详细解析新SAT写作
详细解析新SAT写作
新SAT写作作为选考出现，但由于美国前50所名校要求申请者具备SAT写作成绩，那么目标远大的考生们就必须做好相关准备。与以前的写作部分相比，新SAT写作不需要考生针对某个观点或现象给出主观态度，它上升到赏析层面，这相当于把一篇阅读能出题的地方用连贯的文章呈现出来。从评分标准上来看，阅读、分析及写作三个项目各占8分，满分8，8，8分。
就第一个项目阅读而言，SAT写作要求考生必须尽量在十分钟内读完一篇长达650-750词的议论文。这是决定接下来的分析及写作是否有效的关键。在读文章时，考生要准确识别出这篇文章的论点、论据、论证方法及明显的修辞手法。这一点与阅读部分的考查的目的题、主旨题相同，考生需要明确目标文章使用了哪些论据－－数据、引用、个人经历等；哪些论证方法－－对比论证、例证、因果论证等；哪些修辞手法－－类比、明喻或者暗喻、重复等，这些专业术语的识别及拼写必须在考前滚瓜烂熟掌握。不过好消息是每篇文章的前后会给出提示性文字分别介绍文章的题目与论点，这为考生分析文章点亮明灯。
而针对第二个项目－－分析，则需要考生能全面评价作者如何通过论据、论证及修辞手法的运用来支持论点。SAT写作这一项目往往是考生自以为简单，但实际上很难拿高分。既然是分析，就一定要有理有据有节，它需要结合阅读理解及考生的分析能力，切勿出现主观评判、无序拼接、张冠李戴。由于大部分学生都从未接触过赏析英文的培训，最快上手的方法是参考官方指南上的高分范文，从而学会评价作者如何使用各种论据、论证方法、修辞手法来支持论点。但这并不意味着我们要把文章中所有使用的以上三点都写出来，由于时间有
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限，我们只用把占篇幅最大或特征最明显的要点呈现出来即可，官方指南明确表示把点写透比把点写全要更能得高分。
针对第三个部分，考生要能写出一篇流利、完整的评价。流利意味着语句通顺，句子、段落之间逻辑衔接；完整意味着有开头段、主体段及结尾段。考生在准备SAT写作部分时，首先要积累的是丰富多样的句型，这类评述型句型可在各类流行社论、书评里摘抄。然后确定一个合理的文章结构，除开头结尾段外，主体段该安排几个，每个段落该如何展开。官方指南上的满分文章写了五段，我们可以分析其中的第三段：第一句是本段主题句，提出Summers使用论据来说服读者使用塑料袋是正确的行为；第二句依次列举Summers引用的重要机构及权威专家；第三句评价引用权威对提升论点可信度的作用；第四句列举原文提到的数据；第五句评价提供数据的作用；第六句通过双重否定体强调论据对议论文可信度的重要。这样的主体段落结构清晰，要点全面，有理有据，必然是满分。
50分钟内写完这样一篇完整、流畅的评论需要考生具备快速的阅读、分析、写作速度，其中提高写作速度为重中之重。有规律的反馈性写作练习正是唯一的解决方案。前期在准备句型、分析文章时需要一个月左右，到了开始练习文章写作时，每天练习一篇雷打不动，到了考前一个月必须要开始每天计时写一篇。所谓反馈性在于写的每一篇文章都要有专业修改，这可以帮助考生意识到忽略的评论要点和误区。练习时笔者建议依然使用与阅读部分相同的资源。
以上我们对新SAT写作根据阅读、分析、写作的评分标准进行了详细的分析，并给出了每部分的具体联系方法，你明白了吗？
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新sat作文范文
Is the Vietnam War a wise choice? Martin Luther King Jr., the famous leader of the African-American Civil Rights Movement, stated his opinion that it was totally wrong to start that war. Meanwhile, in order to strengthen his opinion, rhetorical devices, such as parallel, contrast, irony, personal anecdote, quotation, were utilized in his speech, which made his speech more persuasive and evoked the audience to stand by his side Throughout the whole passage, the use of contrast presented two extreme opposite sides, which highlighted the difference and conflicts between what is shown on TV screens to the reality of the society; the rhetorical device of parallel showed strong artistic expression of contend, which strengthened the speaker’s point of view concerning how the miserable situation the poor are facing with; it is the personal anecdote illustrated an undeniable truth of his own experience of convincing angry young men that described his opinion
新SAT写作评分标准详细解读
新SAT写作评分标准详细解读 三立在线SAT频道为大家带来新SAT写作评分标准详细解读一文，希望对大家SAT备考有所帮助。更多精彩尽请关注三立在线SAT频道! 一、新SAT写作如何评分 新SAT写作评分标准在OG里分为三个方面：阅读、分析和写作。每部分的分数为1-4分。考生可得到的分数为2-8分。新SAT对写作字数没有硬性要求，一般写到500单词左右即可。文章以5段为宜。那具体通过哪些方面来评分呢? 首先，作文能够明确辨识文章的中心观点、证据和各种写作手法。第二，作文能够评估理解文章证据、展开方式，修辞手法的作用和使用价值。第三，作文能够准确选择和引用文中细节语句辅助自己文章的展开。最后，作文是一篇高效组织的学术文章。另外，语言的规范也尤其重要，这里语言规范指语言表达的正确性，这包括多变的句式(不一定全是倒装句、强调句等)、精确的词汇(不一定复杂)、适当的从句(定语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句等)，但需要避免口语化的表达。 总的来说，新SAT写作要求以下几个方面：1. Make a claim. 2. Organize your argument. 3. Switch up your sentences. 4. Choose smart words. 5. Use an academic tone. 6. Use good grammar. 二、新SAT写作框架
