Unit 1-Unit4(book 1) Words and Expressions
Words and Expressions
Unit 1
1. personal: adj.concerning, belonging to, or for the use of a particular person; private
* My personal view is that the students should be doing more work outside the classroom.
* When I went to her room all her personal belongings had gone.
2. advertisement: n. a picture, short film, song, etc. which tries to persuade people to buy a product or service
* a television/newspaper advertisement for a new car
* They put an advertisement in The Morning News, offering a high salary for the right person.
* The organizers of the concert had taken out a full page advertisement in The New York Times.
Collocation:
answer an advertisement 应广告之聘
put an advertisement in/on 在……做广告
run an advertisement 做广告
buy things from/in advertisements 购买广告上宣传的商品
3. claim:
1) vt. state that sth. is true, even though it has not been proved * All parties have claimed success in yesterday’s elections.
* The company claims that their product “makes you thin without dieting”.
战斗结束后, 双方均宣称获胜。
(= After the battle both sides claimed victory.)
2) n.a statement that sth. is true, even though it has not been proved
* They made claims they couldn’t live up to.
她对这块土地产权提出的要求最终得到法庭的认可。
(= Her claim to the ownership of the land was finally recognized by the court.)
4. on one’s part: of or by someone
* There has never been any jealousy on my part.
(= 我从没有感到忌妒。)
* It was probably just a mistake on her part.
5. fluently: adv.
fluent: adj. [often used with in] (of a person) speaking, writing, or playing a musical instrument in an easy smooth manner
* The company will give priority to an applicant who is fluent in English.
* He speaks fluent Spanish. 6. reference: n.
1) a mention of sth.
* Knowing what had happened, I avoided making any reference to weddings.
他最近出的书中提到了中东问题。
(= His recent book makes references to the issue of the Mideast.)
2) sth. that shows you where else to look for information, for example the page number of another place in a book
* Make a note of the reference number shown on the form.
3) the act of looking at sth. for information
* Use the dictionary for easy reference.
* Keep their price list for further reference.
Collocation:
a reference book参考书，工具书
a reference library（不外借书的）参考书阅览室
for reference 作参考
in/with reference to关于
7. efficiently: adv.
efficient: adj. working well, quickly, and without waste
* an efficient secretary
(= 能干的秘书)
* an efficient heating system
(= 高效能的供暖系统)
CF: efficient & effective
这两个形容词均有“有效的”之意。
efficient指积极有效，效率高，效果好，节省精力。指人时，强调其能干、熟练的技巧。
effective强调产生实际的效果、效力或具有取得预期效果的能力，指人指物都适用。
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.
1) The local government has taken some _____ measures to reduce unemployment. (=effective)
2) We need someone really ______ who can organize the office and make it run smoothly. (=efficient)
3) The city’s transport system is one of the most ____ in Europe. (= efficient)
4) An ____ teacher will always produce better exam results. (=effective)
8. argue:
1) vi. disagree with someone in words, often in an angry way
我们听到邻居正在争吵。
(= We could hear the neighbors arguing.)
* They’re always arguing about/over money.
2) v. give the reasons for one’s opinion, idea, belief, etc.
* The lawyers argued the case for hours.
* Baker argued against cutting the military budget. Collocation:
argue down 驳倒
* They argued him down fiercely. 他们狠狠地驳得他哑口无言。argue out 辩论清楚
* The teacher and his class argued the whole matter out. 老师和学生透彻地论证了这个问题。
argue the toss反对某项已成定局的决定
* Let’s not argue the toss— we have to accept his choice. 我们不必争论已经决定的事——只好听他的。
9. individual:
1) n. a single person or thing, especially when compared to the group or set to which they belong
每一个人都有永远不可剥夺的权利。
(= Every individual has rights which must never be taken away.)
2) adj.
① single; separate
* Each individual person is responsible for his own arrangements.
② of or for one person; by or from one person
* food served in individual portions
(= 按一人一份供给的食物)
* an individual effort/contribution
(= 个人的努力/贡献)
10. personality: n.
1) the whole nature or character of a particular person
* Everyone loves her for her cheerful personality.
他是个个性很强的有抱负的人。
(= He was an ambitious man with a strong personality.)
2) a famous person
* personalities from the film world
(= 影界名流)
费德勒是网球界最著名的人物之一。
(= Roger Federer is one of the best-known personalities in the world of tennis.)
CF: personality, character, nature & temper
这些名词均有“性格、气质、性情、习性”之意。
personality主要指一个人稳定的心理特征。例如：
* Though their personalities differed, they got along as friends.
虽然他们性格迥异，但却相处友好。
character指对个性或人格所作出的客观评价，常常与道德有关。例如：* What does her handwriting tell you about her character? 你从她的书法中看出她有什么样的个性？
nature指天生的、不可改变的性格。例如：
* It’s his nature to be kind to people. 他天生为人厚道。
temper指从感情方面体现出来、决定处理问题的方式的性格或性情，这种性情可以是暂时的也可以是长久的。例如：
* The girl has a sweet temper. 那女孩性情温婉。
11. no doubt: almost certainly, very probably
* We will, no doubt, discuss these issues again at the next meeting.
* 想必你要在吃饭前打开行李休息一下。
(= No doubt you’ll want to unpack and have a rest before dinner.)
12. to a certain extent: to the degree specified
* They are financed to a certain extent by advertising revenue. (= 他们的资金在一定程度上来自广告收入。)
* I agree with what you say to a certain extent.
13. have an advantage (over): have sth. that helps one to be more successful than others
* Her experience meant that she had a big advantage over her opponent.
* People who have been to university have a big advantage when it comes to finding jobs.
14. go to extremes: act too violently or behave in an extreme way 他们往往持极端观点。
(= They often go to extremes in their views.)
Collocation:
go from one extreme to the other 从一个极端走向另一个极端
be driven/forced to extremes 被迫走极端
* In the jungle, they were driven to extremes in order to survive. 在丛林中, 他们为了生存被迫采取极端行动。
in the extreme极端，极度，非常
* Her manner was friendly and welcoming in the extreme. 她的态度极其友好热情。
15. assume: vt. accept (sth.) as true before there is proof
* 我假定他说的是真的。
(= I assumed his story to be true.)
* The report was assumed to be valid.
* I assumed that you knew each other because you went to the same school.
CF: assume, presume & suppose
这些动词均含有“假设，猜想，推测”之意。
assume指无根据地武断推测或不合逻辑地推理。
presume强调以过去经验或根据现实的某些感觉把某事认定为是事实。
suppose常用词，意义较广泛，指缺乏确切事实、根据一些现象进行推测，也可指为论证而提出合乎逻辑推理的某种假定，有时仅表示个人意见。
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.
