2017年考研英语长难句复习指导【精编版】

2017年考研英语长难句复习指导【精编版】
2017年考研英语长难句复习指导【精编版】

历年考研英语长难句分析

英语考研试卷中,阅读理解和翻译共有50分,占到了全卷分数的半壁江山。毫不夸张地说,把这两部分做好,在英语考试中取得理想的成绩便不再是奢望。那么怎么样才能做好这一部分的试题呢?关键要通过大量的练习,增强阅读英文句子,尤其是其中长难句的能力。长难句一般是指结构复杂难以理解的句子,也有一些其实结构并不复杂,但因为句子很长也很容易让人困惑。长难句出现不多,但是常常大大增加我们理解的难度,成为我们获取高分的“拦路虎”。下面就近八年来(2003年除外)考研试题中阅读理解和翻译中出现的长难句都列出来,分析它们的结构,指出其中的考查难点,并对如何恰当翻译它们给出建议,希望考生朋友能从中得到一些启发。2003年试卷中的长难句,

这里就不分析了,留给大家模考时候自己分析,同时检验自己学习分析长难句的成果。

1. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class , an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.

[句子主干]

Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased …

shareholders as a class, (which was) an element…

[语法难点]

本句是典型的非限定性定语从句,难点在其主语和宾语都有较长的短语和of结构限定,并且分句是由两个and相连的3个部分组成的。分句an element…landowners 又带有两个定语从句,一个是(which was)representin g… ,另一个是(which was)detached…。

可见,定语从句的难点在于经常省略“引导词+be”的结构,从而在理解上容易和分词结构相混淆。

[句子翻译]

对资本和企业的这种大规模的非个人操纵大大增加了股东作为一个阶级的数量和重要性。这个阶层作为国计民生的一部分,代表了非个人责任的财富与土地及土地所有者应尽义务的分离,而且也几乎与责任管理相分离。

[翻译技巧]

实际上定语从句并不符合汉语的使用习惯。所以翻译时遇上定语从句,一定不要机械地按照原来的顺序生搬硬套。像这样分句较长的情况,把主句和分句拆为两句是比较好的方法。所以这里从“这个阶层”开始另起一句。

2.Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboune sprang up to house large. " comfonable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to

the management.

[句子主干] Towns…sprang up…classes who…, and who…

[语法难点]

1)有并列从句。分析句子主干很容易看到这也是一个典型的定语从句结构,分句由who…,and who…两个并列结构组成。注意like并不是谓语而是介词短语作定语,真正的主句谓语是sprang of。retire on 指“依靠什么而退休(多跟表收入的名词)”。

2)that of drawing dividends 结构中,draw是收取的意思,dividend 指红利,that of sth结构是名词性的,that of sth相当于which is结构,目的都是修饰前面的名词。注意后面还有attending…是省略了which were的定语从句,把of sth结构和定语从句交替使用是英语中长难句的惯用手法,目的是避免行文的单调,考生朋友们要注意分辨。

[句子翻译]

像Bournemouth和Eastboune这样的城市兴起了,大批隐退的享乐阶层人士靠自己的收入,在这里过着悠闲的生活。他们与群体之外的人没有联系,只是分取红利,偶尔参加股东会议,对管理人员发号施令。

[翻译技巧]

同样是为了避开定语从句,将主句和分句拆为两句。要注意几个短语的理解。

retire on依靠……退休/have…relation…to与……有关系/up to 达到……的规模

3.Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc. ,like a poet among the letters of the alphabet , considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea. "

[句子主干]Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down…, like a …, considering them as…, in which a…”

[语法难点]有省略。

1)like…分句是省略了who 的主语从句中的分句,considering…分句是现在分词引导的状语从句。这个状语从句可以拿到句首,也可以在句尾。一般来说较长的状语从句置于句尾,较短的置于句首,为的是使句子看上去显得简洁一些。

2)like分句中出现了比较多的省略,补全以后是who like a poet who is among the letters…。英语中的从句之所以是难点就是因为大量地省略引导词。

[句子翻译]

罗博特?富尔顿曾经写道,机械工将坐在杠杆、螺丝、楔、轮子等周围,像诗人对待字母表中的每个字母一样,把它们作为自己的思路展示,每一个新组合都传送一个新概念。

[翻译技巧]

如果严格地翻译,like分句应该译为“像对待字母表中字母的诗人一样”,原因是这个从句修饰的是机械工,应该用诗人来对应,但这样一来,就不符合汉语的表达习惯了。

4.Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.