首段是Intro段，本段清楚地表达作者的观点。 支撑段为body paragraph段。每个body paragraph段有个中心的claim 和相应的evidence. Evidence 包括：facts事实，credible sources可靠信息来源，examples例子。在支撑段中会用到很多修辞手法，常见的有：metaphor 暗喻，appeal to emotion诉诸情感，comparison/contrast比较对比，word choice词汇选择，repetition重复，propaganda夸大宣传。 结尾段是conclusion段，深化作者的argument. 三、写作模板例证 Example 1 (from OG) 首段：In response to our world’s growing reliance on artificial light,writer Paul Bogard argues that natural darkness should be preserved in his article “Let There Be Dark”. He effectively builds his argument by using a personal anecdote, allusions to art and history, and rhetorical questions. (最后一句即为thesis statement) Body paragraph 1: Bogard starts his article off by recounting a personal story –a summer spent on a Minnesota lake where there was “woods so dark that his hands disappeared before his eyes” Body paragraph 2: Bogard’s argument is also furthered by his use of allusion to …
SAT写作范文推荐
三立教育https://www.360docs.net/doc/679175837.html, SAT写作范文推荐 写作对考生来说是一大挑战，下面小编就南北战争为大家带来写作范文 Civil War Ross K. In the Civil War, General Robert E. Lee of the United States of the Confederacy, was on a winning streak against the armies of the United States of the Union. At the battle of Gettysburg, in Pennsylvania, the Confederate armies outnumbered the Union soldiers barricading themselves inside the town. General Lee created battle tactics and strategies for the assault on Gettysburg. Through his extensive planning and military genius, Robert E. Lee was confident that his battalions would overtake the Union. However, during this decisive battle, Robert E. Lee's strategies failed the Confederacy, and the unexpected happened; Ulysses S. Grant and the Union armies defeated Lee. Even though General Lm planned thoroughly, Lee did not expect the Union to retreat to Cemetery Hill where they would have the advantage of elevation. Both sides suffered major casualties, but it was the Union that won the battle.
月新SAT官方新样题第一时间解读：满分写作范文解析
月新SAT官方新样题第一时间解读：满分写作范文解析
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2015年1月新SAT官方新样题第一时间解读：满分写作范文解析 本次官方给出了两道样题，北京新东方张卉老师针对第一篇样题（节选自Paul Bogard 于2012.12.21发表在《洛杉矶时报》的“Let There Be Dark.”）的满分作文进行了官方得分理由的第一时间解读。 满分作文（阅读部分4分，理解部分4分，写作部分4分） 阅读理解部分---4分：这篇作文通过熟练的间接引用--转述技巧（paraphrases）和直接引用技巧（direct quotations）展现出了对材料文章全面充分的理解能力。作者用简洁的语言概括了Bogard’s piece这篇文章的主旨，即(natural darkness should be preserved; we must preserve true, unaffected darkness)，并从材料文章中找寻证据来说明作者如何支持主旨：如提及作者用个人轶事来开篇；提及Bogard对Paris’ reputation as “The City of Ligh t”这一历史典故的引用。考生并未直接引用大段的作者原文，而是用自己简洁精确的转述语言来全面解读Bogard 的这篇argument，考生能够清晰有条理的说明Bogard如何使用细节来支持主旨。这篇文章没有对材料文章事实的误读或曲解。总而言之，此文反映出了考生优秀的阅读理解技巧。 分析能力部分—4分：北京新东方张卉老师通过结合官方理由解读，这篇满分文章展现了考生深刻透彻的分析能力并展现出考生对分析技巧这一要求的深刻理解。考生认真全面地解释了Bogard如何通过使用个人轶事，艺术和历史引喻，修辞手段等方法来展开他的议论。例如：考生分析了Bogard为何采用个人轶事这一手段来进行开篇，并描述了作者采用这一方法对读者产生的整体效果，如(In telling this brief anecdote, Bogard challenges the audience to remember a time where they could fully amass themselves in natural darkness void of artificial light. By drawing in his readers with a personal encounter...the author means to establish the potential for beauty, glamour, and awe-inspiring mystery that genuine darkness can possess.... This ane cdote provides a baseline of sorts for readers to find credence with the author’s claims. ) 括号 中这一有说服力的逻辑链表明了考生从手段功能性和读者效果性两个方面，全面地理解了Bogard采用个人轶事这一方式开篇的作用。