1) Many scientists ___ the new damage to the forests to be the result of higher levels of pollution. (= presumed)
2) I didn’t see your car, so I ____ you’d gone out. (= assumed)
3) We have no reason to _____ that the girl is dead. (= suppose)
16. precise: adj. exact in form, detail, measurements, time, etc. * It was difficult to get precise information on when the war broke out.
就在我昏倒之时，他一把拉住了我。
(= He caught me at the precise moment that I fainted.)
NB: 注意该词的词性变化，它的副词形式、名词形式与反义词分别为：precisely，precision和imprecise。
17. equivalent:
1) n. sth. that has the same value, purpose, function, etc. as sth. else
* There is no English equivale nt for “bon appétit” so we have adopted the French expression.
2) adj. having the same amount, value, purpose, qualities, etc.
* I had no dollars, but offered him an equivalent amount of sterling.
美国的国会大致相当于英国的议会。
(= The US Congress is roughly equivalent to the British Parliament.)
18. vice versa: used to state that it is also true with the main items in the preceding statement the other way round
* He doesn’t trust her, and vice versa.
男孩也许会拒绝与女孩一起玩，女孩也一样。
(= The boys may refuse to play with the girls, and vice versa.)
19. provide: vt. give sth. to someone or make it available to them, because they need it or want it
* Putting more police on patrol doesn’t provide a real solution to the problem of increasing violence.
这本小册子提供了当地各类服务的有用信息。
(= This booklet provides useful information about local services.) Pattern: provide sb. with sth.
provide sth. for sb.
* The project is designed to provide young people with work.
旅馆为客人们提供擦鞋服务。
(= The hotel provides a shoe-cleaning service for guests.)
20. let alone: not to mention; much less
* We have no hospital, let alone an isolation ward.
* He hasn’t enough money for food, let alone amusements.
21. base
1) vt. [usu. pass.] place or establish; provide with a base or center * Their relationship was based on/upon mutual respect.
这个电影是以马克?吐温的小说为题材的。
(= The film is based on a novel by Mark Twain.)
2) n.
① the lowest part of something, esp. the part on which something stands
* There is a hole in the base of the tree.
* There is a door at the base of the tower.
② a place where people in a military organization live and work * a military base
(= 军事基地)
* a naval base
(= 海军基地)
* an air base
(= 空军基地)
CF: base, basis & foundation
这几个名词都有“基础，根基”的意思。
base指构成或支撑某一具体物体的基础，也可指军事基地或用作比喻意义。例如：
* The lamp stands on a circular base.
(= 落地灯由圆形底座支撑。)
* Some of the military bases on this island were built in the 19th century.
(= 这个岛上的一些军事基地建于19世纪。)
basis主要用作抽象或引申意义。例如：
* Charity toward others is the basis of her philosophy.
(= 慈善待人是她人生观的基点。)
foundation用于具体意义时，指坚固结实的建筑物的基础或地基；用作比喻意义时，与basis基本相同。例如：
* The earthquake shook the foundations of the house.
(= 地震连屋基都震动了。)
* Those thoughts rocked her belief to its foundations.
(= 那些想法从根本上动摇了她的信念。)
22. continually: adv. without stopping; repeatedly
* We are continually reassessing the situation.
NB: 注意该词的词性变化，它的形容词形式与名词形式分别为：continual和continuation。
CF: continual, continuous, successive & constant
这些形容词均有“连续的”、“不断的”之意。
continual强调重复或持续发生，但连续之间允许有间断。continuous语意最强，强调在时间和空间上没有间断。successive强调事物一个接一个地发生，无间断。
constant多指习惯性的重复和不变的持续。
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.
1) The refrigerator keeps food at a _________ temperature. (= constant)
2) The people in the city suffered a lot from the two weeks of ____ rain. (= continual)
3) Is this a _____ flight, or do we stop off anywhere? (= continuous)
4) My computer makes a _______ low buzzing noise. (= continuous)
5) The school has won five ______ games. (= successive)
23. means: n. a method or way (of doing)
* We need to find some other means of transportation.
没有办法查明发生了什么。
(= There is no means of finding out what happened.) Collocation:
a means to an end 达到目的的方法
* For Tom, the job was simply a means to an end.
(= 对汤姆来说，这个工作仅仅是他达到目的的方法。)
by all means 尽一切办法；一定
* By all means try the medicine if you think it will do you any good.
(= 如果你认为这药对你的病有效，那务必要试试。)
by no means决不
* She is by no means stupid.
(= 她一点也不笨。)
24. communication: n.
communicate: v. share or exchange information, news, or ideas * Television is an increasingly important means of communication.
* Good communication is vital in a large organization.
Useful Expressions 1. 个人看法personal opinion
2. 不费什么力气with very little effort
3. 提到a reference to
4. 哭笑不得don’t know whether to laugh or cry
5. 另谋出路look for another job
6. 合格的教师a qualified teacher
7. 可笑的噱头a ridiculous claim
8. 在情理之中It is natural …
9. 做……没用It is no use doing …
10. 这有几分道理This is true to a certain extent …
11. 比……具有很大优势have a great advantage over others
12. 走向另一极端go to the opposite extreme
13. 完全对等的东西a precise equivalent
14. 反之亦然and vice versa
15. 建立在……基础上be based on
16. 行为主义心理学behaviorist psychology
17. 热衷于be fond of
18. 我个人认为in my personal opinion
19. 将……与……联系起来relate … to …
20. 值得牢记的是It is worth remembering that …
21. 交际手段a means of communication
22. 与……大同小异be probably very similar to …
23. 值得一提的相关问题a relevant point worth mentioning
24. 做……将可受益It will be helpful to …
Unit 2
1. settle in/into sth.: get used to (new surroundings, etc.)
* It takes a few months to settle into life at college.
* We only moved hou se last week and we haven’t settled in yet. NB: settle (sb.) in/into sth. 在这个短语中，动词settle后也可以加宾语；介词into和in可以互换，例如：
* We settled the children in/into new schools when we moved to London.
2. beam:
1) v.
①smile brightly and happily
* He beamed his approval of the new idea.
* He beamed on his visitors.
②emit or transmit
* This program is beamed to European countries at 10:00 daily. 这条新闻由卫星向全世界传送。
(= The news was beamed to the whole globe by satellites.)
2) n.
① a bright and happy look or smile
* The old lady opened the door with a beam.
② a ray or shaft of light
* The beams of the searchlights fingered the sky over the airport. Collocation:
beam with satisfaction 满意地微笑
beam with joy 眉飞色舞, 笑逐颜开
a beam of light 一束光线
a beam of delight 笑逐颜开
3. fit in with: (cause to) match or agree
* He doesn’t fit in with these people.
* His good mood fit in with the joyful occasion.
Pattern:
fit in (with) 适合；适应；符合；协调
fit into 适应；协调
fit on 装上；把……置于原处；试穿
fit oneself for 作好……的准备
4. on one’s own: without help
* She lives on her own.
