图像分割英文资料及翻译

图像分割英文资料及翻译
图像分割英文资料及翻译

一种在线图像编码识别系统的设计

摘要:本文介绍了在线图像编码字符识别系统的设计与实现过程,对其中重点环节进行了分析与研究,给出了主要环节问题的解决方法,在识别算法上,结合模板匹配与特征识别,提出了基于特征加权的模板匹配算法,该算法对提高字符识别率提到了较好的作用。

关键词:图像处理;模式识别;特征加权;软件设计

0引言

图像编码字符识别的研究目前仍是国内外一个重点研究课题,它具有广泛的应用背景,比如车牌号码自动识别、邮政编码的自动识别、试卷自动阅读、报表自动处理等,由于这种在线图像编码字符的识别都具有一些共性,本文结合在线轮胎编码字符识别系统的设计,对一般图像编码字符识别系统进行了阐述,对关键环节进行了研究与分析,该方法对其它在线图像编码字符系统的开发具有一定指导意义。

1在线图像编码识别系统流程

在线图像编码字符识别系统主要包括数字图像的采集、存储、图像预处理、编码图像提取、编码特征提取、编码识别和后续处理等一些环节,其流程图如图1所示。

图1 在线图像编码字符识别系统流程图在线轮胎图像编码字符识别系统要求对通过生产流水线上每一个轮胎采集含有轮胎编码的图像,然后通过对图像的处理,提取出轮胎编码特征,采用合适的识别算法将每一位编码字符进行识别。由于轮胎编码字符在轮胎上有一定变形,且摄像角度不同,得到的编码图像差异也很大,规律性差,所以编码图像的预处理和识别算法的选取显得尤为重要。

2图像采集与存储

在线编码图像通常使用数码摄像机、数码照相机、数码摄像头等设备采集并输入计算机进行处理,本系统采用QuickCamPro4000数码摄像头采集轮胎编码图像,直接按JPG格式存储。

编码图像一般都要先转成BMP图像格式,因为BMP格式己经成为PC领域事实上的标准——几乎所有为Windows操作系统设计的图像处理软件都支持这种格式的图像。BMP是Windows的原始位图格式,它可以用于保存任意类型的位图数据,可以支持所有的屏幕分辨率和Windows所支持的颜色组合。一般情况下,为了保证显示的高效率,它对图像数据没有任何的压缩,所以一幅很小的位图就可能占据相当大的空间。

BMP位图文件包括位图文件头、位图信息头、调色板、位图数据区四个部分,位图文件头由14个字节构成,位图信息头由40个字节构成,调色板的大小取决于色彩数,单色图像调色

板占8个字节,16色图像调色板占64个字节,256色图像调色板占1024

个字节,224色图像没有调色板,位图数据区内数据按行顺序自下而上、自左而右排列。

3图像预处理

图像预处理主要包括有:图像灰度化、图像降噪与增强、编码区边缘检测、图像几何校正、编码区图像提取、编码图像二值化、字符分割、字符归一化等。下面介绍几个关键环节的处理过程。

3.1 图像灰度化处理

编码图像通常是彩色的,实际识别用的图像是灰度图,所在需要先将彩色编码图像转换为灰度图像。在RGB颜色模型中,如果R=G=B,则颜色(R,G,B)表示一种黒白颜色,其中R=G=B的值叫灰度值,灰度化处理就是使彩色的R、G、B分量值相等的过程。常用灰度化处理方法是加权平均值法,即

R=G=B=(W R R+W G G+W B B)/3

其中,W R、W G、W B分别是R、G、B的权值,实验和理论证明,当W R=0.3, W G=0.59, W B=0.11时,即当R=G=B=0.30R+0.59G+0.11B时,能得到最合理的灰度图像。

3.2 图像增强处理

3.2.1 直接灰度变换

①线性灰度变换:假设图像灰度是线性变化的,如原图像f(x,y)灰度范围为[a,b],要求变换后图像灰度范围达到[c,d],根据线性规律,则变换后

(1)

