internet shopping has been gradually deep into the people’s life, so that people want to buy on the Internet to be assured that there is an increasing demand or iresh agricultural products. This rare agricultural socialization trend of consumption also offers fresh electronic commerce development opportunities, but now is the actual situation of fresh electronic commerce development is not very optimistic. For fresh food e-commerce，due to the particularity of fresh products, it requires the logistics distribution can be according to the requirements of the customer at the right time to provide enough fresh products，it is for the logistics service quality and time put forward higher requirements，delivery is not yet mature，distribution costs are high，low efficiency and service level is often difficult to guarantee，fresh products logistics distribution is a bottlenecK in the development of them. Keywords: fresh food e-commerce，distribution pattern，cold chain logistics, and risk control 1 Introduction Farmers1markets and supermarkets is the traditional channels of city residents to buy fresh agricultural products, but with the development of social economy speed boost, the rhythm of people’s life in the city than ever also had obvious increase，’’workers?’ due to the limitation of working hours, often the problem is there are very few time at a farmers’ market or supermarket to buy fresh prod uce，even after work at farmers’ markets or supermarkets to buy the fresh agricultural products, can buy goods is not fresh. With the development of electronic commerce enterprise, from the Internet shopping has been gradually deep into the people's life, so that people want to buy on the Internet to be assured that there is an increasing demand of fresh agricultural products，especially for "workers' this is more urgent demand.B2C，C2C e-commerce business now more concentrated in the electronic products, clothing and completely processed food, for the present stage of basic logistics service can satisfy the requirements of web site with the customer.
信用风险和信贷衍生产品在银行【外文翻译】
外文翻译 原文 Credit Risk and Credit Derivatives in Banking Material Source: http://www.wiwi.uni-augsburg.de/vwl/institut/paper/228.pdf Author：Udo Broll Using the industrial economics approach to the microeconomics of banking we analyze a large bank under credit risk. Our aim is to study how a risky loan portfolio a?ects optimal bank behavior in the loan and deposit markets, when credit derivatives to hedge credit risk are available. We examine hedging without and with basis risk. In the absence of basis risk the usual separation result is con?rmed. In case of basis risk, however, we ?nd a weaker notion of separation. 1 Introduction Credit risk is one of the oldest and most important forms of risk faced by banks as ?nancial intermediaries. The risk of borrower default —on interest and/or principal —carries the potential of wiping out enough of a bank’s capital to force it into bankruptcy. Managing this kind of risk through selecting and monitoring borrowers and through creating a diversi?ed loan portfolio has always been one of the predominant challenges in running a bank. Since the 1980s a number of new risk sharing markets and ?nancial instruments have become available which make credit risk more manageable (see Neal, and Bank for International Settlements, 2001). Banks can pool assets with credit risk and sell parts of the pool. This asset securitization or creation of asset backed securities has seen considerable growth in areas such as home mortgages or automobile loans, where underlying loan contracts and payment schedules are fairly standardized and risk characteristics are similar. Loan sales play a role, e.g., in takeover ?nancing, where a bank originates a loan and sells it in sm aller shares to other banks. More recently, credit derivatives such as credit swaps, credit options, and credit-linked notes have gained importance as instruments to manage risk in situations, where the diversity of loan types and credit risks makes it di?cult to securitize loans or sell them individually. In the sequel we will use the term credit derivatives both for securities