外文翻译
E-banking and managerial challenges
Mohammad Reza Banan
Internet technology is rapidly changing the way personal financial services are being designed and delivered.Hence,banks have found themselves at the forefront of
technology adoption for the past three decades.Banks began to look at E-banking as a
means to replace some of their traditional branch functions.Although Electronic
banking systems provide us with easy access to banking services,E-banking has
introduced new business challenges.
1-Introduction
E-commerce fundamentally focuses on the electronic exchange of information using information and telecommunication infrastructures(particularly the World Wide Web and the internet).E-commerce encompasses a wide range of commercial activities that can be categorized into business-to-business sectors.Industry sectors such as banking have openly embraced e- commerce to improve their performance and gain a strategic competitive advantage.A common strategic dilemma challenging leaders is how to ignite a change initiative that will generate competitive advantage(Khan,2006).Through e-commerce,we can,according to Weeks and Frisone(1999),expect the following changes in the traditional distribution and marketing of everyday products and services including inancial services:
(1)transfer of bargaining power to the consumer;
(2)shift to auction pricing;
(3) creation of new distribution channels;
(4)adoption of new marketing and pricing models
(5)reduce the need for support staff.
2-Literature review
In this part,first we explain the fundamental concepts of E-banking and its challenges in different situations.Then according to the aim of this paper and TAM,we associate with change management issues and its relations to successful implementing of E-banking.。
2-1-E-banking:concepts and definitions
The information technology(IT)revolution of the last 2 decades of the 20th century led to a proliferation of personal computers(PCs),servers,modems and other associated electronic data terminal equipment.This rapid growth and expansion of IT and telecommunication networks and interconnectivity encouraged the introduction of electronic services and non-more so than in the retail trade and in the provision of electronic banking.
E-banking in this study is defined as an Internet portal,through which customers can use different kinds of banking services ranging from bill payment to making investments.Therefore banks’Web sites that offer only information on their pages without possibility to do any transactions are not qualified as E-banking services
Everybody can see the great struggling competition within banks for achieving better
performance for satisfying customers needs.In the many researches improving it in the electronic sector of banks becomes so important.For example according to a research,the top factors found to
be most critical for the success in E-banking are:quick responsive products/services,organizational flexibility,services expansion,systems integration and enhanced customer service。
2-2-The reasons of E-banking development:
The properties of the Internet make it an ideal medium for delivery of banking products and services.Both financial entities and customers of financial products and services are benefiting
from the spread of online banking services(Guerrero et al.,2007).Some banks also allow services as stock market transactions,and the submission of standardized accounting payment files for
bank transfers to third parties(Claessens et al.,2002).The number of E-banking services to
customers continues to grow and the Internet offers enormous opportunities for banks,and other financial services to fundamentally reshape their organizations(US web corporation,2001).Banks
can generate revenue through increased account,access fees and benefit from promotional opportunity to cross-sell products such as credit cards and loans(Yerkes,1988)
As we saw,E-banking offers many benefits to banks as well as to customers.One of the main reasons for the growth of E-banking is that,if handled correctly,it can significantly lower the cost
of delivering products and services.Costs of transactions in E-banking can be as low as a tenth of
the cost of banking through conventional means.So,we can find two fundamental reasons underlying E-banking development and diffusion.First,banks get notable cost savings by offering
E-banking services.It has been proved that E-banking channel is the cheapest delivery channel for banking products once established(Sathye,1999;Robinson,2000;Giglio,2002).Second,banks
have reduced their branch networks and downsized the number of service staff,which has paved the way to self-service channels as quite many customers felt that branch banking took too much time
2-3-Change management
Change and its management in organizations are a key theme and topic for discussion among managers everywhere.This is not unusual in the history of mankind.What perhaps is different this time is that change shall be managed(Diefenbach,2007).The management of change before and during the implementation of ICT is a complementary activity that has generally been overlooked in the ICT payoff Evaluating ICT investment initiatives(Williams and Williams,2007).