我独自去旅游，我可以决定什么时候出发上路，在什么地方多玩一会儿。
(= Traveling on my own, I can decide when to start on my way and where to linger a little longer.)
5. stubborn: adj. determined, esp. to an unreasonable degree; with a strong will
* She won’t do what I ask—she’s very stubborn.
Collocation:
as stubborn as a mule像骡子一样顽固; 非常固执
a stubborn resistance 顽强的抵抗
a stubborn illness顽疾
a stubborn problem棘手的问题
NB: 名词形式为stubbornness。
6. survive: v.
1) vt. continue to live or exist after
* She survived her husband by five years.
* The house survived the storm.
2) vi. to remain alive or in existence
* The man was very ill, but he survived.
洪水过后，生还者极少。
(= Few survived after the flood.)
NB: 名词形式为survival。
7. enroll: v. [(as, in)] make (oneself or another person) officially a member of a group
* We enrolled in the evening class.
我们吸收他为会员。
(= We enrolled him as a member of the society.)
NB: enroll为American English拼法, 在British English中，该词拼写为enrol，二者对应的名词形式分别为enrollment和enrolment。
8. compare with: examine or judge (one thing) in relation to another thing in order to show the points of similarity or difference * Living in a town can’t compare with living in the country. Collocation:
compare one thing with another 将一物与另一物比较
compare favorably with 优于；不亚于
not to be compared with 相差极远，远不如
CF: compare, compare to, compare with & contrast
这些动词和动词短语均含“比较”之意。
compare 侧重比较两个或更多东西的异同优劣，强调相同或类似之处。
compare to指两物有类似或相似之处，从而“把（一物）比作（另一物）”。
compare with指“把……用……作比较”以便找出差异或好坏。contrast指比较两个或更多东西之间的差异，侧重不同点。Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases above. Change the form where necessary.
1) The poet ______ his lover _____ a rose in his poems. (= compares … to)
2) Her actions ______ sharply _____ her promises. (= contrasted … with)
3) If you ______ her work ______ his, you’ll find hers is much better. (= compare … with)
4) Scientists sometimes ______ the human brain ______ a computer. (= compare … to)
9. frown: vi. bring the eyebrows together in anger or effort, causing lines to appear on the forehead
* He frowned as he tried to work out the sum.
* The teacher frowned angrily at the noisy class.
他不同意食物里放这么多盐。
(= He frowned on the use of so much salt in the food.) Pattern:
frown at (on, upon) 不赞成, 不以为然
10. would give anything/a lot/the world (to do sth.): would very much like (to do or have something)
* He would give the world to make her happy.
NB: 一个类似的短语是would give the world to know sth. 为了知道某事愿付出一切代价
11. awkward: adj.
1) causing difficulty or uncomfortable feelings; inconvenient or embarrassing
* Aunt Lena came to visit us at an awkward time.
* There was an awkward silence, when no one knew what to say.
2) not smooth or grateful; ungainly
* The child is still awkward with his chopsticks.
Collocation:
an awkward remark 令人窘迫的评论
an awkward silence 令人尴尬的沉默
an awkward time不方便的时间
an awkward question棘手问题
an awkward situation困难处境
12. in one’s own r ight: because of a personal claim that does not depend on anyone else
* She is a peeress in her own right, i.e. not merely by marriage to a peer (贵族).
* Elizabeth II is Queen in her own right.
Collocation:
as of right/by right基于正当的权利
stand on one’s own rights坚持自己的权利
within one’s rights不超越自己的权利范围
13. glare: v. (at, on, upon) look in an angry way
* She glared at me.
这位老先生只是站在那里对那个扒手怒目而视，一句话也没有说。(= The old gentleman just stood there glaring at the pickpocket and did not say a word.)
CF: glare, stare, gaze & peer
这些动词都有“看，瞧”之意。
glare指用愤恨、凶狠或含敌意的眼光死死看着某人。
stare侧重因惊奇、好奇、粗鲁无礼等而睁大眼睛看。
gaze指出于羡慕、感兴趣、关心或惊异而长时间目不转睛地看。peer指眯着眼睛仔细地或略为吃力地看。
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.
1) The old lady _____ through her spectacles at the contract. (= peered)
2) He didn’t shout or swear, but just _____ silently at me. (= glared)
3) The child _____ at the toys in the shop window. (= gazed)
4) He _____ at the word trying to remember what it meant. (= stared)
5) He _____ furiously at me when I contradicted him. (= glared)
14. be sick of: feel annoyance, dislike, and impatience from too much of something
* I am sick of waiting around like this.
出去，我一见到你就厌恶。
(= Get out! I am sick of the sight of you.)
Collocation:
sick of waiting等得不耐烦
sick of it all完全厌倦了这一切
sick and tired筋疲力尽的
be sick and tired (of) 十分厌倦
be sick of doing nothing 闲得发腻
15. wander: vi. (in, off)
1) walk or move in a leisurely, casual or aimless way
* The children wandered in the woods.
2) move slowly from a fixed point or place
* His mind is wandering.
* The child wandered off and got lost.
Collocation:
wander about/over the world 漫游世界
wander from the subject/point 离题
wander from the path of righteousness 迷失了正途
NB: 注意wander和wonder是形近词，但是意思不相同。wonder 表示“惊讶, 怀疑, 想知道”。
16. survey:
1) v. look at, examine, or consider sth. as a whole
* survey the international situation
在你出价买那房子之前, 先找人鉴定一下。
(= Have the house surveyed before you offer to buy it.)
2) n. a detailed inspection or investigation
* a survey of air pollution 空气污染调查
* an annual survey 年度调查
* According to a recent survey, in Shanghai there are about 2.5 million migrant workers.
NB: surveyor n. 测量员，检查员
17. sustain: v.
1) suffer (harm or loss)
* He sustained a severe blow on the head.
* sustain a fatal injury 遭受致命的伤害
* sustain losses 蒙受损失
2) keep (sb. or sth.) alive or in existence
* You should eat good sustaining food, i.e. food that gives strength.
CF: back, uphold, support & sustain
这些动词均有“支持，支援，拥护”之意。
back 通常指对论点、行动、事业等的强有力支持。
uphold 既可指积极努力支持陷入困境者，也可指在行动、道义或信仰上给某人支持。
support 含义广泛，指在道义上或物质上支持某人，也可指对某项事业的支持。
sustain 侧重指连续不断的支持。
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.
1) The book’s weakness is the author’s inability to _____ an argument. (= sustain)
2) You must _____ the argument with facts. (= back)
3) She _____ her husband with the money she earns from teaching. (= supports)
4) The judge _____ the lower court’s decision. (= upheld) NB: 名词sustenance表示“营养、食物”。
* There’s not much sustenance in a glass of orange juice.