这种深刻的分析在通篇都展现得非常明显，此文反映出了考生优秀的分析技巧。 写作能力部分—4分：这篇文章行文连贯结构紧密，展现出考生极高的语言运用掌握能力。这篇文章有清晰明确的主旨，即：(He effectively builds his argument by using personal anecdote, allusions to art and history, and rhetorical questions)，篇章的主体段紧密围绕着Bogard的原文的三个主要主体部分进行结构展开。每一段的段落内部的观点递进也清晰严谨。考生开头段和结尾段的写作技巧纯熟简明，并很好的概括了Bogard的主旨及其全篇分析结构。考生全篇用词准确和措辞得当，(the natural magnificence of stars in a dark sky is definite, our world consumed by unnatural, vapid lighting, the affecting power of an untainted night sky). 文章句式 变换多样，且使用了很多高级的复杂句(By doing this, Bogard creates a dichotomy between Paris’ traditionally alluded-to name and the reality of what Paris is becoming –no longer “the city
新SAT写作变为选考三大原因介绍
新SAT写作变为选考三大原因介绍若不是考生所申请的学校要求提供作文成绩，考生是能够自主选择是不是参加此项考试。但果真是这样的吗?根据最新SAT出台后，针对选考的设定出现了许多的争论。实际上所谓选考只是针对拥有选择权的学校来说，而针对广大考生，名为「选考」，实为「必考」，所以以下介绍了新SAT写作变为选考三大原因。 理由一：美国顶尖大学的要求 美国大部分大学，尤其是排名考前的大学，全部需要大家提供新SAT写作成绩。到现在为止美国排名前10的大学中，已经有了4 所大学在官方文件里明确表示要大家提交新SAT写作成绩，它们是普林斯顿、耶鲁、斯坦福和加州理工。其中只有2所大学(哥伦比亚和宾夕法尼亚)表示了根本不要大家提供新SAT写作成绩，但是剩下的4 所大学(哈佛、芝加哥、麻省理工和杜克大学)还没有给出针对新SAT 写作的具体申明。此外现在排名在20 位、在中国学生中知名度较高的加州伯克利也明确提出要求考生提供新SAT写作成绩。这5所大学对新SAT 写作的态度代表了一种趋势，即大部分学校，特别是排名靠前的大学，非常看重考生的新SAT 写作成绩。所以如果你的目标是这些一流大学的话，新SAT 写作于你而言便是「必考」项了。 理由二：新SAT写作成绩可以成为加分项 介绍了有关针对新SAT 写作的态度，有一些学校尽管不明确要求考生提供，但「推荐」考生提供，比如排名第14 的布朗大学。表示了若大家在申请材料中附上作文成绩，会是一个加分项。此点同样适用在还没有给出对新SAT 写作态度的大学，例如上文提及的哈佛、芝加哥、麻省理工和杜克，还有全美排名在10-20 之间的约翰霍普斯金大学、达特茅斯学院、西北大学、康奈尔大学、范德堡大学、圣路易斯华盛顿大学和莱斯大学。实际上大部分
SAT写作模板
SAT写作模板 SAT Essay作文模板 第一段determining whether something should or should not be done could be weighed in many aspects. different people have different answers due to their
respective point of view. on balance, my view is that the final judgment should depend on a case-by-case analysis of the two situations. / in my point
view, i agree with the speaker on the grounds that… / at the first glance, this opinion seems to be somewhat appealing, but further reflection tells
that i cannot agree with it for the following reasons. 第二段**同意the first and foremost reason why i support / agree with above statement is that …there
also a further 每 more subtle 每 point to consider.**反对although at first glance these arguments sound reasonable and appealing, they are not borne out by a
环球雅思中小学-【SAT写作】范文
SAT写作范文 Abraham Lincoln said, "Most people are about as happy as they make up their minds to be." In other words, our personal level of satisfaction is entirely within our control. Otherwise, why would the same experience disappoint one person but delight another? Happiness is not an accident but a choice. Assignment: Is happiness something over which people have no control, or can people choose to be happy? Plan and write an essay in which you develop your point of view on this issue. Support your position with reasoning and examples taken from your reading, studies, experience, or observations. My Essay: Happiness is an elixir to all diseases, so everyone wants happiness and most of them think that it comes from success. But even if we fail something, we can still choose to be happy. Last year, our school held a basketball competition. Our class had entered into the