[句子主干]

Some of these causes are reasonable results…, Others are consequences of advances…

[语法难点]

主语是some of these causes,实际的主语就是some,不过谓语是单数还是复数则取决于of后面的成分是单数还是复数。being to…是定语从句的分句结构,意为“属于”。

[句子翻译]

在这些原因中,有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求,另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生的某些特定发展的必然结果。

[翻译技巧]

这个翻译比较简单,注意being to的翻译即可。

5.This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.

[句子主干]This trend began during …, when…,that…

[语法难点]

1)有套和从句。这个句子实际上是This trend began.其余的成分都是在起修饰和限定作用。在分析长难句时一定要注意找出句子的主干,关键是确定句子的主语和谓语,只有这样才不会被众多的修饰成分所迷惑。

2)When引导的是时间状语从句。第一个that引导的是修饰conclusion的定语从句,第二个that引导的是修饰demands的定语从句,wants前省略了which,是引导的修饰a government的主语从句。

[句子翻译]

这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间,当时一些国家的政府下了结论,认为:政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。

[翻译技巧]此句中短语较多。

come to the conclusion形成某种结论/make of提出/in detail详细地

6.This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.

[句子主干]This seems …done by supporting a certain amount of resear ch not…but…

[语法难点]注意not…but句型,意为“不是……而是……”

[句子翻译]

给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研提供支持,看来通常能有效地解决这一问题。

[翻译技巧]

严格说来,not…but结构应译为“不是……而是……”,但这样就显得罗嗦,所以译为“与……无关”,但(另一些有关)。a amount of 指“数量达到……”。be related to指“与……有关”。

7.However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects.

[句子主干]

However, the world is so made that…systems are …unable to deal with some of the …aspects

[语法难点]

so made指“如此构成”,so和后面的that构成so…that结构,意为“如此……以至于……”。

be…(un)able to指“可以(或不可以)……”。

[句子翻译]

然而,世界就是如此。一般而言,完美的体系无法解决世界上某些更加引人入胜的课题。

[翻译技巧]

be so made that意为“如…构成”,不符合汉语表达习惯,所以译为“就是如此”。

in principle 总的说来/deal with应付……

8.New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must

arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.

[句子主干]

New forms…as well as new subjects…must arise…as they have in the past, giving rise to…

[语法难点]有并列从句。

1)主语较为复杂,为并列结构,分别是new forms和new subjects,中间用as well as连接。

2)as在这里引导了一个介词结构(as they have in the past),have 的宾语省略了,其内容与本句主语一致。

3)giving rise to…分句为非限定性定语从句的从句,省略了which are。

[句子翻译]

同过去一样,将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象,给完美以新的标准。

[翻译技巧]as well as 和,以及/give rise to给……以机会

长难句在考研阅读、完型填空和翻译中的出现频率很高,无论句子有多长、结构有多复杂,它都由一些基本的成分组成的。从结构来说,英语句子中,除了谓语之外,其它的成分均可以由从句或者非谓语动词来充当。从句本身是一个完整的句子,因此,从句与从句之间的关系可能包孕、套嵌,也可能并列、平行。从功能来说,英语有三大复合句,即:①名词性从句,包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同

位语从句;②形容词性从句,即我们平常所说的定语从句;③状语从句。非谓语动词可以有自己的时态和语态(过去分词除外),也可以跟自己的逻辑主语、宾语、状语等成分,构成一个非谓语动词结构。由于非谓语动词和从句的这些特点,使英语句子从理论上讲可以无限延长。

英语长句的分析方法:去枝叶,留主干。

1)划出句子中的定语从句和状语从句;

2)划出所有介词短语(位于be动词后的除外);

3)名词性从句看作一个整体,找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词;

4)非谓语动词结构看作一个整体;

5)找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语,即句子的主干;

6)分析从句的结构和非谓语动词的内部结构。

长难句分析的步骤举例

经典例题(2001年考研完型填空第二段)

In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins.