18. guilty: adj. [(of)] having broken a law or disobeyed a rule
* She looked guilty as I came in.
我因极少去看望她而感到惭愧。
(= I felt guilty about visiting her so rarely.)
Collocation:
be guilty of a crime 犯罪
plead guilty to a crime 认罪
a guilty conscience 负罪感
19. complain: v. express feelings of annoyance, dissatisfaction, unhappiness, etc.; say in an annoyed, unhappy, dissatisfied way Pattern:
complain about/of
* They complained about the food.
* Jean is always complaining about something.
* Almost immediately he began to complain about the weather. NB: complain常与that从句连用。
* They complained that the wages were too low.
他们抱怨说书的价格提高了。
(= They complained that the price of books had increased.)
20. protest: v. express one’s disagreement, feeling of unfairness, annoyance, etc.
* They protest against the government’s defense policy. 游客们对那家饭店低劣的服务表示不满。
(= The tourists protested about the bad service at the restaurant.) * They protested with one accord that they had not used any drug.
Pattern:
protest about/at/against
protest that …
21. choke back: control (esp. violent or very sad feelings) as if by holding them in the throat
* He tried to choke back his tears.
* It is very difficult to choke back her anger.
Collocation:
choke down 用力咽下；强抑制住，按捺住
choke in 激动得说不出话来，紧张得发呆
22. insurance: n. [U (against)] guarantee of compensation for loss, damage, sickness, death, etc. in return for regular payment * People without insurance had to pay for their own repairs.
他自称是个保险公司的推销员，但后来发现原来是个骗子。
(= He claimed to be an insurance salesman but later was found to be a fraud.)
* A balanced diet is an insurance against malnutrition. Collocation:
provide insurance against 提供防止……的措施
an insurance policy 保险单
labor insurance 劳动保险
accident insurance意外保险
automobile insurance汽车保险
insurance for medical care 医疗保险
23. panic:
1) v.(panicked, panicking) (cause to) feel sudden uncontrollable, quickly-spreading terror or anxiety
* He panicked and ran as fast as he could to safety.
* The banks were panicked into selling dollars.
枪炮声使群众惊慌失措。
(= The crowd panicked at the sound of the guns.)
Pattern:
panic at/over sth.
panic into
2) n. a sudden, overpowering terror, often affecting many people * When the theater caught fire, there was a panic.
* a stock-market panic股市恐慌
24. eve: n. [U usu. cap.] the night or day before the stated
religious day or holiday
* New Year’s Eve除夕
* on the eve of 在……前夕
25. rarely: adv. not at all often
* He rarely comes here anymore.
大本钟很少出差错。
(= Big Ben has rarely gone wrong.)
CF: rarely, hardly, scarcely & barely
这些副词均含“几乎不”之意。
rarely 强调不经常，多指频率。
hardly 指接近最低限度，差不多没有多余，强调困难和程度。scarcely 指不太充分，不太够，不足，不能令人满意，强调数量。barely 指仅仅够，一点不多，强调没有多余。
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.
1) There is _____ enough food. (= scarcely)
2) I _____ eat in restaurants. (= rarely)
3) They had _____ time to catch the plane. (= barely)
4) I could _____ hear the speaker. (= hardly)
Useful Expressions
1. 开业行医settle into one’s medical practice
2. 把他当成了自己人accept him as one of their own
3. 消息传播得很快word passes quickly …
4. 簇拥crowd around
5. 忍不住眉开眼笑… can’t stop beaming
6. 融入我那些少年朋友的圈子fit in with my teenage friends
7. 能管好自己的事manage quite well on one’s own
8. 出于反叛as an act of rebellion
9. 满了十八岁turn eighteen
10. 上了大学enroll in college
11. 把我比作我父亲compare me with my father
12. 我会不惜一切地I’d give anything to
13. 尴尬的沉默an awkward silence
14. 靠自己的本事in one’s own right
15. 你开车难道不看路吗？Why didn’t you look where you were going?
16. 被撞瘪了sustain serious dents
17. 眼泪在眼眶里转choke back one’s tears
18. 似曾相识的笑容a smile of recognition
19. 想起了白天的事recall the day’s events
20. 用双臂搂着他的肩膀wrap one’s arms around his shoulders Unit 3
1. combination: n.the act of combining or state of being combined
* The firm is working on a new product in combination with several overseas partners.
* Pink is a combination of red and white.
Collocation:
make a combination 形成组合
a fixed combination 固定搭配
in combination (with) 联合，与……合作
NB: 注意该词的词性变化。它的动词形式为combine。
2. characteristic:
1) n. a special and easily recognized quality of someone or something
* A characteristic of the camel is its ability to live for a long time without water.
* Arrogance is one of his less attractive characteristics.
2) adj. typical; representing a person’s or thing’s usual character * He spoke with characteristic enthusiasm.
* characteristic generosity
(= 特有的慷慨行为)
CF: character, characteristic & feature
这三个词作为名词都有“性格”、“品质”、“特征”之意。character指成年人已经充分发展的生活方式，而且往往和品格有关。例如：
* You can read a guy’s character at the first glance. 你一眼就可以看出一个人的性格。
characteristic指某物的任何方面，不涉及全局的重要性，常指有代表性的一个侧面。常用于科技领域。例如：
* Longevity is an inheritable characteristic. 长寿是一种可遗传的特性。
feature通常指外貌的特征，娱乐广告中指特别的或附加的有吸引力的东西。例如：
* An aquiline (鹰的) nose was her best feature. 鹰钩鼻是她最明显的特征。
3. sum up: give a statement of the main points (of a report, a speech, a trial, etc.)
教授以扼要的重述结束了报告。
(= The professor concluded the lecture by summing up.)
* I cannot find an epithet (表述词语) to sum up my feelings.
4. compose: v.
1) write something, especially a piece of music or poetry
* She began to compose at an early age.
* He plays the piano beautifully, and he composes his own music.
2) make (oneself) calm or tranquil
* Compose yourself and deal with the problems logically.
(= 冷静下来，并且理性地处理问题。)
3) make up (something); form (something)
* Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.
* The committee was composed mainly of teachers and parents. CF: compose, comprise, constitute & consist
这几个词都是动词，均有“组成”之意。
compose的主语表示事物的组成部分，宾语表示事物的整体。但在被动语态中正好相反。例如：
* England, Scotland, and Wales compose the island of Great Britain. 英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士组成大不列颠岛。
* All substances are composed of a great many particles called atoms. 一切物质都是由大量称作原子的粒子构成的。
comprise可以表示“包含”、“由……组成”之意，此时主语表示事物的整体，宾
语表示事物的组成部分；也可以表示“构成”之意，此时主语表示事物的组成部分，宾语表示事物的整体。例如：
* The committee comprises ten persons. 委员会由十人组成。
* Do you know how many states comprise the United States? 你知道美国是由多少个州构成的吗？
constitute的主语表示事物的组成部分，宾语表示事物的整体。例如：
* Seven days constitute a week. 七天为一个星期。
consist是个不及物动词，与介词of一起连用，不可用于被动语态。consist的主语表示事物的整体，of后的宾语表示事物的组成部分。例如：
* Our dinner consists of three courses only. 我们的晚餐只有三道菜。
5. emotional: adj.
