美国弗吉尼亚驾照考试手册3

3.1 - Hand Position

Every time you get behind the wheel, you accept responsibility for your actions. You must obey Virginia's traffic laws, and ensure your safety and the safety of your passengers and other motorists, pedestrians and bicyclists on the roadways.

每次你坐到方向盘前，就是接受了你的行为所要担负的责任。你必须遵循弗吉尼亚交通法律，并在道路上确保你自己、你的乘客、以及其他机动车驾驶员、行人和骑车人的安全。 Sit straight but relaxed and place your hands on the steering wheel. If your steering wheel was a clock, your hands should be at the 8 o'clock and 4 o'clock positions. Hold the wheel with your fingers and thumbs. Avoid gripping it with your palms.

把位坐直但要放松并把你的双手放置在方向盘上。如果你的方向盘是个时钟，你的手就应该在 8 点和 4 点的位置上。要用四指和大拇指把握方向盘。要避免用手掌把着。

Speed Limits

A speed limit is the maximum legal speed you can travel on a road under ideal conditions. You may drive slower than the posted speed, but it is illegal to drive any faster. By law, you must drive slower if conditions such as road construction or bad weather make the posted speed unsafe. It is illegal to use a radar detector in Virginia.

速度限制就是理想情况下你可以行驶的最高合法速度。你可以行驶得比公示速度慢，但快出任何一点都是违法的。根据法律，如果诸如道路建设或坏天气使得公示的速度不够安全，你必须再慢些驾驶。在弗吉尼亚使用雷达探测器是违法的。

Maximum speed limit for passenger vehicles and motorcycles (unless posted otherwise)

Type of Highway Zone

Speed Limit Interstate highways in certain rural areas

70 mph Non-rural interstate highways, public roads not part of the interstate system

55 mph Rural rustic roads

35 mph School, business and residential zones (You are required to travel 25 mph in a school zone only when indicated by sign or signal. Otherwise maintain the posted speed.)

25 mph

乘用车和摩托车最高速度限制 （ 除非另行公示 ）

高速路或区域类别

速度限制 特定郊区的州际高速路

70 英里/小时 非郊区的州际高速、州际之外的公共道路

55 英里/小时 郊区乡间道路

35 英里/小时

学校、商业和住宅区（仅在有标识或信号提示时要 求你以每小时 25 英里行驶。其他情况下，要保持

公示的速度。 ）

25 英里/小时

Stopping 停车

You must always stop your vehicle:

你永远需要停车的情况：

?at all stop signs, red traffic lights and flashing red signals

?在过街横道前，所有遇到的停车标识、红色交通灯以及闪烁的红色信号

?when entering a street or crossing over a sidewalk from a driveway, alley, building or parking lot

?从一个车道、巷道、建筑物或停车场进入街道或穿过人行道时

?at railroad crossings with flashing signals

?在有闪烁信号的铁路道口

?when signaled by flaggers directing traffic

?引导交通的旗手打信号时

?for pedestrians attempting to cross the street at a crosswalk

?遇试图过街的行人

?at the direction of a police officer. If you don't obey a law enforcement officer's signal to stop and the officer pursues you and is killed as a direct results of the pursuit, you will be guilty of a Class 4 felony.

?交警的指挥。如果你不遵从执法警官的停车信号，警官追赶你，并直接因追赶而致死，就是 4 级重罪。

?at the scene of a crash in which you are involved

?在涉及到你的事故现场

When approaching a stop sign and the car in front of you proceeds, stop at the sign and proceed when the way is clear. Stopping for School Buses

接近一个停车标识，而你前方的车在行驶时，要在标识处停车并在道路清空时前行。

In the following pictures, the red vehicles must stop and remain stopped until all children are clear of the roadway and the bus moves again.

为校车停车下图中，红车必须停车并保持停车状态直到所有的孩子都离开道路且校车开始移动为止。

?You must stop for stopped school buses with flashing red lights and extended stop sign when you approach from any direction on a highway, private road or school driveway. Stop and remain stopped until all persons are clear and the bus moves again.

?当你从高速路、私人道路或学校车道的任何方向驶近时，你必须为已经停下、闪着红灯并伸出停车标识的校车而停车。停车并保持停车状态直到所有人都离开且校车再次移动为止。

?You must also stop if the bus is loading or unloading passengers and the signals are not on.

?如果校车正在上人或下人而信号灯未开，你也必须停车。

?You do not have to stop if you are traveling in the opposite direction on a roadway with a median or barrier dividing the road and the bus is on the opposite side of the median or barrier. However, be prepared for unexpected actions by persons exiting the school bus.

?如果你在有隔离栏或栅栏分隔的道路上向反方向行驶而校车则在隔离栏或栅栏的另一侧，则你没有必要停车。

Stopping Distance 停车距离

Three factors determine the distance that it takes to stop your vehicle: perception time, reaction distance and braking distance.

三个因素决定着你停车所用的距离：知觉时间、反应距离和刹车距离。

Perception time: The time it takes you to recognize a hazard.

知觉时间：你认识到危险所用的时间。

Reaction distance: The distance your vehicle travels between the time you recognize a problem and the time you apply the brakes.反应距离：你认识到问题的时刻与你踩刹车的时刻之间你的车所行驶的距离。

Braking distance: The distance your car travels after you apply the brakes.

