英语听力教程第三版(张民伦主编)Unit 6 Find the Right Words听力原文

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Unit 6 Find the Right Words

Part I Getting ready Audioscript:

The English language can be traced back to prehistoric

Indo-European through the West Germanic line. However, many other influences have shaped the development of Modern English. We will review some important dates in the history of the English language. The first three are Latin influences:

1. In 5,5 B.C. Caesar conquered Britain and the Celtic people.

2. In 4

3. B.C. Rome colonized the island.

3. The Romans remained for 400 years (the first four centuries of the Christian Era).

The next significant dates were:

4. The year 499 (which was the year of the Anglo-Saxon conquest of the island).

5. From 500 on, the West Germanic language was the basic language of Britain (or England).

Influences from other languages continued however.

6. In the sixth and seventh centuries England was Christianized by

missionaries sent by the Pope (so that Latin influence continued). Then,

7. In the eig11th and ninth centuries the Norsemen (Vikings), invaded England with their Old Norse language.

8. In 1066. the Norman Conquest brought French linguistic influence.

9. The French influence continued for 300 years (the ninth century through the 11th century).

10. And finally, in the fifteen and sixteen hundreds, when classical learning was revived, there was continued Latin language influence. Audioscript:

1. People are delighted if you can speak their language, and they

don't care how well you speak it. They are not upset when you make mistakes. I think in order to learn, you mustn't be afraid of making mistakes.

2. I'm a very shy person and it's not easy for me to talk to strangers. But you have to force yourself to talk to people. That's what I did and it really helped me.

3. I think the best language learners are people with a sense of humor. Try to laugh at your own mistakes and don't take yourself too seriously. You'll find that other people will be sympathetic when you make mistakes.

4. I took two courses in business studies. I read, studied, listened to

lectures and took notes in English. It was a very good experience for me because I didn't have time to think about the language. I recommend forgetting about the grammar and thinking about the meaning instead.

5. In my experience, learning a foreign language always involves a lot of time, a lot of boring work and lots of problems! In short, if you want to learn another language you have to work hard.

6. Try to read as much as you can. I think that's the best way to improve your English and to learn more new words. I always try to read something in English everyday.

Part II Skills to communicate bad

news

Audioscript:

Avi Arditti：I'm Avi Arditti with Rosanne Skirble, and this week on Wordmaster: giving doctors better skills to communicate

bad news.

Rosanne Skirble：Anthony Back is a medical oncologist at the University of Washington and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer

Research Center in Seattle. He and four colleagues are in

the fifth year leading a program funded with one and

one-half million dollars from the National Cancer Institute. Avi Arditti：Doctor Back says specially trained actors play cancer patients to help oncologists learn how to avoid sounding

insensitive when the prognosis is grim.

Anthony Back：Probably the biggest misconception I face is that you're either born with this or you're not. In fact, what the

research shows is that people learn to do this over time.

And the way they learn to do it is they see good role models,

they practice, they get specific feedback on what they're

doing, they try-out new things, they innovate and develop

new conversational practices for themselves.

Avi Arditti：Can you give us some examples of those conversational practices -- what are some ways to impart bad news? Anthony Back：Here's an example: The patient has had cancer in the past, has been doing well and is coming in for some routine

follow-up tests. The routine follow-up tests unexpectedly

show the cancer has started to come back.

The doctor will typically go in and say to the patient,

"Guess what, your cancer's back." And the patient will be

just blown away, right? There are a couple of practices

there that doctors can do that can help. One is to start with

-- especially if you don't know the patient -- asking what the

patient expected, what did they understand about their

cancer, what were they expecting with this test. Because if

the patient says to you "You know, they didn't tell me

anything. I'm just here because I got this appointment in the

mail," that's one whole kind of comprehension level.

Whereas if the patient says "I had a Tl Nl MO lung cancer

and they told me I had a fifty-five percent chance of disease

recurrence in the next two years," that's a whole different

story, right?

The second thing is that after you give this difficult news,

then I think it's really important to address both the

cognitive reaction and also the kind of the emotional side of

it.

Rosanne Skirble：What are some of the phrases or the ways in which you can couch this news?