分析:

第一,划出定语从句和状语从句: that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity /that can be given to a case /before a trial begins.

第二,划出介词短语:In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press

第三,句子的结构分析:

(1)主干结构是主语(Lord Irvine含同位语the Lord Chancellor)+将来时谓语(will introduce)+宾语(a draft bill);

(2)that引导的定语从句修饰draft bill,其中,will propose 是第一个谓语,making payments to witnesses illegal是一个动名词短语做宾语,在动名词短语内部,payments to witnesses做making的宾语,illegal 是宾补;第二个谓语是will strictly control, the amount of publicity是它的宾语。that can be given to a case before a trial begins是孕含有一个时间状语从句(before a trial begins)的定语从句,修饰publicity。

请大家按照上述步骤认真分解以下的句子,并把分解后的句子读熟甚至背过,则基本上可以解决考研长难句问题。

二.考研英语十大长难句实例分析

1. When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.

结构分析: 本句是由for连接的两个因果关系的并列句;for前面的部分是表示结果的分句,此句结构是when引导的状语从句+主句,主句主干结构是... it is advisable to ...,其中,it是形式主语,真正的主语是后面的动词不定式结构;动词不定式结构中又包含一个what引

导的宾语从句,做find out的宾语;for后面的部分是表示原因的分句,此句结构是:让步状语从句+主句,主句主干结构是... it is possible that... ,it 是形式主语,真正的主语是后面的that从句;

译文: 当一场新的艺术运动形成某种时尚时,理应弄清其倡导者的目标所在,因为无论他们的准则在今天看来是多么牵强附会、不可思议,将来都有可能被视为正常的。

2.The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.

结构分析: 本句主干部分是The ... result has been to make entrance ... harder for amateurs...; 第一个逗号后面是一个名词性短语,中心词是the result,后面是that引导的定语从句;此定语从句中包含两个并列状语,其结构为first by ... and then by ... ;

译文:其总的结果是使业余人员的论文进入专业性地质学杂志更加困难,而审稿制度的全面引进使论文发表的难度进一步加大,这一制度开始是在19世纪的全国性杂志出现的,进入20世纪后也在一些地方性地质杂志实行。

3.Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the

world those readers really want.

结构分析: 本句主干结构是... this project has turned out to be ... findings ...; findings前面的mostly low-level是findings的修饰成分,后面的about ... 介词结构是宾语findings的宾语补足语;逗号后面的过去分词结构combined是状语成分,表示一种伴随的动作;

译文: 遗憾的是,这次调查的结果只获得了一些肤浅的发现,诸如新闻报道中的事实错误、拼写或语法错误,以及特别令人费解的困惑:读者到底想读些什么。

4.A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming "I wanted to spend more time with my family."

结构分析: 本句句子主干是A lateral move ... prompted me to ...; move后面是that引导的定语从句,修饰a lateral move, that在从句做主语;第一个逗号后面的是状语成分,两个逗号之间的部分是插入语;

译文:一次平级的人事调动伤了我的自尊心,并阻碍了我的事业发展,这促使我放弃自己地位较高的职业,当然,就像颜面扫尽的政府部长那样,我也掩饰说“我想多陪陪家人”.

5.I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of "juggling your life" , and making the alternative move into "downshifting" brings with it far greater

rewards than financial success and social status.

结构分析: 本句主干结构是I have discovered ... + that引导的宾语从句;as引导的句子是伴随状语,可以看作是插入语;在that引导的宾语从句中,主语是两个动名词短语:abandoning ... and making ...,谓语是brings;

译文: 我已经发现(由于压力过大,凯尔茜已多次公开宣称要辞去《她》杂志编辑的职务,在这之后她也许会同样发现):放弃“忙忙碌碌”的生活哲学,转而过一种“放慢生活节奏”的生活所带来的回报,比经济成功和社会地位更有价值。

6.Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.