Management in the 21st century has accordingly taken a new orientation.It is increasingly founded on the ability to cope with constant change and not stability,is organized around networks
and not hierarchies,built on shifting partnerships and alliances and not self-sufficiency,and constructed on technological advantage and not bricks and mortar(Carnall,2003).Against the
myriad changes and conflicting expectations,individual managers and executives are being asked to change their approach to running their operations and managi ng people.The“new”managers we
are told must learn to be coaches,team players,facilitators,process managers,human resource executives,visionary leaders,and entrepreneurs(Longenecker and Ariss,2002).
2-4-TAM
One of the most utilized models in studying information system acceptance is the technology acceptance model(TAM)(Davis et al.,1989;Mathieson,1991;Davis and Venkatesh,1996;Gefen
and Straub,2000;Al-Gahtani,2001)in which system use(actual behavior)is determined by
perceived usefulness(PU)and perceived ease of use(PEOU)relating to the attitude toward use that relates to intention and finally to behavior.
According to the TAM these two beliefs are of primary significance for computer acceptance. PU refers to the prospective user’s subjective like lihood that the use of a certain application will increase his or her performance.PEOU is defined as the degree to which the prospective user
expects the potential system to be free of effort(Davis et al.,1989).According to DeLone and
McLean(1992)system use as the dependent variable is acceptable,if system usage is not compulsory.
3-Methodology
To separate users of PC bank services from non-users,the respondents were chose from the bank’s branch customers that they come there for something that they can s imply do them by using internet and E-banking services.Data for this study was collected by the means of a survey
conducted in Iran in 2006 and January 2007.A total of 283 bank’s customers have interviewed and
176 people had a good collaboration with us and their information was comprehensive and
sufficient for our research,giving a response rate of 62 percent.Interviews were held in 30 bank’s branches from different region in Tehran.
4-Change management:a critical success factor for promoted E-banking
The dawn of the 21st century has brought with it an unprecedented wave of change.The days
of mass production or standardized products appear to be over.The key words for the future are variety,flexibility,and customization.Conditions for doing business are undergoing major changes. Some of the challenges associated with these changes include requirements for faster responsiveness on customer demands(Arlbj?rn et al.,2006).A rapidly changing techno-socio- economic environment is presenting new challenges for structuring and managing organizations. Increasing technological complexity and the need to diffuse information and technology within the organizations is proving to be beyond the capacity of the old rigid hierarchal management system. Technological complexity implies the need for higher levels of human knowledge and multi- disciplinary involvement(Bridges,1996;Boyett and Boyett,2000).
5-Results