Anthony Back：You know, the way to make it easier is to make sure that you are going from the context the patient drew for you.

So you go from what the patient understands and you try to

use their words as much as possible. And then, when you

get to the really bad part of the news, I think it's actually

important to be direct and concrete and not to couch the

news. It's better to say "The cancer has come back" than to

say "There are hypo-densities in your liver on the CT" (or)

"You have a malignancy." All those euphemisms force

patients to struggle to understand what's happening to them,

and it adds to their confusion and distress.

Rosanne Skirble: ：Well, should they say things like "I wish things were different" or "I hope for the best," or should a doctor

kind of maintain a distance?

Anthony Back：You know, my thought about that actually is that the more skilled the physician, the less they have to distance

themselves. There are some phrases that we use, and the

most important ones are really the ones that are about

empathy for the patient. You know, "I see this is a difficult

situation, I see this is not what you expected, I'm hoping for

the best." And I think it's fine for doctors to talk about hope,

and I think it's important actually.

AviArditti：Let me ask you, have you seen any cultural differences come up in the training programs as you've had doctors go

through?

Anthony Back：You know, we have actually a very multicultural group of physicians who come, and they all bring in all

their own different values about how frank should people

be. Because the American standard, of course, is that

patients themselves get all the information, they make the

decision themselves, and there's this very strong emphasis

on autonomy. And in a lot of other cultures that's really not

the case.

Rosanne Skirble：And what got you started in the first place? Anthony Back：What got me started was, when I was an oncology trainee, and this was after a personal experience -- my

mother had died of a pre-leukemia kind of thing -- I

remember walking around in the bone-marrow transplant

wards with this experienced -- it was this other, older senior

physician -- going around having these life-and-death

conversations with patients and thinking, God, there has got

to be a better way to do this.

Avi Arditti：The result, says Doctor Anthony Back in Seattle, is a program that has now trained about one hundred-eighty

oncologists at retreats held twice a year. The program Web

site is https://www.360docs.net/doc/6e6416635.html, -- that's o-n-c-o-t-a-l-k dot i-n-f-o.

Part III Foreign accents Audioscript:

Section I

As far as I'm concerned, I do tend to judge people I meet by their accents. I don't mean that I'm a sort of snob, and only like people with posh accents, but I never feel comfortable with a new person until I've been able to place them from the way they speak. If it's an English person, I feel much more at ease if I can say "Ah, he comes form Liverpool", or "He's probably been to public school". I suppose then I know what to talk about and what to expect from the other person.

The same is true of foreigners. Personally, I prefer a foreigner to speak with a recognizable foreign accent, so that I know that I'm talking to a Frenchman, a Ghanaian, a Pole, and so on. So for me, it seems a bit pointless for foreigners to try desperately hard to get rid of their national accent and try to speak BBC English. If someone is

clearly French, I know there's no point in talking about cricket or making jokes about the Irish. And frankly, I think it even sounds more attractive. I can't really explain why, but if a person has a foreign accent, they seem to be more interesting, even if they are saying the most ordinary things.

Audioscript:

Section II

Mind you, there is a limit to intelligibility. If the accent is so strong that you have a struggle to understand what they are saying, then that gets in the way of the conversation, and the flow is broken while you try to sort out the sounds into meaningful bits. I don't mean an accent as strong as that. I'm talking about the kind of accent where you can tell immediately which country the person comes from, but where they've got enough English to carry on a good conversation without searching for words, or messing up the grammar so that you lose the thread. I suppose it's the kind of accent most foreigners have, really. To be honest, it's only a very few who have such a good ear that they produce more or less genuine British English, and even then it can be quite amusing because they may have picked up a clearly regional accent, or even a very upper-class accent which doesn't fit in with their character at all. But most foreigners who learn English are

desperately keen to get rid of their foreign accents and waste a lot of time trying to do so.

Part IV More about the topic:

Love and Grammar Audioscript:

Are you looking for love? When you want to impress a potential girlfriend or boyfriend, you take great care with your appearance and try to be on your best behaviour. But . . . what about your grammar? Do you check if you are using verbs and commas properly?