刹车距离：踩刹车后你的车所行驶的距离。

Perception time, reaction distance and braking distance are affected by weather, visibility, and your mental and physical condition. Braking distance is also affected by how fast your vehicle is traveling, the condition of your brakes and tires, and the pavement condition. For example, wet pavement can double your braking distance.

知觉时间、反应距离和刹车距离受到天气、能见度、以及你心理和生理状况的影响。刹车距离还受到你车行驶得快慢、刹车和轮胎的状况、以及路面状况。例如，湿的路面可使你的刹车距离加倍。

Average stopping distance on dry, level pavement.

干燥平坦路面上的平均停车距离

Source: Code of Virginia section 46.2-880

Antilock Brakes 防抱死刹车

If your vehicle has antilock brakes, be sure that you understand how they work. Check your vehicle owner's manual and practice braking before you go out on the road. Remember, never pump antilock brakes.

如果你的车有防抱死刹车，要确保你了解它们是如何工作的。要查看你的车主手册并在你外出上路前作刹车演练。要记住，千万不要反复踩踏防抱死刹车。

3.2 - Yielding the Right-of-Way 为路权让行

Yield also means to stop if you cannot merge safely into the flow of traffic.

让行也表示若你不能安全地并入车流中就要停车

Examples of yielding the right-of-way:

为路权让行的例子有：

?When two vehicles from different directions arrive at an intersection at different times, the vehicle that arrives first goes first.

?当两辆车从不同方向在不同时间到达一个路口时，先到达的车辆先行。

?When two vehicles from different directions arrive at the same time at an intersection with no signs or signals, the driver on the left must allow the driver on the right to go first.

?当两辆车从不同方向同时到达一个没有标识或信号的路口时，左侧的司机必须让右侧的司机先行。

?If the traffic lights at an intersection are not working, all vehicles coming to the intersection must stop. The driver on the left must yield to the driver on the right.

?如果某个路口的交通信号灯不工作，所有来到路口的车辆必须停车。左侧的司机必须为右侧的司机让行。

?Drivers entering an interstate from an entrance ramp must yield the right-of-way to traffic already on the highway.

?从匝道进入州际高速的司机必须为已在高速上的车辆路权让行。

?Drivers entering any intersection or traffic circle must yield to traffic already in it.

?进入任何路口或交通环岛的司机必须为已在其中的车辆让行。

?When entering a roadway from a private road or driveway, you must stop and yield to all traffic and pedestrians.

?当从一条私路或车道进入公路时，你必须停车并为所有车辆和行人让行。

?You must yield for pedestrians who are crossing a street within a clearly marked crosswalk or at an unmarked intersection. Remember that turns on red are especially hazardous to pedestrians. Avoid conflict with pedestrians and permit them to cross the street safely.

?你必须为正在标记明显的横道上或在未标记的路口横穿过街的行人让行。要记住，红灯时转弯对行人尤其危险。要避免和行人发生冲撞而要让他们安全过街。

?You must yield to funeral processions. Do not cut through, join or interfere with a funeral procession.

Unless led by a police escort, the lead vehicle in a funeral procession must obey all traffic signs and signals.Other drivers in the procession may follow carefully without stopping and may use hazard lights (flashers) to indicate they are in the procession.

?你必须为殡葬队伍让行。不要插入、加入或干扰殡葬队伍。除非有警察开道，殡葬队伍的首车必须遵从所有的交通标识和信号。殡葬队的其他司机则可小心跟随而无须停车且可以使用示警灯（闪光灯）来表示他们是在殡葬队伍中。

?You must yield to all military convoys. Never cut through or join a military convoy.

?你必须为所有的军方行进队伍让行。万不可插入或加入到一个军方行进队伍中。Yielding to Vehicles with Flashing Lights 为闪灯的车辆让行

Drivers must take specific actions when they see vehicles with flashing or blinking blue, red, yellow or white lights on roadways.

当在道路上看到闪着蓝、红、黄或白色灯的车辆时，司机都必须采取特别的举措。

Stopped vehicles 停滞的车辆

?When approaching a stopped vehicle with flashing lights on a four lane highway, you must change to a lane not next to the emergency vehicle, if you can change lanes safely. If you are unable to safely change lanes, reduce your speed and proceed with caution. Violations can result in court suspension of your driver's license and demerit points on your driving record.

?在一个四车道的高速公路上接近一辆停滞的闪灯车辆时，如果你能够安全地更换车道，则必须更换车道，到与该应急车辆不相临的车道上。如果你无法安全地更换车道，则要减速并谨慎前行。违反者将导致法庭暂扣你的驾照并在你的驾驶记录中记入过失。

?You may not park within 500 feet of where fire trucks or equipment are stopped answering an alarm.

?你不可将车停泊在离出警消防车或设备所停留之处500 英尺以内的地方。Approaching vehicles – same direction 临近的车辆—同向

?Never follow an emergency vehicle closer than 500 feet when its lights are flashing.

?永远不要在500 英尺以内跟随闪灯的应急车辆。

?When police, fire and rescue vehicles or ambulances approach you from behind your vehicle using a siren, flashing lights or both, you must immediately yield the right-of-way. Safely pull over to the right edge of the road and stop until the emergency vehicle has passed.

