中小企业的财务风险管理外文文献翻译2014年译文3000字

中小企业的财务风险管理外文文献翻译2014年译文3000字
中小企业的财务风险管理外文文献翻译2014年译文3000字

文献出处:Sharifi, Omid. International Journal of Information, Business and Management 6.2 (May 2014): 82-94.

2014年,最新文献翻译,译文3000多字

原文

Financial Risk Management for Small and Medium Sized

Enterprises(SMES)

Omid Sharifi

MBA, Department of Commerce and Business Management,

Kakatiya University, House No. 2-1-664, Sarawathi negar,

Gopalpur, Hanamakonda, A.P., India

E-Mail: Omidsharifi7@https://www.360docs.net/doc/6f5348356.html,, Phone: 0091- 8808173339

RESEARCH QUESTION

Risk and economic activity are inseparable. Every business decision and entrepreneurial act is connected with risk. This applies also to business of small and medium sized enterprises as they are also facing several and often the same risks as bigger companies. In a real business environment with market imperfections they need to manage those risks in order to secure their business continuity and add additional value by avoiding or reducing transaction costs and cost of financial distress or bankruptcy. However, risk management is a challenge for most SME. In contrast to larger companies they often lack the necessary resources, with regard to manpower, databases and specialty of knowledge to perform a standardized and structured risk management. The result is that many smaller companies do not perform sufficient analysis to identify their risk. This aspect is exacerbated due to a lack in literature about methods for risk management in SME, as stated by Henschel: The two challenging aspects with regard to risk management in SME are therefore:

1. SME differ from large corporations in many characteristics

2. The existing research lacks a focus on risk management in SME

The following research question will be central to this work:

1.how can SME manage their internal financial risk?

2.Which aspects, based on their characteristics, have to be taken into account for this?

3.Which mean fulfils the requirements and can be applied to SME? LITERATURE REVIEW

In contrast to larger corporations, in SME one of the owners is often part of the management team. His intuition and experience are important for managing the company.Therefore, in small companies, the (owner-) manager is often responsible for many different tasks and important decisions. Most SME do not have the necessary resources to employ specialists on every position in the company. They focus on their core business and have generalists for the administrative functions. Behr and Guttler find that SME on average have equity ratios lower than 20%. The different characteristics of management, position on procurement and capital markets and the legal framework need to be taken into account when applying management instruments like risk management. Therefore the risk management techniques of larger corporations cannot easily be applied to SME.In practice it can therefore be observed that although SME are not facing less risks and uncertainties than large companies, their risk management differs from the practices in larger companies. The latter have the resources to employ a risk manager and a professional, structured and standardized risk management system. In contrast to that, risk management in SME differs in the degree of implementation and the techniques applied. Jonen & Simgen-Weber With regard to firm size and the use of risk management. Beyer, Hachmeister & Lampenius observe in a study from 2010 that increasing firm size among SME enhances the use of risk management. This observation matches with the opinion of nearly 10% of SME, which are of the opinion, that risk management is only reasonable in larger corporations. Beyer,

Hachmeister & Lampenius find that most of the surveyed SME identify risks with help of statistics, checklists, creativity and scenario analyses. reveals similar findings and state that most companies rely on key figure systems for identifying and evaluating the urgency of business risks. That small firms face higher costs of hedging than larger corporations. This fact is reducing the benefits from hedging and therefore he advises to evaluate the usage of hedging for each firm individually. The lacking expertise to decide about hedges in SME is also identified by Eckbo, According to his findings, smaller companies often lack the understanding and management capacities needed to use those instruments.

METHODOLOGY

USE OF FINANCIAL ANALYSIS IN SME RISK MANAGEMENT

How financial analysis can be used in SME risk management?

Development of financial risk overview for SME

The following sections show the development of the financial risk overview. After presenting the framework, the different ratios will be discussed to finally present a selection of suitable ratios and choose appropriate comparison data. Framework for financial risk overview

The idea is to use a set of ratios in an overview as the basis for the financial risk management.