If not, you'd better think again. The research arm of dating site OKCupid has suggested that bad grammar can ruin your love life. It looked at 500 000 first contacts on the site and concluded that "netspeak, bad grammar and bad spelling are huge turn-offs".

On the other hand, the correct use of apostrophes seems to be quite an aphrodisiac. Using "don't" and "won't" caused better than average response rates says the research.

American writer Twist Phelan, who went on 100 online dates in 100 days and later married someone she met online, believes that grammar is an important "filter system" for prospective partners. She

says: "If you're trying to date a woman, I don't expect flowery Jane Austen prose. But aren't you trying to put your best foot forward?" Perhaps you think you are ready to start looking for an

English-speaking girlfriend or boyfriend. Am I right? You go online, look at the picture and start calling him or her "beautiful", "gorgeous" and "sexy" before you meet. Will it work? The research says it won't! The wrong adjective can put a full stop on a potential relationship. People enjoy receiving compliments but not when they sound like a pick-up line.

General compliments such as "cool", "it's nice that ..." and "awesome" got good responses from the dating site users.

So now you are ready. Keep your wits about you because many things online are not what they seem; and watch your vocabulary and punctuation.

Some say that a comma might even save lives -- as in the example: "Let's eat, my darling!" as opposed to "Let's eat my darling!"

Can you see which one would grant you a meal with your date and which one would land you in jail?

Part V Do you know ...?

Audioscript:

Alex：Hello, Carole? Is that you?

Carole：Alex! What on earth are you doing ... a stupid question, you're doing the same as I am.

Alex：What are you laughing at?

Carole：Well, actually I'm just reading this article in Punch. It's the Franglais column. It's very funny.

Alex：Oh, yes, yes, er ...

Carole：I know this is only a spoof, but I think these adaptions of English into French or French into English can be very

funny. How does it occur actually?

Alex：Oh, I suppose it came after the war, you know when the Americans were in France and a lot of English words and

expressions came into French. Er ...

Carole：Oh, I see, yes, so ...

Alex：But after that there was a strong reaction against it, I think.

Carole：You mean people don't... aren't very keen on it. A sort of linguistic imperialism.

Alex：Exactly, yes, er, take the ex ... example like "lift" you see.

We've got no, no word in French for "lift".

Carole：You mean "lift", the thing that goes up and down ... Alex：No, no. No, no, I mean, erm, would you like a lift home or something like that.

Carole：Mm.

Alex：Would you like a lift. What would you say in French? You would say something like, er, can I take you home with my

car?

Carole：Oh, I see, so ...

Alex：It's so much easier to say er, would you like a lift, you see. Carole：... I see, so in fact it's often for words that there's no equivalent for in...

Alex：Yes, that... that's it, yes.

Carole：... in French.

Alex：Yes.

Carole：Or something ... I suppose the same would apply to something like erm, "le weekend".

Alex：Yes, yes. That goes a bit ... that goes back a bit. Yes, I suppose it was something er, before, even before the first World

War.

Carole：Oh, that one's really old. Are there any more recent examples?

Alex：Er, oh yes. "Speakerine" is a good example.

Carole：Speakerine?

Alex：Speakerine, yes.

Carole：That doesn't even sound French. That sounds more German. Alex：Yes, it's a bit of a monster actually. You know, it means an announcer or a, a newsreader.

Carole：Oh, I see, on the, on the box!

Alex：Yes.

Carole：And there are other things, aren't there, that are distortions like that. Erm ... oh, what's the one I can, erm ... "le

smoking" ...

Alex：Ah, le smoking, yes.

Carole：... which means, er, dinner jacket in English ...

Alex：And we say smoking in French. It's very strange, in fact. But you've got another one, "the training", the training. And

you ...

Carole：What's that?

Alex：Oh, it's like, it's like a pyjama in French. And you will say, I don't know, er...

Carole：The pyjama?

Alex：... children it's getting late, erm, put, put your training on and go to bed.

Carole：How peculiar, because I mean, training means something quite different. Are there any other reasons why we borrow,

why the French borrow words, borrow English words? Alex：Er, snob value, I suppose.

Carole：Oh, really.

Alex：Oh, yes. Er ...

Carole：You mean English words are snobbish in French?