According to the previous researches and the findings and aim of this paper,we categorize the important factors that affect and facilitating the acceptance of E-banking and change the customer’s attitude into three sets:customer’s-related factors,technology-related factors and organization- 21 These three factors are very important for E-ba nking customer’s acceptance and ensuring that people will actually use the E-banking services.The TAM only focuses on some limited dimensions,so we extend it according to these factors and adapt for E-banking in Iran as follow:
电子商务安全挑战
随着因特网技术的快速发展，人们的理财服务方式越来越多的被发明和传递。因此，在过去的30年里，这种技术被接受之前银行已经发现他们了。银行开始把电子银行作为一种新方法来代替传统建立分支机构的旧方法。尽管电子银行系统为我们提供了良好的银行便利服务，但是电子银行也面临着许多挑战。
1---简介
电子商务由于使用了信息通信系统（特别是因特网），因而从根本上推动了信息的电子交换。电子商务是一种非常庞大的商业活动，它包含B-B模式，比如银行业已经开始使用这种模式来改善它们的经营业绩以及获得一个战略性的竞争优势。一个具备战略眼光的领导者就是如何完成这种创举来取得竞争优势。根据week杂志上说，电子商务给我们带来了以下一些创新的举动。
(1)增加了消费者的购买力。
(2)提供了商品价格的多样性。
(3)创造了一种新的流通模式。
(4)新的市场和价格模式被接受。
(5)减少了对老客户的依赖。
2—-电子银行的发展和挑战
在上一部分，刚开始我们解释了的电子银行的基本概念以及它在各种条件下面临的挑战。然后我们把电子银行的挑战与成功的管理对策联系起来讨论。
2-1电子银行的概念和定义
上世纪的信息技术革命带来了个人电脑，服务器，调制解调器以及其他的电子数据终端设备。信息通讯网络和内部网的快速增长和普及是电子服务进入了零售贸易和电子银行领域。
在学术上电子银行被定义为互联网门户网站，消费者通过使用各种各样的银行
服务包括货币支付到投资。因此仅提供一些网站信息而不能提供这种业务的银行服务不能叫做网上银行。我们可以看到银行为了满足消费者的需求而取得更好的业绩进行着激烈的竞争。从许多调查中发现改善银行电子业务中这种情况是多么重要。例如根据研究，要想取得电子银行业务的成功，最主要的因素要拥有快速反应服务，组织化的灵活性，服务扩大和系统一体化以及提高对消费者的而服务。
2-2-电子银行发展的原因
因特网的性质使它成为一个理想的媒介来传递银行服务和产品。理财公司和这些理财的顾客一直受益于网上电子银行服务的广泛传播。一些银行还提供股票市场交易，为顾客给第三方支付货款。电子银行提供给消费者服务的数量继续增长，因特网为银行提供了巨大商机，有一些金融服务从根本上重塑了整个组织。银行还可以通过不断增长的业务量，免费的登陆获得收入，通过直销信用卡和贷款从更多的机会中受益。在我们看来，电子银行提供了许多好处给银行同样还有顾客。但是电子银行不断发展的主要原因：如果运营得当，它可以大大的降低产品和服务的流通成本。
2-3应对挑战的管理
挑战和对它的管理一直是组织中讨论的重要话题，这在人性历史上很常见，无论什么时候挑战都可以应对。21世纪的管理相应的带来了一个新的导向。这种管理是建立在处理快速变化的能力基础上的，而不是静止的；这种处于网络动态情况下的管理是基于不断变动的伙伴关系和联盟基础上运行的。它主要依靠技术的领先优势，而不是自我满足。我们讲的这种新管理者必须学着成为教练，团队成员，骨干，中层管理者，人力资源总监和英明的领导者，企业家。
2-4 –TAM
在信息系统的可接受性研究方面最有效的一种模式就是技术接收模（ATM），它包括PU和PEOU两种模式。这两种模式对于计算机的应用有着很大的意义。PU是指人的主观可能性预期使用某个特定应用的意志增加他的或她的表演。PEOU的定义是:在何种程度上的潜在的用户预计潜在的系统不努力。根据DeLone和麦克里恩(1992)
系统利用作为因变量是可以接受的,系统的使用是不真实的强制实施的。
3—应对挑战的对策
为了区分银行用户和非银行用户，一些志愿者被挑选做了一个实验。他们来自于全国各个地方银行分支的消费者，他们有的使用电脑上网购物，有的从商店直接去买。科学家从这个实验中得出促进人使用电子银行的主要因素是心理作用。因此企业必须抓住消费者的这种喜欢方便和便宜的心理，去开发更多的满足客户的服务。
4-变化管理:一个成功关键因素为促进了网上银行
21世纪的黎明带来了前所未有的波的变化。日大规模生产或标准化的产品似乎是结束了，但是为未来的关键词品种灵活性的定制已经出现，而且做生意的条件发生重大变化。相关的一些挑战这些变化包括要求更快对客户的需求回复，一个快速变化的techno-society -经济环境向我们呈现的是新的挑战,构建和管理机构。技术的复杂性和需要增加信息和技术扩散内组织被证明是超越的能力刚性的分层管理制度。老技术复杂性意味着需要更高水平的人类知识。
5—结束语
根据先前的研究和调查结果,本论文的目的，我们进行了分类,并把电子银行变化的接受客户的态度分成三套：消费者需求因素，技术相关因素和21世纪的组织化。这三个因素非常重要的是电子银行客户的承诺,并确保人们实际使用电子银行服务。所以我们根据这些因素来拓展它来适应电子银行的发展。
市场营销策略外文文献及翻译
市场营销策略外文文献及翻译 Marketing Strategy Market Segmentation and Target Strategy A market consists of people or organizations with wants,money to spend,and the willingness to spend it.However,within most markets the buyer' needs are not identical.Therefore,a single marketing program starts with identifying the differences that exist within a market,a process called market segmentation, and deciding which segments will be pursued ads target markets. Marketing segmentation enables a company to make more efficient use of its marketing resources.Also,it allows a small company to compete effectively by concentrating on one or two segments.The apparent drawback of market segmentation is that it will result in higher production and marketing costs than a one-product,mass-market strategy.However, if the market is correctly segmented,the better fit with customers' needs will actually result in greater efficiency. The three alternative strategies for selecting a target market are market aggregation,single segment,and multiple segment.Market-aggregation strategy involves using one marketing mix to reach a mass,undifferentiated market.With a single-segment strategy, a company still uses only one marketing mix,but it is directed at only one segment of the total market.A multiple-segment strategy entails