?当警察、消防和急救车或救护车鸣着笛、闪着灯或既鸣笛也闪灯从后方驶近你车时，你必须立即为路权让行。要安全地靠到路右边停车，直到应急车辆通过为止。

Approaching vehicles – opposite direction 临近车辆—对向

?When emergency vehicles approach you in the opposite lane on an undivided highway, you must pull over to the edge of the road and stop until the emergency vehicle passes.

?当应急车辆从未隔离的道路的对面车道临近时，你必须靠到路边停车，直到应急车辆通过。

These requirements do not apply in highway work zones.

这些要求在快速路的施工区不适用。

Roundabouts 环岛

Roundabouts, rotaries, circular intersections and traffic circles are all terms for intersections with a circular island in the center. Roundabouts may have one or more lanes. Entering traffic must yield the right-of-way to traffic already in the circle. Each road approaching the roundabout is marked with a yield sign and may also have a yield line markings on the pavement. However, rotaries and other circles may have stop signs. Drivers must pay attention and obey the signs.

环岛、转盘道、环形路口以及交通环都是术语，用来指中间有圆岛的路口。环岛可以有一个或多个车道。进入的车辆必须为已在环中车辆路权让行。通向环岛的每条路都标上了让行标识，而且可能路面上还有让行线标。不过，转盘道和其他交通环可能会有停车标识。司机们必须注意并遵从标识。

When approaching a roundabout, slow down. Use your turn signals to indicate where you want to go. If you plan to turn right, stay to the right as you enter the roundabout. If you plan to go straight, you may stay in either lane (if it is a dual lane circular intersection). If you plan to turn left, stay to the left as you enter the roundabout.

当临近环岛时要慢下来。用你的转向灯指示你要去哪里。如果你打算右转，进入环岛时保持在右侧。如果你打算直行，你保持在哪个车道上都可（如果是双车道环道的话）。如果你打算左转，进入环岛时保持在左侧。

Tips for driving safely through a roundabout: 安全驾驶通过环岛的小提示：

?As you approach the roundabout, slow down; look for the street and direction signs. This will help you know which exit to take. These signs should be posted along the roadside before you reach the roundabout.

?随着你临近环岛，要减速；查看街道和方向标识。这将帮助你了解该走哪个出口。

这些标识应该是立在你进入环岛前的路边。

?When you arrive at the roundabout, yield the right-of-way to pedestrians and bicyclists. You also must yield to any vehicles already in the roundabout. Sometimes your entry point will be controlled by a stop or yield sign, or traffic signal. When the way is clear, you may enter the roundabout.

?当你到达环岛时，要让行于行人和骑车人的路权。你还要让行于已在环岛内的任何车辆。有时，你的进入点由停车或让行标识或交通信号所控制。当道路清空时，你可以进入环岛。

?While inside the roundabout, stay in your lane until you are ready to exit. Use your vehicle's right turn signal to let drivers around you know what you want to do.

?在环岛内时，要呆在你的车道内，直到你要出去时。要用你车的右转信号灯让你周围的司机知道你要做什么。

?Do not change lanes or take an exit before checking for vehicles that may be continuing through the roundabout in the lane next to you or behind you. Expect vehicles to be in blind spots you cannot see in your rearview or side mirrors. Quickly glance over your shoulder and check for any vehicles that may be in your blind spot.

?在查看好环岛中临近车道和身后有无可能继续前行的车辆之前，不要更换车道或驶出。要设想车辆在你的盲区，你无法从后视镜或侧视镜中看到。要快速扭头查看可能位于你盲区的车辆。

More information about driving safely through a roundabout is available on the Virginia Department of Transportation's website.

有关安全驶过环岛的更多信息，可通过弗吉尼亚交通部的网站https://www.360docs.net/doc/687298679.html, /info/faq-rounda bouts.asp 获得。

3.3 - Changing Lanes

Before changing lanes, check your side and rearview mirrors for traffic approaching you from behind. Then, use your turn signal to let other drivers know you plan to change lanes. Check for other drivers who also may be moving into the same lane. Just before you begin moving into the other lane, quickly glance over your shoulder and check for any vehicles that may be in your blind spot.

更换车道之前，要从侧视和后视镜查看后面来的车辆。然后，用转向信号让其他司机知道你打算更换车道。要查看其他司机是否也驶向同一车道。在你即将要开始移动到另一车道之前，要快速地扭头查看可能位于你盲区的任何车辆。

Whether you are changing lanes, passing, entering or exiting a highway, always use your turn signals and check traffic to the rear and sides. When driving on a multi-lane highway, stay in the right lane if you are driving slower than the traffic around you.

不管你是更换车道、超车、驶入或驶出快速路，永远要使用转向信号并查看后面和侧面的交通。在多车道快速路驾驶时，如果你比周遍的车辆慢，则要保持在右车道内。

Passing 超车

When passing another vehicle: 当超越其他车辆时：

?check the traffic ahead of you, behind you and in your blind spot before you attempt to pass. Signal and then accelerate to pass. Return to the right lane as soon as you can see the front of the passed vehicle in your rearview mirror.