高灰度区时使用对数变换,当需要扩展高灰度区时使用指数变换。

3.2.2 平滑滤波—降噪

由于噪声对应图像中的区域边缘等灰度值具有较大较快变化的部分,属高频分量,所以使用低通滤波器(即平滑滤波器)降噪。同时平滑还可以使图像模糊,有利于在提取较大的目标前去除较小的细节或将目标内的小间断连接起来。

平滑降噪的方法是使用模板对图像进行卷积运算,线性平滑滤波器最常用的模板是如图2所示的3×3模板,将此模板与图像中像素按如下方法进行卷积运算,可得到平滑降噪的图像。

①将模板在图中漫游,并将模板中心与图中每个像素位置重合;

②将模板上系数与模板下对应像素相乘;

③将所有乘积相加;

④将和赋给图中对应模板中心位置的像素。

非线性平滑滤波器最常用的是中值滤波器,它将区域中所有的值按大小进行排序,将排序后位于中间的像素值赋予中心像素。中值滤波可有效地去除随机噪声,能得到较好的视觉效果。

3.3 编码区边缘检测

边缘是灰度值不连续的结果,可利用求一阶和二阶导数的方法检测到。因为在边缘地带导数值大,而非边缘的地方导数值小。由于数字图像是离

散的,不能求导数,可以通过卷积的方法用差分近似代替微分。

效果较好的边缘检测算法是Sobel算子。Sobel算子是一种梯度幅值2

2

y

x

s

s

M+

=

,分别利用垂直算子Sx、水平算子Sy来获取编码区垂直边缘和水平边缘,即在水平和垂直方向上使用如图3所示的两个不同的卷积模板,得到如图4所示的边缘检测结果。

图2 平滑滤波器模板图3 Sobel边缘检测模板图4 Sobel算子边缘检测结果

3.4 图像几何校正

Hough变换可以检测出编码区图像倾斜角度,根据此角度进行旋转变换可使编码区图像得到校正。

Hough变换可以将图像空间XY中的直线(y=px+q)检测问题转换到参数空间PQ中点的检测问题,在参数空间PQ里,建立一个累加数组Sum(p,q),对每一个图像空间中给定边缘点,让p取遍所有可能值,根据直线方程q=-xp+y计算出对应的q,对Sum(p,q)进行累加,得到Sum(p,q)的值就是在(p,q)处共线的点的个数,(p,q)的值就是图像空间中直线的斜率和截距,由斜率得到图像编码区水平边缘角度。

3.5 字符切割

通过对编码字符区直接进行水平扫描,由字符间距一般可以将字符区域分割出来。也可以通过对编码字符区做垂直方向投影运算,根据字符大致宽度与字符总数,对字符进行切割。如图5所示是编码字符区及对应垂直投影图。

图5 编码字符及对应垂直投影图6 线性插值示意图

3.6 字符归一化处理

对分割出的字符从四个方向扫描,确定字符边界,然后采用线性插值方法对每个字符作归一化处理,使每个字符归一为32×16点阵。图6为线性

1

)

(

)

))(

(

)

(

(

)

(

2

1

2

1

x

f

x

x

x

x

x

f

x

f

x

f+

-

-

-

=(2)