1) of or relating to emotion
* The child’s bad behavior is a result of emotional problems.
2) having feelings which are strong or easily made active
* He was very emotional; he cried when I left.
NB: 该词的名词形式为emotion。
Collocation:
stir/whip up emotion(s) 激发起感情
express emotion 表达情感
show emotion 显露出情感
suppress/contain one’s emotions抑制感情
6. anxiety: n.
1) fear and worry, esp. as caused by uncertainty about something * The doctor’s report removed all their anxieties.他们对她的安全感到非常担忧。
(= They felt strong anxiety for her safety.)
2) a strong wish to do something; eagerness
* anxiety to please
(= 急于取悦)
Collocation:
anxiety about …对……的焦虑
* There was much anxiety about the future of these theatres. 人们对这些剧院的前途忧心忡忡。
anxiety for …为……担忧
display anxiety 表现出焦虑
rel ieve one’s anxiety消除某人的忧虑
CF: anxiety, concern & worry
这三个词作为名词都有“忧虑”、“烦恼”之意。
anxiety意为“忧虑”、“担心”，往往指悬而未决或吉凶难卜的事所引起的焦虑与紧张，也指可能即将到来的灾难和不幸所产生的恐惧与忧虑。
concern意为“关心”、“关切”、“忧虑”，往往指出于尊敬或个人利益、兴趣等而对某事产生的关心与忧虑，不是无动于衷的状态，程度较缓和。
worry意为“烦恼”、“忧虑”，指一种内心深处的忧虑，其烦躁不安与反复思量的程度比anxiety深，并带有强烈的个人情感色彩。Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.
1) Life is full of _______. (= worries)
2) Everyone has ______ of his own. (= anxieties)
3) The Prime Minister expressed his ______ over the postal strike. (= concern)
4) Our ______ grew when the mountain climbers hadn’t returned by nightfall. (= anxiety)
5) It is a ______ to me having to leave the sick child alone in the house. (= worry)
6) It’s my ______ for your future that makes me ask you all these questions. (= concern)
7. respond: v.
1) act in answer
* I kicked the dog, which responded with a growl.
他对我的建议报以一笑。
(= He responded to my suggestion with a laugh.)
2) answer someone or something
* She responded to my letter with a phone call.
* He responded that he had not been in the building at the time. CF: answer, reply & respond
这三个词作为动词都有“回答”之意。
answer所回答的内容可能是表示同意、反对或提供有关情况，在
较广泛的意义上可针对任何人所讲的话或所做的事作出反应。reply所回答的是针对问题的陈述或声明。
respond通常指对号召、指责、请求等作出反应，也指一般口头或书面的回答或对某人行动的反应。
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.
1) She _______ that she would try to help him. (= replied)
2) I asked him several questions, but he never ______. (= answered)
3) Many young people ______ heartily to the call of the government. (= responded)
4) When Tom insulted him, he ______ with a kick. (= responded)
5) Our men ______ to the enemy’s fire. (= replied)
6) I knocked at the door, but nobody ______. (= answered)
8. keep (sth.) to: keep private to oneself
* He kept the news to himself.
* She doesn’t go out much; she likes to keep to herself.
(= 她不常出门，喜欢自己独处。)
9. reveal: vt.
1) allow to be seen
* Close examination revealed a crack in the vase.
* The curtain opened, to reveal a darkened stage.
2) make known
我不能透露是谁告诉我的。
(= I ca n’t reveal who told me.)
* Teachers revealed to the press that they were going on strike.
10. influence:
1) n.
①the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of sb. or sth., or the effect itself
* He has a strange influence over the girl.
父母对子女的影响
(= the influence of parents on their children)
②person, fact, etc. that exercises such power
* Religion has been an influence for good in her life.
* We are subject to many influences.
2) vt. have an effect on
* Don’t let me influence your decision.
* What influenced you to do it?
Collocation:
exert influence on …对……施加影响
strengthen one’s influence加强势力
under sb.’s influence在某人的影响下under the influence of …在……的影响下
* drive under the influence of alcohol 酒后开车
outside influences 外界影响
11. entertain: v.
1) amuse and interest
* A teacher should entertain as well as teach.
* Could you entertain the children for an hour, while I make supper?
(= 我做晚饭时，你能哄孩子们玩一个小时吗？)
2) give a party (for); provide food and drink (for)
* Bob and Liz entertained us to dinner last night.
* He does most of his entertaining in restaurants.
NB: 注意该词的词性变化。其名词形式为entertainment；entertaining作为形容词意为“有趣的”、“使人娱乐的”；entertainer 是名词，意思是“专业表演者”、“提供娱乐者”。
12. at work: doing sth., in operation
* inflationary forces at work in the economy
(= 在经济领域中起作用的通货膨胀)
* I am at work on a new project now.
13. environment: n.the natural or social conditions in which people live
* We have to stop spoiling the environment.
不愉快的家庭环境能影响儿童的行为。
(= An unhappy home environment can affect a child’s behavior.) Collocation:
clean up the environment 清理环境
improve the environment 改善环境
preserve/protect the environment 保护环境
pollute the environment 污染环境
14. inherit: vt.
1) receive something from someone who has died or moved on * He’s inherited a fortune from his rich uncle.
* The new administration inherited the economic problems of the last four years.
2) derive (qualities, etc.) from an ancestor
* She inherited her mother’s good looks and her father’s bad temper.
15. resemblance: n. similarity, esp. in appearance; likeness
你能看出家人之间的相似之处吗？
(= Can you see a family resemblance?)
* There’s a strong resemblance between the two sisters.
* She bears a resemblance to her mother.
CF: likeness, resemblance & similarity
这三个词都是名词，都有“相像”、“相似”之意，在一些情况下可以通用。
likeness最普通，比resemblance意味更强。
resemblance主要是针对外观或外在的性质而言。
similarity多指物，强调性质、特色、程度的相似或类似。Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.
1) There is great _______ between his father and him. (= resemblance)
2) How much ______ is there between the two religions? (= similarity)
3) He bears a strong ______ to the people depicted in his play. (= resemblance)
4) I can’t see much ______ between the two boys’ personalities. (= likeness)
16. aspect: n.
1) a particular side of a many-sided state of affairs, idea, plan, etc.
* look at every aspect of the problem
* The training course covers every aspect of the job.