?试图超车时，要查看前方的、后面的以及你盲区的车辆。打信号，而后加速超车。

一旦你能够从后视镜看到已被超车辆的头部时，就要回到右车道中。

?it is against the law to exceed the speed limit as you pass.

?超车时超速是违法的。

?complete the pass before you reach a No Passing zone. If you're still in the left lane when you reach the zone, you're breaking the law. You may pass on the right if the vehicle you are passing has signaled and is making a left turn. Be cautious because the vehicle you are passing may be blocking your view or blocking the view of other drivers.

?要在到达禁超区之前完成超车。如果到达禁超区时仍在左车道中，你就违法了。

?you may not pass on the right if you must drive off the pavement or main portion of the roadway to get around the other vehicle.

?如果你要超越的车辆已打出信号并正在左转，则可以从右面超车。需要小心，因为你要超越的车辆可能会阻挡了你的或其他司机的视线。如果必须驶出路面或路面的主要部分才能绕过另一辆车，则你不得从右侧超车。

?when approaching or passing a person riding a bicycle, moped, or power-assisted bicycle or other device, reduce speed and pass at least three feet to the left.

?当接近或超越一个骑着自行车、轻骑、或助力自行车或其他设施的人时，要降低速度并从两英尺以外的左侧通过。

When being passed, don't speed up. Maintain a steady speed or slow down.

当被超越时，不要加速。要保持匀速或减速。

Passing is unlawful and unsafe: 超车不合法或不安全的情况：

?on hills, curves, at intersections or railroad crossings, except on roads with two or more lanes of traffic moving in the same direction

?在山坡、弯道、路口或铁路交道口，除非是在同向上有两个或以上车道的道路上?off the pavement or shoulder of the road 离开路面或路肩

?when a school bus is stopped to load or unload passengers on a public road (unless a physical barrier or unpaved median separates traffic going in either direction) or on a private road

?当校车停在公路（除非有实体的隔栏或隔离带使之与双向的交通分离开）或私路，上下乘客时

?when a solid line marks the left side of your lane

?当你的车道左侧由实线标记

Over-correcting 过度矫正

Over-correcting occurs when the driver turns the steering wheel more sharply than expected, causing the rear wheels of the vehicle to slide toward the outside of the turn. This may result in the loss of vehicle control.

过度矫正发生在司机打轮过猛时，它导致车辆的后轮滑向转向的外侧。这可能会造成车辆的失控。

Most over-correction crashes are single vehicle crashes and are often preventable. A driver should remain alert at all times. Reduce speed and use extra caution while driving on curved roads. If you veer off the road, curved or straight, do not panic. Gradually reduce your speed, look in the direction you want to go, slowly steer back onto the roadway.

大部分过度矫正事故都是单车事故，是可以预防的。一个司机应当始终保持警觉。在弯道上驾驶时要减速并额外小心。如果你偏离了道路，不管是弯道或是直道，不要惊慌。要逐渐减速，看着你要去的方向，慢慢地打轮返回路面。

Turning 转向

To make a right turn you should be in the lane closest to the curb. Signal your intent to turn by using the proper turn signal. You should signal at least three or four seconds, 100 feet, ahead of the turn. Look to your left to check the intersection for pedestrians and traffic coming from the other direction. Then brake smoothly before and during the turn. If there is a traffic light or a stop sign at the intersection, come to a complete stop before you make the turn. Turn into the lane closest to the curb unless pavement markings lead you otherwise, and then change lanes if needed.

要想右转，你就应该在离路缘最近的车道中。使用适当的转向信号示意你的打算。你应当在转向之前至少三或四秒，或100 英尺打信号。查看一下你的左方有无行人和其他方向临近的车辆。而后在转弯前和转弯过程中平稳地踩刹。如果路口处有交通灯或停车标识，则要在转向之前完全停车。要转入离路缘最近的车道中，而后需要时再更换车道。

To make a left turn you should be in the farthest left lane possible, turning into the leftmost lane on the intersecting road, unless pavement markings lead you otherwise; or, unless multiple left turn lanes are provided. If multiple left turn lanes are provided, you should choose the lane that will best serve your need once you enter the intersecting road. Signal your intent to turn by using the proper turn signal. You should signal at least three to four seconds, 100 feet, ahead of the turn. Look in all directions, checking the intersection for pedestrians and traffic coming from the opposite direction. Keep your front wheels pointed straight ahead until you are actually going to make the left turn. This prevents you from being pushed into oncoming traffic if another vehicle crashed into you from behind. When the way is clear, make the left turn, yield to any vehicles including bicycles and pedestrians) approaching from the opposite direction.

要想左转，你就应该在尽可能最左侧的车道中，在十字路进入最左边的车道，除非路面的标志引导你，或者提供多个左转车道。在有多个左转车道提供时，你可以选择你认为最适合你要左转到的十字路的车道。使用适当的转向信号示意你的打算。你应当在转弯之前至少三或四秒，或100 英尺打信号。四方查看一下有无行人和对面临近的车辆。在你实际实施左转弯之前要保持你的车前轮打直的状态。如果有车从后面冲撞你，这样作可防止你被推入对驶的车流中。当前面道路清空时，左转，同时为对面驶来的任何车辆（包括自行车和行人）让行。

When two vehicles are approaching each other and signaling to turn left, both vehicles should turn in front of each other so that the passenger sides of the vehicles are beside each other.