结构分析: 本句主干结构为researchers ... have began to extend that forecast...;逗号前面为状语成分,包含一个when引导的定语从句,其中it是形式主语,appear后面是that引导的是主语从句;

译文: 虽然一开始在20世纪60年代和70年代有过一段乐观的时期--那时候仿佛晶体管电路和微处理器的发展将使它们在2010年能够模仿人类大脑的活动--但是最近研究人员已经开始将这个预测延后数十年,甚至数百年。

7. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical

principle of "double effect" , a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects - a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen - is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.

结构分析:句子主干是:... the Court ... supported the medical principle of "double effect" ... ; although引导的让步状语从句,其中包含一个that引导的宾语从句,作ruled的宾语;a centuries-old moral principle是the medical principle的同位语,其中包含一个现在分词holding及其宾语从句现在分词短语做定语;宾语从句中,主干部分是:an action ... is permissible... ,其中having是现在分词作定语,修饰an action;两个破折号之间是对two effects的解释说明;宾语从句中还包含一个if引导的条件状语从句;

译文:尽管裁决认为,宪法没有赋予医生帮助病人自杀的权利,然而最高法庭实际上却认可了医疗界的“双效”原则,这个存在了好几个世纪的道德原则认为,如果某种行为具有双重效果(希望达到的好效果和可以预见得到的坏效果),那么,只要行为实施只是想达到好的效果,这个行为就是可以允许的。

8. For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals - no meat, no fur, no medicines.

结构分析:句子主干是:... a ... woman ... was distributing a

brochure ... ; woman后面的现在分词短语staffing an animal rights booth是woman的后置定语;brochure后面的that引导定语从句; anything后面的that引导定语从句;

译文:例如,在近期的一次集市上,一位老奶奶站在动物权利宣传点前散发小册子,规劝人们不要使用动物制品和动物实验制品--肉类,毛皮,药物。

9. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment.

结构分析:句子主干结构是:... the health research community should ... recruit to its cause not only ... but ... ; because引导的原因状语从句;Stephen Cooper后面是一个who引导的非限制性定语从句;最后一个who引导定语从句修饰all;

译文:最后,因为最终决定因素是病人,医疗研究机构不仅应该积极争取像史蒂芬·库博这样的名人的支持--他对动物实验的价值勇敢地进行了肯定--而且应该争取所有接受治疗的病人的支持。

10. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless.

结构分析:句子主干为:... we demand everything ... ; 第一个逗号前为过去分词短语shielded引导的状语成分,第二个逗号后面是even

if引导的让步状语从句;everything后面是that引导的定语从句,that 在从句中作主语;

译文:由于医疗费用由第三方支付,我们常常要求用尽所有的医疗手段,即使它们不会有任何作用。

第一部分长难句基本句型

近几年,考研英语出现了很多难句。并且这些难句主要是长难句。长难句的形成主要通过以下四种方式:复合从句、成分省略、使用插入语和改变句序。这四种方式往往可以相互结合,从而形成更长的难句。虽然形成长难句之方法有四,但是目的却只有一个,就是打断和打乱考生正常的阅读习惯和思维习惯,从而达到考察考生阅读能力和翻译能力的目标。下面分别对这四种方式一一解析。

一、复合从句

在考研中,复合从句中的从句最常见的是定语从句。复合从句可分为简单复合从句和复杂复合从句。本文将分词作状语和定语也归入从句范畴,当作一种更为灵活的从句形式。这种语法处理,并不是从语言学研究角度进行的,而是从教学角度出发做出的从简处理。

(一)简单复合从句

简单复合从句可以分为套用从句和并列从句两种。套用从句,其实是最简单的长难句。这类句子就像一根锁链,只要抓住句子的各个连接点,理出句子层次,就完全可以把握住。

在翻译定语从句时,“这(些/个)”常用来作为拆分句子的必用手段。阅读时,定语从句一般可以跳过,实在不放心可以略读。一般情

况下,考研基本上不会在这种从句中有出题点。

并列从句大致有四种情况:并列从句修饰主语、谓语和宾语。也就是说并列从句一般作定语或状语。其实,并列从句和并列短语在语法功能上完全相同,只不过并列从句一般较长,会使考生在阅读中渐忘句子结构。