2) the direction in which a window, room, or front of a building faces
这房子朝南。
(= The house has a southern aspect.)
3) appearance or look
* Her face has an angry aspect.
* a man of enormous size and terrifying aspect
(= 面目狰狞的彪形大汉)
Collocation:
a serious aspect 严重性
from an aspect 从一个方面
in an aspect 在一方面
a grim aspect 严厉的外貌
17. circumstance: n. [usu. pl.] a fact, condition, or event concerned with and influencing another event, person, or course of action
如果情况允许，工作从星期一开始。
(= Work will begin on Monday if circumstances permit.)
* in easy/poor circumstances
(= 处于富裕/贫穷状况)
Collocation:
in/under no circumstances 决不；无论如何都不* Under no circumstances should you lend him any money. 你无论如何都不该把钱借给他。
in/under the circumstances 既然这样；在这种情况下
* She coped well in the circumstances, e.g. even though she was feeling ill. 她在这种情况下仍处理得当（如虽然身体不适）。
18. surround: v. be or go around on every side
* He likes to surround himself with beautiful things.
监狱的四周都是高墙。
(= The prison is surrounded by a high wall.)
19. impact: n.
1) the strong effect that something has on something else
* Her new idea made a great impact in the office.
* The new computer has made quite an impact on us.
2) the force of one object hitting another
* the impact of a collision
(= 碰撞产生的冲击)
20. affect: vt.
1) have an influence on (sb./sth.); produce an effect on
* The change in climate may affect your health.
* The tax increases have affected us all.
2) cause (sb.) to have feelings of sadness or sympathy; touch
* We were deeply affected by the news of his death.
CF: influence & affect
这两个词作为动词都有“影响”之意。
influence指通过劝说、催促、举例或行动等间接途径对人的思想、品质、行为或对其成长等产生影响，也可表示对一种形势局面的左右。这种影响可以是好的，也可以是坏的，但经常是不易察觉的，是潜移默化的。
affect指通过某事物本身直接显现影响，具有某种促进因素，足以引起人或事物的反应。当其宾语是人时，常表示心智或情感上的波动，以及健康情况的变化。这种影响多为消极的，通常是能够察觉到的。
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.
1) Smoking _______ health. (= affects)
2) The weather ______ crops. (= influences)
3) The judge was never ______ in his decision by his sympathies or prejudices. (= influenced)
4) Tom’s being demoted from corporal (下士) to private (士兵) seriously ______ his income. (= affected)
21. secure: adj.
1) safe; protected against danger or risk
* a castle secure from attack
* a secure job
2) closed, firm, or tight enough for safety
离开房子之前要把窗户关紧。
(= Make the windows secure before leaving the house.)
* A climber needs secure footholds.
Collocation:
secure against/from 免受……（侵害等）的
* secure against attack 免受攻击的
* secure from danger 没有危险
secure in 在……方面是牢固的
* secure in one’s beliefs坚守自己的信仰
secure about 对……放心的
* He feels secure about his future. 他对自己的前途感到放心。
22. harmful: adj. causing or likely to cause harm
* A few late nights are harmful to your health.
吸烟的害处
(= the harmful effects of smoking)
23. exert: vt. use strength or skills in a determined way for a particular purpose
* My wife’s been exerting a lot of pressure on me to change my job.
* He exerted all his influence to make them accept his plan. Collocation:
exert all one’s strength使出全身力气
exert influence on …对……施加影响
exert pressure on …给……压力
exert oneself 努力；尽力
他不必为我费那么大力气。
(= He doesn’t have to exert himself on my behalf.)
* You’ll have to exert yourself more if you want to pass your exam.
24. satisfy: v.
1) give (sb.) what sb. wants, demands or needs; make contented * She’s not satisfied with anything but the best.
* Some people are very hard to satisfy.
2) fulfill (a need, desire, etc.); do enough to meet (a requirement, etc.)
* satisfy sb.’s hunger/demands/curiosity
(= 解饿/符合要求/满足好奇心)
* She has satisfied the conditions for entry into the college.
3) give sb. proof, information, etc.; convince sb.
* My assurances don’t satisfy him; h e’s still skeptical.25. along with: together with
他把一本地图册和其他书堆在一起。
(= He packed an atlas along with other books.)
* Tobacco is taxed in most countries, along with alcohol.
Useful Expressions
1. 基因构成genetic make-up
2. 思考，考虑reflect on
3. 总结，归纳，概括sum up
4. 塑造个性shape personality
5. 付出努力make the effort
6. 由……组成；由……构成be composed of
7. 大体上，一般而言in general
8. 分成fall into
9. 响应，反应respond to
10. 请客（吃饭）；举行（聚会）throw a party
11. 不把……告诉（某人）；防止（某人）听到（某事）keep (sth.) to
12. 处理情感handle emotions
13. 智力特征intellectual traits
14. 沉思deep thought
15. 以幽默的方式in entertaining ways
16. 在工作中；在干活at work
17. 从……处遗传……inherit … from …
18. 对……有影响（起作用）have an impact on
19. 产生影响exert an effect on
20. 另一方面on the other hand
21. 对……满意be satisfied with
22. 跟……一起along with
Unit 4 Words and Expressions
1. fade: v.
1) (cause to) lose brightness, colour, strength, freshness, or vigor
* Flowers soon fade when cut.
* The strong sunlight had faded the curtain.
* Beauty fades like a flower.
(= 红颜易逝。)
* 她的身体在迅速地衰弱。
(= She is fading fast.)
2) disappear gradually (from sight, hearing, memory, etc.)
* At the bottom of my heart I feel a parental love that will
never fade with the passing time.
* As evening came the coastline faded into darkness.
* 她已经忘记儿时的事情。
(= All memory of her childhood faded from her mind.)
* The sound of the cheering faded away in the distance.
2. move in: take possession of a new home
* You must come and see our new house when we’ve moved in.
* We moved out on Monday and the new tenants moved in on Tuesday.
Collocation:
move in 搬进
move out 搬出
3. arouse: vt.
1) wake sb. from sleep
* Aroused from a deep sleep, he was rather short-tempered. * 他午睡时被门铃吵醒。
(= He was aroused from his nap by the doorbell.)
2) cause sb. to become active
* Of all the planets, Mars always arouses the greatest curiosity.
Collocation:
arouse one’s enthusiasm 激起某人的积极性
arouse one’s interest引起某人兴趣
arouse one’s suspicion令人生疑
arouse public wrath 动起公愤
CF: arouse, awake, wake & waken
这些动词均有“唤醒、醒来”之意。
arouse除表示一般的唤醒外，多作引申用。
awake是正式用词，常指觉醒、警惕的状态，多作不及物动词，多用于比喻，可用作表语形容词。
wake是普通常用词，指真正的醒来，多作不及物动词。
waken是书面用词，多作及物动词，常用于被动态和引申意义。Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.