当两车对驶并发出左转信号时，两车应当当面转向，使两车副驾一侧相望。

U-Turns U型调头

U-turns are not legal everywhere. Before you make a U-turn, check for No U-Turn or No Left Turn signs. In business districts, cities and towns, U-turns are allowed only at intersections. Never make a U-turn on a highway.

U 型调头并不是处处合法的。在作U 型调头之前，你要查看一下是否有禁止U 型调头或禁止左转的标识。在商业区、城镇中，U 型调头仅在路口允许。千万别在快速路上作U 型调头。

When making a U-turn, turn on your left-turn signal, stop, and yield for approaching traffic. When the way is clear, proceed into the outside or right hand lane traveling in the opposite direction.

作U 型调头时，要打左转信号、停车，并为驶近的车辆让行。当线路清空时，驶入对面反向行驶的外侧的或称右侧的车道。

Turn Signals 转向信号

When you plan to change lanes, turn, or enter or exit a highway, first give the proper turn signal. Using your turn signal, which is required by law, communicates your intended movement to drivers around you. Develop a good habit and use turn signals or hand signals even if no other traffic is on the road.

当你打算更换车道、转向、驶入或驶出快速路时，你首先要给出适当的转向信号。要使用你的转向信号—这是法律所要求的，向你周围的司机传达你的移动意图。要养成良好的习惯，即便路面上没有其他车辆也要使用转向信号。

When you plan to turn, signal three or four seconds, 100 feet, ahead of your turn. Be aware that drivers planning to turn into your lane may not know exactly where you will turn; drivers may pull out in front of you. Be alert.

当你打算转向时，要在转弯之前三或四秒，或100英尺打信号。要记住，打算进入你车道的司机们可能不清楚你要转向何处；司机们可能在你前面驶离。要当心。

After you complete the turn or lane change, be sure the turn signal stops flashing.

在你完成转向或车道更换后，要确保转向信号灯停止闪烁。

Hand Signals 手势信号

Right Turn: Left hand and arm pointing straight out

左转左手臂向外伸直

Left Turn: Left hand and arm pointing upward

右转左手臂伸向上

Slow or Stop: Left hand and arm pointing downward

减速或停左手臂伸向下

3.4 - Maintaining a Space Cushion

Space around your vehicle gives you distance to react in emergencies and avoid a crash. Create a space cushion around your vehicle by staying in the middle of your lane. Make sure there is enough room ahead of your vehicle and behind it for other vehicles to pass or stop safely.

你车周围的空间为你提供紧急情况下用以反应并避免车祸的距离。要保持在车道的中间以在你车的周围营造缓冲空间。要确保你的车前、车后都有足够的空间以供其他车辆安全地超车或停车。

Use the two-, three- and four-second rule to determine if you are following far enough behind the vehicle ahead of you.

采用二、三及四秒准则来确定你跟随前车的距离是否足够远。

Following Distance

At these posted speeds and on dry surfaces, this distance, in seconds,

allows the driver to steer and brake out of a problem area.

2 seconds Under 35 mph

3 seconds 35-45 mph

4 seconds 46-70 mph

跟车距离

按这些标出的速度，在干燥的路面上，这些

以秒表示的距离能够允许司机们打轮并刹车

摆脱问题

2 秒35 英里/小时以下

3 秒36-45 英里/小时

4 秒46-70 英里/小时

Here's how the following distance rule works. 以下是跟车距离准则的作用原理。

?Glance at the vehicle ahead as it passes a fixed object, such as an overpass, sign, fence, corner or other fixed mark.

?前车通过诸如过街天桥、标识、栏杆、拐角或其他固定标记等物时，要瞄上一眼。

?Begin counting the seconds it takes you to reach the same place in the road.

?开始计数，数你到达同一个地方所需的秒数。

?If you reach the mark before you have counted off two, three, or four seconds, depending on speed, you're following too closely. Slow down and increase your following distance.

?如果你根据具体速度在数完二、三或四秒之前到达，说明你跟得太近。要减速增大跟车距离。

?For bad weather conditions, heavy traffic, poor pavement or if your vehicle is in poor condition, add extra seconds to increase your following distance.

?在天气差、交通繁忙、路面差或你的车况差的条件下，要额外增加几秒，加大你的跟车距离。

Drivers need to change following distance when speed or road conditions change. Hand response time is close to a half second. Foot response time is normally three-quarters of a second. This does not take into account any delay in perception time as a result of the driver being tired, on medication, distracted, etc. Road conditions, speed, driver alertness, and even following vehicles of different weights all change the ability to stop.

司机们需要根据速度和路况的变化而改变跟车距离。手的反应时间接近半秒钟。脚的反应时间一般是四分之三秒。这还没有计算由于司机疲劳、服药、分神等原因造成的知觉时间上的延误。路况、速度、司机的警觉程度以及甚至跟随不同重量的车都会改变停车的能力。

Increase your following distance when driving:

下列情况下，驾驶要加大跟车距离：

?behind a large vehicle that blocks your vision

?在遮挡你视线的大车后面

?in bad weather or heavy traffic

?坏天气里或交通繁忙时

?when exiting an expressway behind a motorcycle

?驶离快速路时在摩托车后面

?when being tailgated

?被尾追时

Tailgating is when the driver behind you is following too closely. If you find yourself in this situation, do not brake suddenly. If possible, move over to another lane, or gently tap your brakes to flash your brake lights and slow down. This should encourage the tailgater to pass you or slow down.