并列从句修饰主语,就是说并列从句作状语。这种句子很简单。翻译时,可以直译,把从句作定语,直接放在主语前面。如果从句很长,可以使用复指代词。另外,翻译从句先行词时,要注意词性的转换,比如hope/ suggest之类的词有名动两种译法。考生要切忌拘于词性。

并列从句修饰谓语就是说这些从句作状语。一般情况下,这些从句都不完整,多为现在分词短语和过去分词短语。事实上,现在分词短语和过去分词短语作状语或者定语,都可以看作是从句的一种更加灵活的表达方式。

并列从句修饰宾语。宾语有两种,一种是单纯宾语,另一种是介宾结构中的准宾语。单纯宾语指在句中作宾语成分;准宾语指在介词后面的宾语。

并列从句修饰单纯宾语的句子结构很清晰,阅读难度不大,但翻译有些难度。并列从句修饰准宾语的就比较难了。因为后面有很长的介词短语会使考生在阅读中忘记句子前面的意思。(二)复杂复合从句复杂复合从句,就是说这些句子不是单纯的复合从句。复杂复合从句主要是因为句子中出现省略,插入和倒装等形式,从而加大了句

子的难度。这也是考研英语为了加大难度常用的方式。在复杂复合从句中出现的省略一般主要是语法省略,语用省略一般很少。出现插入语,其实是指这些词或短语的插入,使句子语法成分的联系打断,句子的整体性受到冲击,从而影响了句子的理解。复杂复合从句中出现的插入语一般都是分词形式或者介宾结构。翻译时,一般多可以翻为状语,有时也可以翻为定语。出现倒装时,越短的句子越难。因为可以参考的信息很少。这种句子可以先把从句和先行词用一个代词替换,然后进行语序恢复。

背诵例句:

1.Many experts suggest that the child raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.

译文:许多专家认为:如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里长大,而这些刺激物能够开发其相应的反映能力,那么这个儿童将会有得到更好的智力发展。

2.How well the prediction will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and approlpriateness of the information and on the skill with which it is interpreted.

译文:这些预测在多大程度上会被后来的表现所证实,这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性以及解释这些信息的技能。

3.Immediately the army opened fire, killing four men and injuring the fifth who later died of his wounds.

译文:部队突然开了火,打死四人,还有一人受伤。后来此人也因伤势过重死去。

4.The king, whose power is unlimited, and whose treasures surmount all real and imaginary wants, is compelled to ease, by the construction of the Great Wall, the satiety of dominion and tastelessness of a pyramid ,the satiety of dominion and tastelessness of pleasure.

译文:那个权力无上、财富无竭的国王,只有通过修筑长城来减轻自己对权力的厌倦和对欢乐的麻木。

5.Our hope for creative living in this world house that we have inherited lies in our ability to re-establish the moral ends of our lives.

译文:我们希望富有创造性地生活在我们继承的这个世界中,这种希望存在于我们重新建立道德标准的能力之中。

6.To us, a winner is one who responds authentically by being

trustworthy, responsive, and genuine, both as an individual and as a member of a society.

译文:在我们看来,成功者不管作为个人还是社会的一份子,他的真实表现都是可靠、灵敏、和真诚。

二、成分省略

语言有个节省性原则。成分省略,主要是为了避免重复。一般的成分省略多为主语省略和谓语省略。这种省略属于语法省略。但考研中一般是语用省略,也就是说是为了某中具体的表达目的而采取的省略。成分省略一般和从句相结合,一正一反,使句子变得富有变化和

难于把握。但省略句也有一些出现频率很高,因此需要熟记。

背诵例句:

It is quite unevering not to be able to see or to establish contact with the others ,even though we have learnt to talk with people we can not see, as on the telephone.

译文:即使我们适应了打电话这种看不见对方的交谈方式,这种看不见也触摸不到对方的对话还是让人感到很不自在。

To American, being on ones’s own means that one is a fulling dependent functioning part of the whole capable and willing to make choices.

译文:对美国人来说,个人的自立就是指这个人在集体中完全独立并且又能发挥作用。他有能力而且也愿意在做出自己的选择。

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