This provides even more information than the analysis of historical data and allows reacting fast on critical developments and managing the identified risks. However not only the internal data can be used for the risk management. In addition to that also the information available in the papers can be used.

Some of them state average values for the defaulted or bankrupt companies one year prior bankruptcy -and few papers also for a longer time horizon. Those values can be used as a comparison value to evaluate the risk situation of the company. For this an appropriate set of ratios has to be chosen.

The ratios, which will be included in the overview and analysis sheet, should fulfill two main requirements. First of all they should match the main financial risks of the company in order to deliver significant information and not miss an important

risk factor. Secondly the ratios need to be relevant in two different ways. On the one hand they should be applicable independently of other ratios. This means that they also deliver useful information when not used in a regression, as it is applied in many of the papers. On the other hand to be appropriate to use them, the ratios need to show a different development for healthy companies than for those under financial distress. The difference between the values of the two groups should be large enough to see into which the observed company belongs.

Evaluation of ratios for financial risk overview

When choosing ratios from the different categories, it needs to be evaluated which ones are the most appropriate ones. For this some comparison values are needed in order to see whether the ratios show different values and developments for the two groups of companies. The most convenient source for the comparison values are the research papers as their values are based on large samples of annual reports and by providing average values outweigh outliers in the data. Altman shows a table with the values for 8 different ratios for the five years prior bankruptcy of which he uses 5, while Porporato & Sandin use 13 ratios in their model and Ohlson bases his evaluation on 9 figures and ratios [10]. Khong, Ong & Yap and Cerovac & Ivicic also show the difference in ratios between the two groups, however only directly before bankruptcy and not as a development over time [9]. Therefore this information is not as valuable as the others ([4][15]).

In summary, the main internal financial risks in a SME should be covered by financial structure, liquidity and profitability ratios, which are the main categories of ratios applied in the research papers.

Financial structure

A ratio used in many of the papers is the total debt to total assets ratio, analyzing the financial structure of the company. Next to the papers of Altman, Ohlson and Porporato & Sandin also Khong, Ong & Yap and Cerovac & Ivicic show comparison values for this ratio. Those demonstrate a huge difference in size between the bankrupt and non-bankrupt groups.

Figure 1: Development of total debt/ total assets ratio

Data source: Altman (1968), Porporato & Sandin (2007) and Ohlson (1980), author’s illustration

Therefore the information of total debt/total assets is more reliable and should rather be used for the overview. The other ratios analyzing the financial structure are only used in one of the papers and except for one the reference data only covers the last year before bankruptcy. Therefore a time trend cannot be detected and their relevance cannot be approved.

Cost of debt

The costs of debt are another aspect of the financing risk. Porporato & Sandin use the variable interest payments/EBIT for measuring the debt costs. The variable shows how much of the income before tax and interest is spend to finance the debt. This variable also shows a clear trend when firms approach bankruptcy.

Liquidity

The ratio used in all five papers to measure liquidity is the current ratio, showing the relation between current liabilities and current assets (with slight differences in the definition). Instead of the current ratio, a liquidity ratio setting the difference between current assets and current liabilities, also defined as working capital, into relation with total assets could be used.

Figure 2: Development of working capital / total assets ratio

Data source: Altman (1968) and Ohlson (1980); author’s illustratio

Basically the ratio says whether the firm would be able to pay back all its’ current liabilities by using its’ current assets. In case it is not able to, which is when the liabilities exceed the assets, there is an insolvency risk.

Profitability

For measuring the firms’ profitability or productivity a wide range of ratios is used in the different papers. The ratio sales /total assets is used as well by as also Porporato & Sandin (they use total assets / sales, which can easily be transformed to be comparable) and therefore available as a time series.