工业设计专业英语英文翻译
工业设计原著选读 优秀的产品设计 第一个拨号电话1897年由卡罗耳Gantz 第一个拨号电话在1897年被自动电器公司引入，成立于1891年布朗强，一名勘萨斯州承担者。在1889年，相信铃声“中央交换”将转移来电给竞争对手，强发明了被拨号系统控制的自动交换机系统。这个系统在1892年第一次在拉波特完成史端乔系统中被安装。1897年，强的模型电话，然而模型扶轮拨条的位置没有类似于轮齿约170度,以及边缘拨阀瓣。电话，当然是被亚历山大格雷厄姆贝尔（1847—1922）在1876年发明的。第一个商业交换始建于1878（12个使用者），在1879年，多交换机系统由工程师勒罗伊B 菲尔曼发明,使电话取得商业成功,用户在1890年达到250000。 直到1894年，贝尔原批专利过期，贝尔电话公司在市场上有一个虚拟的垄断。他们已经成功侵权投诉反对至少600竞争者。该公司曾在1896年，刚刚在中央交易所推出了电源的“普通电池”制度。在那之前，一个人有手摇电话以提供足够的电力呼叫。一个连接可能仍然只能在给予该人的名义下提出要求达到一个电话接线员。这是强改变的原因。 强很快成为贝尔的强大竞争者。他在1901年引进了一个桌面拨号模型，这个模型在设计方面比贝尔的模型更加清晰。在1902年，他引进了一个带有磁盘拨号的墙面电话，这次与实际指孔，仍然只有170度左右在磁盘周围。到1905年，一个“长距离”手指孔已经被增加了。最后一个强的知名模型是在1907年。强的专利大概过期于1914年，之后他或他的公司再也没有听到过。直到1919年贝尔引进了拨号系统。当他们这样做，在拨号盘的周围手指孔被充分扩展了。 强发明的拨号系统直到1922年进入像纽约一样的大城市才成为主流。但是一旦作为规规范被确立，直到70年代它仍然是主要的电话技术。后按键式拨号在1963年被推出之后，强发明的最初的手指拨号系统作为“旋转的拨号系统”而知名。这是强怎样“让你的手指拨号”的。 埃姆斯椅LCW和DCW 1947 这些带有复合曲线座位，靠背和橡胶防震装置的成型胶合板椅是由查尔斯埃姆斯设计，在赫曼米勒家具公司生产的。 这个原始的概念是被查尔斯埃姆斯（1907—1978）和埃罗沙里宁（1910—1961）在1940年合作构想出来的。在1937年，埃姆斯成为克兰布鲁克学院实验设计部门的领头人，和沙里宁一起工作调查材料和家具。在这些努力下，埃姆斯发明了分成薄片和成型胶合板夹板，被称作埃姆斯夹板，在1941年收到了来自美国海军5000人的订单。查尔斯和他的妻子雷在他们威尼斯，钙的工作室及工厂和埃文斯产品公司的生产厂家一起生产了这批订单。 在1941年现代艺术博物馆，艾略特诺伊斯组织了一场比赛用以发现对现代生活富有想象力的设计师。奖项颁发给了埃姆斯和沙里宁他们的椅子和存储碎片，由包括埃德加考夫曼，大都会艺术博物馆的阿尔弗雷德，艾略特诺伊斯，马尔塞布鲁尔，弗兰克帕里什和建筑师爱德华达雷尔斯通的陪审团裁决。 这些椅子在1946年的现代艺术展览博物馆被展出，查尔斯埃姆斯设计的新的家具。当时，椅子只有三条腿，稳定性问题气馁了大规模生产。 早期的LCW（低木椅）和DWC（就餐木椅）设计有四条木腿在1946年第一次被埃文斯产品公司（埃姆斯的战时雇主）生产出来，被赫曼米勒家具公司分配。这些工具1946年被乔治纳尔逊为赫曼米勒购买，在1949年接手制造权。后来金属脚的愿景在1951年制作，包括LCW（低金属椅）和DWC（就餐金属椅）模型。配套的餐饮和咖啡桌也产生。这条线一直
外文翻译
Load and Ultimate Moment of Prestressed Concrete Action Under Overload-Cracking Load It has been shown that a variation in the external load acting on a prestressed beam results in a change in the location of the pressure line for beams in the elastic range.This is a fundamental principle of prestressed construction.In a normal prestressed beam,this shift in the location of the pressure line continues at a relatively uniform rate,as the external load is increased,to the point where cracks develop in the tension fiber.After the cracking load has been exceeded,the rate of movement in the pressure line decreases as additional load is applied,and a significant increase in the stress in the prestressing tendon and the resultant concrete force begins to take place.This change in the action of the internal moment continues until all movement of the pressure line ceases.The moment caused by loads that are applied thereafter is offset entirely by a corresponding and proportional change in the internal forces,just as in reinforced-concrete construction.This fact,that the load in the elastic range and the plastic range is carried by actions that are fundamentally different,is very significant and renders strength computations essential for all designs in order to ensure that adequate safety factors exist.This is true even though the stresses in the elastic range may conform to a recognized elastic design