1) You must _______ to the fact that failure will mean disgrace. (= awake)
2) My mother _______ me from sleep. (= aroused)
3) He ________ up with a start when the door slammed. (= woke)
4) We were _______ by a loud bang. (= wakened)
5) Is he _______ or asleep? (= awake)
6) It’s time you _______ up to the fact that you’re not popular. (= woke) 4. miracle: n. a wonderful unexpected event; remarkable example or specimen
* The launch of manned spacecraft Shenzhou Ⅴis a miracle of modern technology.
* 她性命得救简直是个奇迹。
(= That her life was saved was a miracle.)
Derivative:
miraculous adj.
* It’s miraculous how much weight you’ve lost!
* He made a miraculous recovery from his illness.
5. sacrifice:
1) n. offering of sth. valuable to a god; giving up of sth.
* Some cultures practise animal sacrifice to their gods.
* Getting rich isn’t worth the s acrifice of your principles.
* 她父母为她上大学在多方面做出了牺牲。
(= Her parents made many sacrifices so that she could go to university.)
2) v. offer sth. to a god; give up sth. important for a particular purpose
* Many teenagers sacrifice to their idols.
* He sacrificed his life to save a drowning child.
* Do you approve of sacrificing comfort to appearance?
(= 你赞成只要风度不要舒适吗？)
6. recall:
1) vt.
①summon back; order sb. to return to a particular place
* The government recalled its ambassador when war was declared.
* The automaker recalled a lot of unsafe cars.
②bring back to the mind; remember
* Can you recall your school days?
* Try to recall exactly what happened.
我不记得见过她。
(= I don’t recall meeting her.)
2) n.
①the act of summoning back
* The recall of the general from abroad caused a scandal.
②the ability to remember
* She has an amazing recall of her early childhood.
我的记忆力已大不如前。
(= My powers of recall are not what they were.)
Pattern:
recall sb. (from … to …)
recall sth.
recall doing sth.
recall that …
recall where, how, why, etc.
CF: memorize, remember, recall & remind
这些动词均含有“记忆，记住，回忆”之意。
memorize指有意识地下功夫把某事的整个细节都记在脑子里。remember含义较广，多指无意识地回忆起往事，也可指通过主观努力去记忆。
recall比remember文雅，指想方设法回忆已经遗忘之事。remind用作及物动词，表示“提醒，使想起”。
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.
1) The film _______ him of what he had seen in Germany. (= reminded)
2) He _______ every detail of that occurrence as though it happened yesterday. (= remembers)
3) An actor must be able to ________ his lines. (= memorize)
4) Please _______ me to write to Dave. (= remind)
5) He _______ his last evening with his fiancée whenever he felt depressed. (= recalled)
7. crash:
1) v. fall or strike suddenly, violently, and noisily
* The plates crashed to the floor.
* Experts were analyzing the data in the black box (the flight recorder) of the crashed plane.
* The lightning flashed and thunder crashed.
(= 电光一闪，雷声隆隆。)
2) n. violent fall, blow or breaking
* The tree fell with a great crash.
* All the passengers were injured in the car crash.
* The great financial crash in 1929 ruined international trade.
8. smash: v. (cause to) break into pieces violently and noisily; rush into; defeat
* We are determined to smash terrorism.
* The wave smashed on to the beach.
* The lock was rusty, so we had to smash the door open. CF: break, crack, crush & smash
这些动词均含“打破、弄碎”之意。
break是常用词，含义广泛，多指猛然用力将坚硬物打破或损坏。* He has broken the glass into pieces. 他把玻璃杯摔碎了。crack多指因长期使用或经受压力，物体表面呈现裂纹、裂口或破裂、裂开，但一般没成碎片。
* The tree cracked loudly and fell. 那棵树发出咔的一声巨响断裂倒下了。
crush表示从外面往里或从上往下压，使其成为碎片或碎块。
* This machine crushes wheat grain to make flour. 这台机器把麦粒碾成面粉。
smash指突然而猛烈地重击某物，使之破碎或完全变形。有时指感情受到打击。
* He smashed the headlights of the car when he hit another car. 他撞上了另一辆车，把车前灯撞得粉碎。
9. spill: v. (cause to) run or fall accidentally, esp. over the edge of a container; overflow
* Some of the wine spilled on to the floor.
他撞翻了水桶，水全流出去了。
(= He knocked the bucket over and all the water spilt out.)
* Who spilled the news?
(= 是谁把这个消息捅出去的？)
10. subdue: vt. bring under control; calm
* Napoleon subdued most of Europe.
* He managed to subdue his mounting anger.
* Neither riches nor honours can corrupt him; neither poverty nor humbleness can make him swerve from principle; and neither threats nor forces can subdue him. (= 富贵不能淫, 贫贱不能移, 威武不能屈。)
subdued: adj. unnaturally or unusually quiet in behaviour
* He spoke in a tone of subdued satisfaction.
* I felt strongly subdued as I drove home.
* 听说考试不及格，嘉莉情绪低落地回到寝室。
(= Carrie returned to her dormitory with a subdued heart when she heard she had failed in the exam.)
11. exclaim: v. speak or say loudly and suddenly, because of surprise or other strong feelings
* The evil stepmother of Snow White looked in the mirror, exclaiming in dismay at her appearance.
* He exclaimed that it was untrue.
* He could not help exclaiming at how much his son has grown.
CF: cry, shout, exclaim & scream
这些动词的共同含义是“喊”或“叫”。
cry一般指因恐惧、痛苦、惊奇等而喊叫。
shout指有意识地高声喊叫，常用于提出警告、发出命令或唤起注意等。
exclaim多指因高兴、愤怒、痛苦、惊讶等突发感情而高声喊叫。scream指因恐惧、快乐或痛苦而发出尖叫声。
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change
the form where necessary.
1) The police _______ out a warning. (= shouted)
2) A baby can _______ as soon as it is born. (= cry)
3) Mary was ________ hysterically. (= screaming)
4) She _______ her heart out when she heard of her friend’s death. (= cried)
5) The newspaper _______ against the government’s action. (= exclaimed)
12. in/out of touch (with): in/not in communication (with); having/not having information about
* I’ll be in touch again towards the end of the week.
* I try to keep in touch with latest events by reading newspapers.
一定要尽早联系。
(= Do get in touch soon.)
13. resemble: vt. look like or be like
* Many college graduates discover that society does not at all resemble the way it is in their imagination.
* Leo Tolstoy once said all happy families resemble one another, but each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way. 她和她母亲长得非常像。
(= She resembles her mother in looks.)
Pattern:
resemble sb./sth. (in sth.)
14. commission: vt. place a special order for, or appoint someone to do sth.
* My father commissioned a real estate agent to sell our house.