尾随是指你后面的司机跟得太近。如果你发现处于这种状态，不要突然刹车。如有可能，更换到另一个车道上去，或轻微地踏刹车亮起你的刹车灯并减速。这样应能鼓励尾随者超车或者减速。

Help the driver behind you by maintaining a safe following distance and a steady speed. Tap your brakes to warn the driver behind you when you plan to slow down or stop.

要帮助你后面的司机保持安全的跟车距离和稳定的速度。打算减速或停车时要点一下刹车以警示你后面的司机。

3.5 - Searching 巡视

Searching means looking at the entire scene for anything that might come into your path. As you search the road, avoid staring at one thing. Keep your eyes moving and learn to read the road and your surroundings.

巡视之意，就是查看视线所及内是否有可能进入你线路的任何物体。巡视时要避免盯着某一物。要保持眼球运动并学会看懂路面和周围。

Looking ahead will help you identify risks early and provide you with more time to react. Expert drivers try to focus their eyes 20 to 30 seconds ahead. In the city, that equals approximately one block. Avoid staring at the middle of the road. scan from side to side, checking for traffic signs and signals, cars or people that might be in the road by the time you reach them.

目视前方将有助于你及早辨认风险并给你更多的时间来反应。专业的司机努力把眼球聚焦在20 至30 秒的前方。在城市里，那大约就是一个街区。要避免紧盯着路中间。要从一侧扫视到另一侧，查看你所到之处可能出现在路上的交通标识和信号、车辆或人员。

Search for clues on the road. Look for exhaust smoke, brake or back-up lights and turned wheels on vehicles. Clues like these warn that the vehicles may pull into your path. Watch for pedestrians, bicyclists and other slow moving vehicles that may be in the road ahead.

查找路面线索。要查看排出的烟雾、刹车或后退灯以及转向的车轮。这些线索提醒你有车

辆可能会进入你的线路。要观察可能位于前方路面的行人、骑车人以及其他慢速车辆。When driving in rural areas, watch for hidden intersections and driveways, curves, hills and different road conditions. Watch for other vehicles, especially trucks, oversized and slow-moving farm vehicles, and bicycles.

在郊区行驶时，要查看隐藏的路口及车道、弯道、坡道以及不同的路况。要观察其他车辆，特别是卡车、超大尺寸且慢行的农用车，以及自行车。

Check from left to right and then left again before entering an intersection. Whenever you reach a place in the road where other cars, people or animals may cross your path, look both ways to be sure it is clear. These include intersections, crosswalks, shopping centers, construction areas and playgrounds. At any intersection, look to the left first, since cars coming from the left will be closer to you. Then look to the right and take one more quick look to the left before you drive through.

进入路口前要从左到右查看一下，再查看左边。任何时候当你到达其他车辆、人员或动物可能穿过你的线路的地方时，要查看两边确保无患。这样的地方包括路口、过街横道、购物中心、工地以及游乐场。在任何路口，都要先看左边，因为从左边来的车将离你更近。然后要看右边，再更迅速地看一下左边之后驾车通过。

Look behind. Use your rearview mirror to check the traffic behind you frequently, about every 10 seconds. This will alert you if someone is moving up too quickly or tailgating you. Check the traffic behind you when changing lanes, backing up, slowing down quickly or driving down a long, steep hill.

查看后边。要利用你的后视镜经常地（大约每10秒）查看你后面的交通。这样，如果有人过快地接近或尾追时能让你警觉。当你要更换车道、倒车、快速减速或放大长坡时要查看后面的交通。

Blind Spots

Blind spots are danger areas that cannot be seen in the mirrors on either or both sides of the vehicle.

盲区就是车两边无法从镜子中看到的危险区域。

The best way to see a car in your blind spot is by quickly turning your head and glancing over your shoulder to ensure the way is clear before changing lanes or passing another vehicle.

看到你盲区内车子的最好办法就是快速扭头从肩上瞥视，以便在更换车道或超越其他车辆之前确保道路无患。

Avoid driving in someone else's blind spot. This can be just as dangerous as not checking your own blind spot. Speed up or drop back; but, don't stay in the other driver's blind spot.

要避免在他人的盲区内行驶。这和不审视你自己的盲区一样危险。或加速或拖后；但不要待在别的司机的盲区中。

3.6 - Sharing the Road 共享道路

Drivers share the road with many other users: pedestrians, bicyclists, moped and motorcycle riders, trucks and buses, recreational vehicles and other vehicles of all shapes and sizes. It is your responsibility to adjust your driving to avoid other drivers' mistakes and assure everyone's safety.

与司机分享道路的有许多其他使用者：行人、骑车人、轻骑和摩托驾驶者、卡车和巴士、房车以及各种形状和大小的其他车辆。调整你的驾驶，避免其他司机的错误并保障每个人的安全是你的责任。

Pedestrians: Generally, there are three types of pedestrians most often involved in crashes: children, the elderly and adults under the influence of alcohol or other drugs.