criterion. It should be noted that the load deflection curve is close to a straight line up to the cracking load and that the curve becomes progressively more curved as the load is increased above the cracking load.The curvature of the load-deflection curve for loads over the cracking load is due to the change in the basic internal resisting moment action that counteracts the applied loads,as described above,as well as to plastic strains that begin to take place in the steel and the concrete when stressed to high levels. In some structures it may be essential that the flexural members remain crack free even under significant overloads.This may be due to the structures’being exposed to exceptionally corrosive atmospheres during their useful life.In designing prestressed members to be used in special structures of this type,it may be necessary to compute the load that causes cracking of the tensile flange,in order to ensure that adequate safety against cracking is provided by the design.The computation of the moment that will cause cracking is also necessary to ensure compliance with some design criteria. Many tests have demonstrated that the load-deflection curves of prestressed beams are approximately linear up to and slightly in excess of the load that causes the first cracks in the tensile flange.(The linearity is a function of the rate at which the load is applied.)For this reason,normal elastic-design relationships can be used in computing the cracking load by simply determining the load that results in a net tensile stress in the tensile flange(prestress minus the effects of the applied loads)that is equal to the tensile strength of the concrete.It is customary to assume that the flexural tensile strength of the concrete is equal to the modulus of rupture of the
世界贸易和国际贸易【外文翻译】
外文翻译 原文 World Trade and International Trade Material Source:https://www.360docs.net/doc/688947590.html, Author: Ted Alax In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of world trade and economic activity. As a result of this trade and activity, international finance and banking have evolved. For example, the United States is a major consumer of coffee, yet it does not have the climate to grow any or its own. Consequently, the United States must import coffee from countries (such as Brazil, Colombia and Guatemala) that grow coffee efficiently. On the other hand, the United States has large industrial plants capable of producing a variety of goods, such as chemicals and airplanes, which can be sold to nations that need them. If nations traded item for item, such as one automobile for 10,000 bags of coffee, foreign trade would be extremely cumbersome and restrictive. So instead of batter, which is trade of goods without an exchange of money, the United State receives money in payment for what it sells. It pays for Brazilian coffee with dollars, which Brazil can then use to buy wool from Australia, which in turn can buy textiles Great Britain, which can then buy tobacco from the United State. Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above is that no nation has all of the commodities that it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa and petroleum is recovered in the Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them. Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.