Alex：Yes. They would, they would take a word like "building" and think it's much better to live in a building than to be -- to

live in a house.

Carole：How strange, because building is such ...

Alex：So we say building; we are living in the building.

Carole：It's such a mundane word in English. I mean, it sounds just so ordinary.

Alex：Yes, it is.

Carole：But surely, I mean something like "le parking" which is very common, that, that can't have snob value, can it?

Alex：No, no, of course, I mean just the French is cumbersome. Carole：Mm. Receptionist: Mrs. Harding, could you go through now please?

Carole：Oh dear! I've got to go.

Alex：Bye, bye, Carole.

Carole：I hope it's not too painful, Alex. Thanks, bye.

Part VII Watch and enjoy Videoscript:

-- Jove! Good heavens!

-- Oh, sir. Is there any sign of it stopping?

-- I'm afraid not. It's worse than before.

-- Oh, dear.

-- If it's worse, it's a sign it's nearly over. Cheer up, captain. Buy a flower off a poor girl?

-- I'm sorry. I haven't any change.

-- Oh, I can change half a crown. Here, take this for tuppence.

-- I told you, I'm awfully sorry. I haven't ... Oh, wait a minute. Oh, yes. Here's three pence, if that's any use to you.

-- Thank you, Sir.

-- Hey, you, be careful. Better give him a flower for it. There's a bloke here behind that pillar, taking down every blessed word you're saying.

-- I ain't done nothing wrong by speaking to the gentleman. I've a right to sell flowers if I keep off the curb. I'm a respectable girl, so help me. I never spoke to him except to ask him to buy a flower off

me!

-- Oh, don't start!

-- What's all the b100ming noise?

-- There's a "tec" taking her down.

-- Well, I'm making an honest living!

-- Who's doing all that shouting?

-- Where's it coming from?

-- Oh, sir. Don't let him charge me! You don't know what it means to me! They'll... They'll take away me character and drive me on the streets for ... for speaking to gentlemen!

-- There, there, there, there. Who's hurting you, you silly girl? What do you take me for?

-- On my Bible oath, I never spoke a word.

-- Oh, shut up, shut up. Do I look like a policeman?

-- Then what do you take down me words for? How do I know you took me down right? You just show me what you wrote about me. Oh. What's that? That ain't proper writing. I can't read it.

-- I can. I say, captain, now buy you a flower off a poor girl.

-- Oh, it's cause I called him "captain". I meant no harm. Oh, sir. Don't let him lay a charge against me for a word like that!

-- Charge? I'll make no charge. Really, sir. If you are a detective, you needn't begin protecting me against molestation from young

women until I ask

you. Anyone can tell the girl meant no harm.

He ain't no "tec". He's a gentleman. look at his boots.

How are all your people down at Selsey?

Who told you my people come from Selsey?

Never mind. They do. How do you come to be up so far east? You were

born in Lisson Grove.

Oh. What harm is there in my leaving Lisson Grove? It weren't fit for a

pig to live in and I had to pay four and six a week.

Oh, live where you like, but stop that noise.

Come, come. He can't touch you. You have a right to live where you please.

I'm a good girl, I am!

Yes, dear. Yes.

Where do I come from?

Hoxton.

Well, who said I didn't? Blimey, you know everything, you do. You, sir. Do you think you could find me a taxi?

I don't know whether you've noticed it, madam, but it's stopped raining.

You can get a motorbus to, uh, Hampton Court. Well, that's where you

live, isn't it?

What impertinence!

Hey, uh, tell him where he comes here, you want to go fortune telling.

Cheltenham, Harrow, Cambridge and, uh, India?

Quite right!

Blimey, he ain't a "tec". He's a b100ming busybody. That's what he is.

If I may ask, sir, do you do this sort of thing for a living at a music hall?

Well, I have thought of it. Perhaps I will one day.

He's no gentleman. He ain't, to interfere with a poor girl!

How do you do it, may I ask?

Simple phonetics. The science of speech. That's my profession. Also my

hobby. Anyone can spot an Irishman or Yorkshireman by his brogue, but

I can place a man within six miles. I can place him within two miles in

London. Sometimes within two streets.