字符识别一般采取特征判别或模板匹配的方法,特征判别是根据特征抽取的程度分阶段的、用结构分析的办法完成字符的识别。模板匹配即是

1 2 1

0 0 0

-1 -2 -1

-1 0 1

-2 0 2

-1 0 1

英文论文及中文翻译

International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials Volume 17, Number 4, August 2010, Page 500 DOI: 10.1007/s12613-010-0348-y Corresponding author: Zhuan Li E-mail: li_zhuan@https://www.360docs.net/doc/636786085.html, ? University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Preparation and properties of C/C-SiC brake composites fabricated by warm compacted-in situ reaction Zhuan Li, Peng Xiao, and Xiang Xiong State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China (Received: 12 August 2009; revised: 28 August 2009; accepted: 2 September 2009) Abstract: Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and silicon carbide dual matrix composites (C/C-SiC) were fabricated by the warm compacted-in situ reaction. The microstructure, mechanical properties, tribological properties, and wear mechanism of C/C-SiC composites at different brake speeds were investigated. The results indicate that the composites are composed of 58wt% C, 37wt% SiC, and 5wt% Si. The density and open porosity are 2.0 g·cm–3 and 10%, respectively. The C/C-SiC brake composites exhibit good mechanical properties. The flexural strength can reach up to 160 MPa, and the impact strength can reach 2.5 kJ·m–2. The C/C-SiC brake composites show excellent tribological performances. The friction coefficient is between 0.57 and 0.67 at the brake speeds from 8 to 24 m·s?1. The brake is stable, and the wear rate is less than 2.02×10?6 cm3·J?1. These results show that the C/C-SiC brake composites are the promising candidates for advanced brake and clutch systems. Keywords: C/C-SiC; ceramic matrix composites; tribological properties; microstructure [This work was financially supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No.2006AA03Z560) and the Graduate Degree Thesis Innovation Foundation of Central South University (No.2008yb019).] 温压-原位反应法制备C / C-SiC刹车复合材料的工艺和性能 李专,肖鹏,熊翔 粉末冶金国家重点实验室,中南大学,湖南长沙410083,中国(收稿日期:2009年8月12日修订:2009年8月28日;接受日期:2009年9月2日) 摘要:采用温压?原位反应法制备炭纤维增强炭和碳化硅双基体(C/C-SiC)复合材

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FINANCIAL INNOV ATION Like other industries, the financial industry is in business to earn profits by selling its products. If a soap company perceives that there is a need in the marketplace for a laundry detergent with fabric softener, it develops a product to fit the need .Similarly, in order to maximize their profits, financial institutions develop new products to satisfy their own needs as well as those of their customers; in other words, innovation-which can be extremely beneficial to the economy-is driven by the desire to get (or stay) rich. This view of the innovation process leads to the following simple analysis: A chance in the financial institutions for innovations that are likely to be profitable. Starting in the 1960s, individuals and financial institutions operating in financial markets were confronted with drastic changes in the economic environment: Inflation and interest rates climbed sharply and became hard to predict, a situation that changed demand conditions in financial markets. Computer technology advanced rapidly, which changed supply conditions. In addition, financial regulations became especially inconvenient. Banking institution discovers many old ways of doing business being able to not have earned money again; they provide the masses finance with service and financial products sale neither well. Many financial intermediary is discovered they have no way to raise having arrived at a fund, but these self that will not a suspense of business right away with original tradition finance implement. For existing under new economy environment, research and development puts up banking institution be obliged to being able to satisfy customer need moreover the new product being able to gain a profit of and serving, this process is called financial engineering. In their case, necessity was the mother of innovation. Our discussion of why financial innovation occurs suggests that there are three basic types of financial innovations: Escapism to responding to needing condition change, to the small advantages supplying with condition change and to controlling. We have had one now understandable that banking institution is innovative for instance the cause institutions, let’s look at examples of how financial institutions in their search for profits have produced financial innovations of the three basic types. 1

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毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院:专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程

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5栋 Building No.5 ----------- 请看相关资料 翻译原则:先小后大。 中国人喜欢先说小的后说大的,如 **区 **路 **号 而外国人喜欢先说大的后说小的,如 **号 **路 **区,因此您在翻译时就应该先写小的后写大的 . 中文地址的排列顺序是由大到小, 如:X 国 X 省 X 市 X 区 X 路 X 号, 而英文地址则刚好相反, 是由小到大。如上例写成英文就是:X 号, X 路, X 区, X 市, X 省, X 国。掌握了这个原则,翻译起来就容易多了! X 室 Room X X 号 No. X X 单元 Unit X X 号楼 Building No. X X 街 X Street X 路 X Road X 区 X District X 县 X County X 镇 X Town