工业设计外文翻译
Interaction design Moggridge Bill Interaction design，Page 1-15 USA Art Press, 2008 Interaction design (IxD) is the study of devices with which a user can interact, in particular computer users. The practice typically centers on "embedding information technology into the ambient social complexities of the physical world."[1] It can also apply to other types of non-electronic products and services, and even organizations. Interaction design defines the behavior (the "interaction") of an artifact or system in response to its users. Malcolm McCullough has written, "As a consequence of pervasive computing, interaction design is poised to become one of the main liberal arts of the twenty-first century." Certain basic principles of cognitive psychology provide grounding for interaction design. These include mental models, mapping, interface metaphors, and affordances. Many of these are laid out in Donald Norman's influential book The Psychology of Everyday Things. As technologies are often overly complex for their intended target audience, interaction design aims to minimize the learning curve and to increase accuracy and efficiency of a task without diminishing usefulness. The objective is to reduce frustration and increase user productivity and satisfaction. Interaction design attempts to improve the usability and experience of the product, by first researching and understanding certain users' needs and then designing to meet and exceed them. (Figuring out who needs to use it, and how those people would like to use it.) Only by involving users who will use a product or system on a regular basis will designers be able to properly tailor and maximize usability. Involving real users, designers gain the ability to better understand user goals and experiences. (see also: User-centered design) There are also positive side effects which include enhanced system capability awareness and user ownership. It is important that the user be aware of system capabilities from an early stage so that expectations regarding functionality are both realistic and properly understood. Also, users who have been active participants in a product's development are more likely to feel a sense of ownership, thus increasing overall satisfa. Instructional design is a goal-oriented, user-centric approach to creating training and education software or written materials. Interaction design and instructional design both rely on cognitive psychology theories to focus on how users will interact with software. They both take an in-depth approach to analyzing the user's needs and goals. A needs analysis is often performed in both disciplines. Both, approach the design from the user's perspective. Both, involve gathering feedback from users, and making revisions until the product or service has been found to be effective. (Summative / formative evaluations) In many ways, instructional
外文翻译
Journal of Industrial Textiles https://www.360docs.net/doc/688947590.html,/ Optimization of Parameters for the Production of Needlepunched Nonwoven Geotextiles Amit Rawal, Subhash Anand and Tahir Shah 2008 37: 341Journal of Industrial Textiles DOI: 10.1177/1528083707081594 The online version of this article can be found at: https://www.360docs.net/doc/688947590.html,/content/37/4/341 Published by: https://www.360docs.net/doc/688947590.html, can be found at:Journal of Industrial TextilesAdditional services and information for https://www.360docs.net/doc/688947590.html,/cgi/alertsEmail Alerts: https://www.360docs.net/doc/688947590.html,/subscriptionsSubscriptions: https://www.360docs.net/doc/688947590.html,/journalsReprints.navReprints: https://www.360docs.net/doc/688947590.html,/journalsPermissions.navPermissions: https://www.360docs.net/doc/688947590.html,/content/37/4/341.refs.htmlCitations: - Mar 28, 2008Version of Record >>
国际贸易英文文献
Strategic transformations in Danish and Swedish big business in an era of globalisation, 1973-2008 The Danish and Swedish context In the difficult inter-war period, a state-supported, protected home market orientation had helped stabilise both Denmark’s and Sweden’s economies, but after WorldWar II priorities changed. Gradually and in accordance with the international economic development, restrictions on foreign trade were removed, and Danish and Swedish industry was exposed to international competition. As a consequence, several home market oriented industries –such as the textile and the shoe industry –were more or less outperformed, while in Sweden the engineering industry soon became the dominant leader of Swedish industry, with companies such as V olvo, Ericsson, Electrolux, ASEA and SKF. In the Danish case, the SMEs continued to be dominant but in combination with expanding export oriented industrial manufacturers such as Lego, Danfoss, Carlsberg and the shipping conglomerates ok and A.P. moller-Marsk. In Sweden and Denmark stable economic growth continued into the 1970s, but due to the problems