行人：一般地说，涉及事故的有三类行人最常见：儿童、老人以及酒精或其他药物影响下的成人。

?Be careful around schools, playgrounds and in residential areas where small children may be playing or crossing the street.

?在学校、游乐场周边和住宅区，要当心小孩可能在玩耍或穿过街道。

?Look out for the elderly, who may have poor vision and hearing. Remember that the elderly and people with disabilities may move slowly.

?要注意老年人可能视力和听力不好。要记住，老人和残疾人移动缓慢。

?Be especially aware of pedestrians when making a right or left turn. They have the right-of-way. Allow pedestrians to completely cross the street before beginning your turn.

?红灯时右转或左转，要特别注意行人他们有路权。要让行人完全过街后再开始转弯。

?Be alert for pedestrians at all times. Slow down and be prepared to stop.

?要始终对行人保持警觉。减速并作好停车准备。

Bicycles:Bicycles are also considered vehicles and have the same right-of-way as motor vehicles. Bicyclists are also expected to obey the same traffic rules and regulations as vehicle drivers; however, many are children who may not know or obey the rules. Slow down when you approach bicyclists. State law requires motorists to pass cyclists with at least three feet of clearance. Give them plenty of room when passing and be prepared to stop suddenly. Look for bicycles on all public roads.

自行车：自行车被认作车辆并和机动车一样有路权。骑车人也要和车辆驾驶员一样遵守

同一交通规则；不过其中许多人是儿童，可能不懂或不守规则。当你接近骑车人时要减速。超车时要给他们充分的空间并作好突然刹车的准备。要在所有的公路上留意自行车。

It is against the law to operate a bicycle or any electric power device such as assistive mobility devices, toy vehicles, and bicycles on any interstate highway.

在任何州际高速路上骑乘自行车或助力移动设备等任何电动装置都是违法的。

Mopeds: It is against the law to operate a moped faster than 35 MPH or on an interstate highway. Any person who operates a moped faster than 35 mph is considered to be operating a motorcycle which must meet Virginia registration requirements. In addition, the operator would be required to hold a valid driver's license with a motorcycle classification or a driver's license restricted to operating motorcycles only.

轻骑：根据弗吉尼亚法律规定，轻骑是一种带有踏板和电机的自行车一样的装置。这个电机不得额定在两马力以上且不得使轻骑超出30 英里/小时行驶。驾驶轻骑快于35 英里/小时或上州际高速路都是违法的。任何人驾驶轻骑快于35 英里/小时都视为驾驶摩托车，须符合弗吉尼亚注册要求。另外，驾驶人要持有一个有效的驾照，附带有摩托车类别或单独限驾摩托车。

Moped riders must be at least age 16 and obey all rules of the road. They must carry some form of government-issued photo identification (does not have to be a driver's license) that includes name, address and date of birth. As a driver, treat moped riders with the same care given to any other vehicle driver. Riders and passengers must wear helmets and use eye protection if the moped does not have a windshield. The moped must be titled and registered with DMV.

轻骑驾驶人必须至少16 岁并遵守所有道路规则。他们必须携带某种类型的身份证明，上有姓名、地址和出生日期。作为一个司机，要像对待其他任何车辆司机一样，小心对待轻骑驾驶者。

Although you do not need a driver's license to operate a moped, you may not operate a moped if you have been declared a habitual offender and your license is suspended or revoked for driving while intoxicated.

驾驶轻骑虽然不需要驾照，但你如果被判定为习惯性违章者而被暂扣或因醉驾而吊销驾照，则不得驾驶轻骑。

Motorcycles: Approximately half of all fatal motorcycle crashes involve automobiles. Many crashes are caused by the motorist's failure to see a motorcycle in traffic.

摩托车：所有致命的摩托车事故中大约一半涉及到汽车。许多事故是因汽车驾驶员未能看到行驶中的摩托车而导致的。

?Look for motorcyclists. In more than half of all crashes involving motorcycles and automobiles, the other driver didn't see the motorcycle until it was too late. Drivers are conditioned to look for four-wheeled vehicles, but they don't expect to see two-wheeled vehicles. A motorcycle's small size also makes it difficult to see.

?注意观察摩托车骑行者。一半以上的摩托车与汽车的事故中，汽车司机直到为时太晚的时候才看到摩托车。司机们习惯于查看四轮的车，没有想到要查看两轮的车。摩托车的小尺寸也使其难以看到。

?Check your blind spots. A motorcycle's small size allows it to slip into your blind spot easily. Always check for motorcycles before you pull out, change lanes, turn, back up or proceed through an intersection.

?注意观察你的盲区。摩托车的小尺寸使其轻易地溜进你的盲区。在靠边、更换车道、倒车或通过路口前始终要核查是否有摩托车。

?Never tailgate a motorcycle (or any other vehicle). Allow yourself plenty of braking distance by adding an extra second to the following distance rule. In inclement weather, double this distance.

?千万不要紧跟摩托车（或任何其他车辆）。要在跟车距离上额外增加一秒钟，给自己留下充足的刹车距离。在凶险的天气里，要加倍这个距离。

?Anticipate the motorcyclist's movements. Although a motorcycle is not as wide as the lane, the rider will use the entire lane as traffic situations and road conditions change. A slight change or debris on the road surface can be a major obstacle for a motorcyclist. Expect the motorcycle to make sudden moves within the lane.