* He is commissioned to negotiate with the terrorists.
* 他请人制作他妻子的雕像。
(= He commissioned a statue of his wife.)
15. make sure of sth./that: take action so that something will certainly happen
* There aren’t many seats left for the solo concert; you’d better make sure of one.
* I’ll just make sure that the car has been locked.
* I think he has to go to the doctor to make sure it is not infected.
* 千万查看一下是否所有的门都锁好了。
(= Make doubly sure that all the doors are locked.)
16. duplicate: 1) vt. copy exactly; repeat
* I’ll get these notes typed up and duplicated.
* This research merely duplicates work already done elsewhere.
* 有人说，用不了多久，电脑将不仅能复制人脑，而且还远远胜过人脑。
(= Some say in a very short time, computers may not only duplicate the human brain, but far surpass it.)
2) n. copy
* Is this a duplicate or the original?
* The secretary was asked to prepare the contract in duplicate.
* If you’ve lost your key, I can give you a duplicate.
3) adj. identical; doubled
* a duplicate set of keys (= 完全相同的一套钥匙)
* a duplicate receipt/form (= 双联式收据/表格)
17. volunteer:
1) v. give or offer (one’s services or help) willingly or wi thout being paid
* Many people volunteer to fund the establishment of Hope Primary Schools and enable dropouts to return to classrooms.
* She volunteered (her services) for relief work.
她自愿提供经济资助。
(= She volunteered financial support.)
Pattern:
volunteer sth.
volunteer to do sth.
volunteer (sb.) for sth.
2) n. person who offers to do sth. without being compelled or paid
* Princess Diana’s special satisfaction came from volunteer work.
* One volunteer is worth two pressed men.
Collocation:
an aid-the-poor volunteer 扶贫志愿者
volunteer labour义务劳动
volunteer service义务服务
18. illustrate: vt.
1) supply a book, article, lecture, etc. with pictures
* He donated 5,000 well-illustrated textbooks to dropouts. 2) explain by examples, pictures, etc.; serve as an example * Aesop’s fables illustrate moral maxims.
* Olympic Games illustrate what high standards our players
must achieve.
为了阐明我的观点，我做了对比分析。
(= To illustrate my point I have done a comparative analysis.)
19. go with: be gained with or included with esp. as a result; match or suit
* Disease often goes with poverty.
* We must go with the times/tide.
幸福未必总是伴随金钱而来。
(= Happiness doesn’t always go with money.)
* These new curtains don’t go well with your carpet.
20. get through (with): (manage to) do or complete sth.
* He has got through all his fortune.
* As soon as I get through with my work, I’ll join you.
* She can get through a greater amount of work with less expenditure of energy.
今天我处理了一大批信件。
(= I’ve got through a lot of correspondence today.)
21. crack: v. (of the voice) become harsh; break without complete separation of parts; hit sharply
* Thunder cracked and rumbled.
* I dropped a plate and cracked it.
* We must, according to law, crack down on all kinds of crimes and social evils such as gambling, drug abuse and illegal trafficking (非法交易).
他从窗户跌出去，手臂有一处骨裂。
(= He fell out of the window and cracked a bone in his arm.) * A cracked bell can never sound well.
(= 破钟无好音。/狗嘴里吐不出象牙。)
22. take over: gain control over and responsibility for (sth.) * After his father retired, Tom took over the family business. * Was it in 1948 that the Government took over the railways in Great Britain?
* 比尔退休时将由彼得接任总经理一职。
(= Peter will take over as general manager when Bill retires.) * Would you like me to take over the driving for a while?
23. leave off sth./doing sth.: stop (doing) something; give up * It’s time to leave off work.
* I wish you’d leave off whistling like that.
* I didn’t leave off work until ten o’clock last night.
请停止打麻将，读书吧。
(= Leave off playing mahjong and study.) 24. cradle:
1) n. a small bed for a newborn baby; the place where sth. begins
* The hand that rocks the cradle rules the world.
* The Yangtze River Valley is another cradle of Chinese civilization running parallel to, if not earlier than, the Yellow River Valley.
* from the cradle to the grave
(= 从生到死)
2) vt. hold gently as if in a cradle
* She cradled the baby in her arms.
* He was cradled in luxury.
* She had been cradled a child of fortune in the house of her uncle.
25. inspire: vt.
1) put uplifting thoughts, feelings or aims into
* The trainer inspired the team to even greater efforts.
他激起了所有同事的信心。
(= He inspired confidence in everyone he works with.)
2) fill with creative power
* The beautiful scenery inspired Li Bai to write his greatest poetry.
* He inspired his students with a vision of freedom.
* His passion for romantic literature inspired him to begin writing.
Pattern:
inspire sb. to sth.
inspire sb. to do sth.
inspire sth. in sb.
inspire sb. with sth.
Useful Expressions
1. 充满活力full of life
2. 搬进（新居）move in
3. 引起兴趣arouse one’s interest
4. 一个粉红色蝴蝶结a big pink bow
5. 饭厅dining room
6. 一声巨响a loud crash
7. 回头turn around
8. 装配；组装put together …
9. 肺炎的受害者a victim of pneumonia
10. 逝去的年华a lost time
11. 美好记忆fond memories
12. 有志者事竟成Where there’s a will there’s a way.
13. 与……有联系in touch with
14. 确保make sure
15. 日益临近race by
16. 不行no way
17. 包装鲜艳的礼物a gaily wrapped gift
18. 伴随；相配；协调go with
19. （设法）做到或干完get through
20. 接手；接任take over
21. 停止；戒除leave off
22. 开心的泪水tears of joy
23. 一个近似的复制品a close copy of sth.
24. 更为合理的解释a likelier explanation
Proverbs and Quotations
1. Kindness will creep where it may not go.
仁慈可进入任何禁地。
2. Fortune is good to him who knows to make good use of her.
知道利用幸福的人才有幸福。
3. Love begets love.
爱爱相生。
4. The supreme happiness of life is the conviction that we are loved.
— Victor Hugo, French novelist 生活中最大的幸福是坚信有人爱我们。
——法国小说家V. 雨果
5. We have no more right to consume happiness without producing it than to consume wealth without producing it.
— George Bernard Shaw, British
dramatist 正像我们无权只享受财富而不创造财富一样，我们也无权只享受幸福而不创造幸福。
——英国剧作家G. 肖伯纳
6. It was the policy of the good old gentleman to make his children feel that home was the happiest place in the world; and I value this delicious home-feeling as one of the choicest gifts a parent can bestow.
— Washington Irving, Father of literature of the
United States 让孩子感到家庭是世界上最幸福的地方，这是以往有涵养的大人明智的做法。这种美妙的家庭情感，在我看来，是父母所能赠送给孩子们的最精致的礼物之一，值得好好珍惜。
——美国文学之父W. 欧文