during the oil crises, the economies came into fundamental structural troubles for the first time since World War II. In the beginning this was counteracted by traditional Keynesian policy measures. However, because of large budget deficits, inflation and increasing wages, both the Danish economy from 1974 and the Swedish economy from 1976 encountered severe problems. Towards the late 1970s Denmark’s and Sweden’s economic policies were thus increasingly questioned. It was clear that Keynesian policy could not solve all economic problems. Expansive fiscal policies in terms of continued deficits on the state budget could not compensate for the loss of both national and international markets and step by step the Keynesian economic policy was abandoned. The increased budget deficit also made it difficult for the state to support employment and regional development. These kinds of heavy governmental activities were also hardly acceptable under the more market oriented policy that developed first in Great Britain and the USA, but in the 1980s also in Denmark and Sweden (Iversen & Andersen, 2008, pp. 313–315; Sjo¨ gren, 2008, pp. 46–54). These changes in political priorities were especially noticeable in the financial market. After being the most state regulated and coordinated sector of the economy since the 1950s, then between 1980 and 1985 the Danish and Swedish financial markets underwent an extensive deregulation resulting in increased competition. Lending from banks and other credit institutes was no longer regulated, and neither were interest rates. The bond market was also opened as the issuance of new bond loans was deregulated in Sweden in 1983. When the control of foreign capital flows was liberalised in the late 1980s the last extraordinary restriction was now gone. Together with the establishment of the new money market with options and derivates, this opened up to a much larger credit market and the possibility for companies to finance investments and increase business domestically as well as abroad (Larsson, 1998, pp. 205–207). Another important part of the regulatory changes in the early 1980s were new rules for the Copenhagen and Stockholm stock exchanges. Introduction on the stock exchange was made much
市场类中英文对照翻译
原文来源：李海宏《Marketing Customer Satisfaction》[A].2012中国旅游分销高峰论坛.[C].上海 Marketing Customer Satisfaction 顾客满意策略与顾客满意营销 Since the 20th century, since the late eighties, the customer satisfaction strategy is increasingly becoming business has more customers share the overall business competitive advantage means. 自20世纪八十年代末以来,顾客满意战略已日益成为各国企业占有更多的顾客份额,获得竞争优势的整体经营手段。 First, customer satisfaction strategy is to get a modern enterprise customers, "money votes" magic weapon 一、顾客满意策略是现代企业获得顾客“货币选票”的法宝 With the changing times, the great abundance of material wealth of society, customers in the main --- consumer demand across the material has a lack of time, the number of times the pursuit, the pursuit of quality time to the eighties of the 20th century entered the era of the end consumer sentiment. In China, with rapid economic development, we have rapidly beyond the physical absence of the times, the pursuit of the number of times and even the pursuit of quality and age of emotions today gradually into the consumer era. Spending time in the emotion, the company's similar products have already reached the same time, homogeneous, with the energy, the same price, consumers are no longer pursue the quality, functionality and price, but the comfort, convenience, safety, comfort, speed, jump action, environmental protection, clean, happy,
工业设计产品设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译原文：
DESIGN and ENVIRONMENT Product design is the principal part and kernel of industrial design. Product design gives uses pleasure. A good design can bring hope and create new lifestyle to human. In spscificity,products are only outcomes of factory such as mechanical and electrical products,costume and so on.In generality,anything,whatever it is tangibile or intangible,that can be provided for a market,can be weighed with value by customers, and can satisfy a need or desire,can be entiled as products. Innovative design has come into human life. It makes product looking brand-new and brings new aesthetic feeling and attraction that are different from traditional products. Enterprose tend to renovate idea of product design because of change of consumer's lifestyle , emphasis on individuation and self-expression,market competition and requirement of individuation of product. Product design includes factors of society ,economy, techology and leterae humaniores. Tasks of product design includes styling, color, face processing and selection of material and optimization of human-machine interface. Design is a kind of thinking of lifestyle.Product and design conception can guide human lifestyle . In reverse , lifestyle also manipulates orientation and development of product from thinking layer.