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The research of digital image processing technique 1 Introduction Interest in digital image processing methods stems from two principal application areas: improvement of pictorial information for human interpretation; and processing of image data for storage, transmission, and representation for autonomous machine perception. This chapter has several objectives: (1)to define the scope of the field that we call image processing; (2)to give a historical perspective of the origins of this field; (3)to give an idea of the state of the art in image processing by examining some of the principal area in which it is applied; (4)to discuss briefly the principal approaches used in digital image processing; (5)to give an overview of the components contained in a typical, general-purpose image processing system; and (6) to provide direction to the books and other literature where image processing work normally is reporter. 1.1What Is Digital Image Processing? An image may be defined as a two-dimensional function, f(x, y), where x and y are spatial (plane) coordinates, and the amplitude of f at any pair of coordinates (x, y) is called the intensity or gray level of the image at that point. When x, y, and digital image. The field of digital image processing refers to processing digital images by means of a digital computer. Note that a digital image is composed of a finite number of elements, each of which has a particular location and value. These elements are referred to as picture elements, image elements, pels, and pixels. Pixel is the term most widely used to denote the elements of a digital image. We consider these definitions in more formal terms in Chapter2. Vision is the most advanced of our senses, so it is not surprising that images play the single most important role in human perception. However, unlike human who are limited to the visual band of the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum, imaging machines cover almost the entire EM spectrum, ranging from gamma to radio waves. They can operate on images generated by sources that human are not accustomed to associating with image. These include ultrasound, electron microscopy, and computer-generated images. Thus, digital image processing encompasses a wide and varied field of application. There is no general agreement among authors regarding where image processing stops and other related areas, such as image analysis and computer vision, start. Sometimes a distinction is made by defining image processing as a discipline in which both the input and output of a process are images. We believe this to be a limiting and somewhat artificial boundary. For example, under this definition, even the trivial task of computing the average intensity of an image (which yields a single number) would not be considered an image processing operation. On the other hand, there are fields such as computer vision whose ultimate goal is to use computer to

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How I want to see you, have a look you changed recently, no longer said once, just greetings, said one to you, just say the word, long time no see. 我多么想和你见一面,看看你最近的改变,不再去说从前,只是寒暄,对你说一句,只说这一句,好久不见。 In fact, not wine, but when the thought of drinking the unbearable past. 其实酒不醉人,只是在喝的时候想起了那不堪的过去。 The wind does not know clouds drift, day not know rain down, eyes do not understand the tears of weakness, so you don't know me 风不懂云的漂泊,天不懂雨的落魄,眼不懂泪的懦弱,所以你不懂我 Some people a lifetime to deceive people, but some people a lifetime to cheat a person 有些人一辈子都在骗人,而有些人用一辈子去骗一个人 Alone and lonely, is always better than sad together 独自寂寞,总好过一起悲伤 You are my one city, one day, you go, my city, also fell 你是我的一座城,有一天,你离开了,我的城,也就倒了。

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例1.Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be, rather, they are themselves and as such do not use their energy putting on a performance, maintaining pretence and manipulating(操纵) others . They are aware that there is a difference between being loved and acting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable. Winners do not need to hide behind a mask. 1.dedicate to 把时间,精力用于 2.pretence 虚伪,虚假 6 .1 斤斤于字比句次,措辞生硬 例2.Solitude is an excellent laboratory in which to observe the extent to which manners and habits are conditioned by others. My table manners are atrocious( 丑恶)—in this respect I've slipped back hundreds of years in fact, I have no manners whatsoever(完全,全然). If I feel like it, I eat with my fingers, or out of a can, or standing up —in other words, whichever is easiest. 孤独是很好的实验室,正好适合观察一个人的举止和习惯在多大程度上受人制约。如今我吃东西的举止十分粗野;这方面一放松就倒退了几百年,实在是一点礼貌也没有。我高兴就用手抓来吃,(eat out of a can)开个罐头端着吃,站着吃;反正怎么省事就怎么吃。 3.Whatsoever 完全,全然 1.Be conditioned by 受……制约 2.Atrocious 丑恶 6 .2 结构松散,表达过于口语化 例3.有一次,在拥挤的车厢门口,我听见一位男乘客客客气气地问他前面的一位女乘客:“您下车吗?”女乘客没理他。“您下车吗?”他又问了一遍。女乘客还是没理他。他耐不住了,放大声问:“下车吗?”,那女乘客依然没反应。“你是聋子,还是哑巴?”他急了,捅了一下那女乘客,也引起了车厢里的人都往这里看。女乘客这时也急了,瞪起一双眼睛,回手给了男乘客一拳。(庄绎传,英汉翻译教程,1999 :练习 3 ) 译文1:Once at the crowded door of the bus, I heard a man passenger asked politely a woman passenger before him: “Are you getting off?” The woman made no

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