Figure 3: Development of sales / total assets ratio

Data source: Altman (1968) and Porporato & Sandin (2007), author’s illustratio

The remaining ratios measuring the last period’s profitability are net income / equity, EBIT /debt and net income or EBIT / total assets.

The last groups of profitability ratios, which can be found in the literature, are those focusing on retained earnings of the firms. These measures show the cumulated profitability of the firm over time.

Retained earnings ratios measure the buffer of funds the company was able to earn over time and which can be used in times of crisis to balance losses.

译文

中小企业的财务风险管理

Omid Sharifi

研究问题

风险与经济活动是密不可分的。每一个经营决策和创业行为都面临着风险。这也同样适用于中小企业,因为他们也经常面临着一些和和大公司一样的风险。在市场不完善的真实的商业环境中,他们需要管理好这些风险以确保他们的业务持续开展,同时,要避免并减少交易成本、金融危机与破产成本成本来增加附加价值。然而,对于大多数中小企业来说,风险管理都是一个巨大的挑战。相对于大公司来讲,他们往往缺乏必要的资源,而在人力方面,往往缺乏数据库和专业知识对其进行标准化和结构化的风险管理。其结果是,许多规模较小的公司没有进行有效分析以识别他们存在的风险。由于中小企业缺乏对风险管理方法的分析,如Henschel所述:在中小企业中,风险管理面临的挑战主要表现在以下两个方面:

1、中小企业不与大型企业的特性有所不同

2、中小企业对风险管理的研究有所缺乏

本文的核心研究问题如下:

1、中小企业如何管理他们的内部财务风险?

2、依据自身特点,哪些方面是必须要考虑的?

3、这意味着履行职责可以被应用于中小企业?

文献综述

与大企业相比,在中小企业中,其中的一个所有者往往就是管理团队的一部分。他的直觉和经验对管理公司来说很重要。因此,在小公司,(所有者)经理通常负责许多不同的任务,并做着重要的决策。大多数中小企业没有必备的资源来雇佣不同的专家。他们专注于他们的核心业务,在管理上他们是多面手。Behr 和Guttler发现中小企业平均拥有的股权比率低于20%。当应用管风险管理等工具时,需要考虑不同的管理特点、采购与资本市场的立场以及法律框架。所以,大公司的风险管理技术很难适用于中小企业。实际上也能观察到,相对于大公司来讲,尽管中小企业面临的风险与不确定性并不少,他们的风险管理企业实践与大公司存在很大差别。后者有足够的的资源来雇佣一个风险管理经理职业人,来使其风险管理系统变得结构化和标准化。相反,风险管理在中小企业中的技术实现程度有限。Jonen和Simgen-Weber对公司规模和风险管理的实现程度作出了分析。Beyer, Hachmeister和Lampenius在2010年的一项研究认为,扩大公司规模能在一定程度上提高中小企业风险管理的能力。这个调查与近10%的中小企业的意见一致,他们认为,风险管理只有在大公司才具有合理性。Beyer, Hachmeister 与Lampenius发现,大多数被调查的中小企业通过统计数据、核对清单、创造力和场景分析来识别企业风险。结果同样显示,大多数公司依靠关键数据系统识别和评估业务风险。小公司比大公司面临更高的套期保值成本。这一事实即减少套期保值的收益,因此,他建议评估每个公司单独使用的套期保值。Eckbo同样认为,中小企业缺乏专业知识来对套期保值作出决定,根据他的发现,中小企业往往缺乏使用这些工具的理解和管理能力。

研究方法

在中小企业风险管理中使用财务分析

如何在中小企业风险管理中使用财务分析?

中小企业的财务风险概述

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广东工业大学华立学院 本科毕业设计(论文) 外文参考文献译文及原文 系部会计学系 专业会计学 年级 08级 班级名称 2008级会计(7)班 学号 14010807030 学生姓名吴智聪 2012年 2 月 9 日

目录 1. 外文译文 (1) 2. 外文原文 (5)

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