外文翻译中文版(完整版)
毕业论文外文文献翻译 毕业设计（论文）题目关于企业内部环境绩效审计的研究翻译题目最高审计机关的环境审计活动 学院会计学院 专业会计学 姓名张军芳 班级09020615 学号09027927 指导教师何瑞雄
最高审计机关的环境审计活动 1最高审计机关越来越多的活跃在环境审计领域。特别是1993-1996年期间，工作组已检测到环境审计活动坚定的数量增长。首先，越来越多的最高审计机关已经活跃在这个领域。其次是积极的最高审计机关，甚至变得更加活跃：他们分配较大部分的审计资源给这类工作，同时出版更多环保审计报告。表1显示了平均数字。然而，这里是机构间差异较大。例如，环境报告的数量变化，每个审计机关从1到36份报告不等。 1996-1999年期间，结果是不那么容易诠释。第一，活跃在环境审计领域的最高审计机关数量并没有太大变化。“活性基团”的组成没有保持相同的：一些最高审计机关进入，而其他最高审计机关离开了团队。环境审计花费的时间量略有增加。二，但是，审计报告数量略有下降，1996年和1999年之间。这些数字可能反映了从量到质的转变。这个信号解释了在过去三年从规律性审计到绩效审计的转变（1994-1996年，20％的规律性审计和44％绩效审计;1997-1999：16％规律性审计和绩效审计54％）。在一般情况下，绩效审计需要更多的资源。我们必须认识到审计的范围可能急剧变化。在将来，再将来开发一些其他方式去测算人们工作量而不是计算通过花费的时间和发表的报告会是很有趣的。 在2000年，有62个响应了最高审计机关并向工作组提供了更详细的关于他们自1997年以来公布的工作信息。在1997-1999年，这62个最高审计机关公布的560个环境审计报告。当然，这些报告反映了一个庞大的身躯，可用于其他机构的经验。环境审计报告的参考书目可在网站上的最高审计机关国际组织的工作组看到。这里这个信息是用来给最高审计机关的审计工作的内容更多一些洞察。 自1997年以来，少数环境审计是规律性审计（560篇报告中有87篇，占16％）。大多数审计绩效审计（560篇报告中有304篇，占54％），或组合的规律性和绩效审计（560篇报告中有169篇，占30％）。如前文所述，绩效审计是一个广泛的概念。在实践中，绩效审计往往集中于环保计划的实施（560篇报告中有264篇，占47％），符合国家环保法律，法规的，由政府部门，部委和/或其他机构的任务给访问（560篇报告中有212篇，占38％）。此外，审计经常被列入政府的环境管理系统（560篇报告中有156篇，占28％）。下面的元素得到了关注审计报告：影响或影响现有的国家环境计划非环保项目对环境的影响;环境政策;由政府遵守国际义务和承诺的10％至20％。许多绩效审计包括以上提到的要素之一。 1本文译自：S. Van Leeuwen.(2004).’’Developments in Environmental Auditing by Supreme Audit Institutions’’ Environmental Management Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 163–1721