Never drive beside a motorcycle in the same lane.

?要预判摩托车的运动。虽然摩托车没有车道那么宽，但驾驶人会根据交通情况和道路条件的变化利用整个车道。道路上的轻微变化或杂物即可成为摩托车驾驶人的大障碍。要想到摩托车会在车道中突然移动。如果可能，不要在摩托车驾驶人的车道内行驶。

?Yield to motorcycles. The small size of a motorcycle can cause you to misjudge the motorcycle's speed and distance. Before pulling out into traffic, check twice for motorcycles and use extra caution before you pull out in front of one.

?为摩托车让行。摩托车的小尺寸可导致你误判摩托车的速度和距离。在进入车道前，要重复核查摩托车，而且在摩托车的前面进入时要额外小心。

Light Rail: There is a light rail train system in Norfolk called The Tide. Light rail trains share the road with motor vehicles and bicyclists, and they intersect with motor vehicle traffic at 27 locations along the 7.4 mile route. Stay safe when driving around The Tide by obeying the tips below:

轻轨：在诺福克，有一个称作“潮汐”的轻轨列车系统。在7.4 英里的线路上轻轨列车与机动车和自行车共享道路并在27 个地点上与机动车交通相交叉。在“潮汐”周边驾驶时要遵从下列提示，保证安全。

?Pay attention to changing traffic patterns and always follow the roadway.

?要关注变化中的交通模式并始终沿着道路行驶。

?Never drive around lowered crossing gates.

?千万不要绕着落下的道口闸门行驶。

?Always look both ways before turning across train tracks.

?转向铁轨道口之前永远要查看两边。

?Expect trains on any track at any time. Always obey signs and traffic signals.

?要设想列车随时在任何轨道上。永远要遵从标识和交通信号。

?Never stop, pass or shift on train tracks.

?千万不要在铁轨上停车、超车或换档。

?Don't cross train tracks unless you have enough room to cross without stopping and can clear the tracks to a safe distance.

?除非你有足够的空间通过而不用停车并以安全的距离腾清铁轨，否则不要通过铁轨。

For more info about light rail safety, visit https://www.360docs.net/doc/687298679.html, or call (757) 222-6100.

有关轻轨安全的更多信息，可访问https://www.360docs.net/doc/687298679.html, 或打电话给(757) 222-6100。

Low Speed Vehicles: These electrically powered four-wheel vehicles have a maximum speed ranging from 21 to 25 mph. Low speed vehicles may be operated on public roads with speed limits of 35 mph or less by licensed drivers or learner's permit holders accompanied by a licensed driver. Low speed vehicles must comply with all federal safety standards and must meet Virginia's requirements for passenger vehicle registration and insurance coverage. Golf carts are not classified as low speed vehicles.

低速车辆：那些电力驱动的四轮车辆速度在21 至25 英里/小时的范围。低速车辆可以在公路上以限速35 英里/小时或以下、由持照司机或持照司机陪同的学车证持有人驾驶。低

速车辆必须符合所有联邦安全标准并且必须满足弗吉尼亚的乘用车注册及保险要求。高尔夫车不分类为低速车辆。

Trucks, Tractor-Trailers, Buses and RVs: Trucks, tractor-trailers, buses and recreational vehicles (RVs) - including motor homes, campers and travel trailers - are longer, higher and wider than other vehicles. They accelerate slowly and require greater stopping and turning distances. Plus, there are danger areas around these vehicles where crashes are more likely to occur. These areas are called No-Zones. No-Zones on the side, front and rear also include blind spots where your car disappears from the driver's view.

卡车、牵引- - 拖车、巴士及房车：卡车、牵引-拖车、巴士及房车，包括移动房屋，大篷车和旅行拖车，都比其他车辆更长、更高且更宽。它们加速缓慢而且需要更大的刹车和转弯距离。这些车辆的周围有危险区域，那里更容易发生事故。这些区域叫做禁区。侧面、前方和后方的禁区还包括盲区，在那里你的车会从司机的视线中消失。

了解禁区能够挽救你的性命。

Learning the No-Zones can save your life.

?Side No-Zones:Trucks, tractor-trailers, buses and RVs have big No-Zones on both sides that are dangerous because these vehicles must make wide turns. These No-Zones or blind spots are much larger than your car's blind spots. If you can't see the driver's face in his side view mirror, then he can't see you.

?侧面禁区：卡车、牵引-拖车、巴士和房车在两侧有大的禁区，很危险，因为这些车辆必须作很宽的转向。这些禁区或盲区比你车的盲区大很多。如果你不能从他的侧面镜子看到他的脸，那他就看不见你。

?Rear No-Zone:Trucks, tractor-trailers, buses and RVs have huge No-Zones directly behind them. The driver can't see your car behind his vehicle and you can't see what's happening in traffic ahead of his vehicle. If the truck, bus or RV brakes or stops suddenly, you have no place to go and could crash into the vehicle's rear-end.

Always maintain a safe following distance.

?后方禁区：卡车、牵引-拖车、巴士和房车在其正后方有巨大的禁区。司机看不到