semi-final and all the students in our class were very excited. Moreover, we had just beaten the team which was considered the best in our grade and my classmates were hopeful that we might enter the final game. On the day of the semi-final, the players of our team went to the field in our cheers. But as soon as we saw the members of the other team, we knew it would be a hard match. One of the players in their team is as tall as 1.93 m, much taller than any of our players and we also learned that their team was the only one which hadn’t lost a single game. The match started. To our disappointment, our team wasn’t playing well, and the best player in our team was followed by the tallest in theirs at every pace. Anxious and worried, we girls jumped onto the platform beside and shouted at the top of our voices. After sometime, it seemed that our cheers had gave my classmates some energy and they began to catch up, slowly but gradually, we were only two points behind. But just at that time, the first ten minutes were over and we came to a stop. The players were tired but hopeful, and we kept cheering them. However, when the match started again, our opponents seemed to become stronger. They got more points and we were soon eleven points behind. Meanwhile, our throats were burning, but we kept shouting for our classmates. Though we caught up some points, at last we lost by only one point. When we got back to the classroom, all of my classmates were disappointed and sad. One of the players even cried. But our teacher came in at that moment and said, “Cheer up everyone, we just lost by one point and we are already the top four. We still have a match and let’s get the third place!” Then one of my classmates suddenly went to the dais and wrote something encouraging on the blackboard and one by one, over ten of our classmates all
新 SAT 写作题型解读
新SAT写作题型解读 本文以College Board给出的官方练习题“Let There Be Dark”为例，深入了解新SAT写作（Essay）题型的写作要求以及应对方法。让同学们学会解读题干，了解写作评分标准。 接下来是新SAT写作题型解读，以“Let There Be Dark”（原文链接）官方练习题为例，给大家梳理写作需要大家注意的要点。 一.考试性质 虽然新SAT写作的官方定位为「任选」（optional）项，但事实上，这只是针对拥有选择权的大学来说。对于考生本身，就算目前所申请的学校不需要提供新SAT作文成绩，也不能保证之后申请的学校也不需要，所以早点通过可以有备无患，不必额外花钱重新参加一次考试，避免耗时耗力。事实上美国排名靠前的大学（如普林斯顿、耶鲁）都明确提出要求考生提供新SAT写作成绩，这说明新SAT写作虽然名义上是「选考」，但对于那些想进名校的考生来说，实际上是「必考」。退一步讲，而且就算考生申请的学校不要求提供新SAT写作成绩，如果附上，也算作加分项。如此锦上添花的事，何乐而不为呢？ 新SAT写作共50分钟，在这段时间里，考生需要阅读一篇文章，并据此写出一篇逻辑严谨、结构清晰的分析性文章。需要注意的是，考生本身不能对文章观点做出评判，只需要立足原文客观分析其论证过程即可，这是新SAT写作和老SAT写作最大的不同之处。 二.题干解读 新SAT写作题目包括两个引导和一篇文章。需要注意的是，两个引导部分的大部分内容是固定的。引导1点明新SAT写作的三个层面，即考生需要从「论据」（evidence）、「逻辑」（reasoning）和「修辞」（stylistic or persuasive elements）三方面展开分析。「论据」是作者用来证明观点成立的依据，包括事实、数据、实验结果、个人经历等；「逻辑」是作者的论证思路，即借助论据证明观点成立的过程。「修辞」侧重作者的语言表达和情感激发对读者的说服作用。引导2一方面会给出作者的结论，提示考生选用文中最有代表性的论证手法进行分析，不必面面俱到；另一方面会提示考生，写作应该立足于分析原作者的论证过程，而不能表露自己个人对原文观点的认同或者反对。 阅读文章是一篇议论文，字数在650到750之间，来源多为已出版发行的报刊杂志，如The Economist，New York Times，Washington Post等。文章题材多元，涵盖文学、艺术、科学、政治、社会等各个层面，但专业性不强，考生即使没有专业背景也可以读懂。
天速成新sat写作一篇新sat佳作需要的套路
GET经典做题答题模式， 稳拿基础分！ 新SAT的短文涉及阅读一篇原文，然后写篇短文对原文进行分析。得分包括阅读理解（reading）、分析(analysis)和写作（writing）三部分。每部分满分四分。考试时间50分钟。 第一部分：阅读技巧（萃取材料） 1.先读短文后作文题目，标出关键词句，搞清楚靶子在哪里； 2.阅读原文标题，标出作者和原文标题，以备引用； 3.标出原文中的引句、反问句； 4.在每个段落旁边注明此段落属性：话题、论据、风格、说服方式、写作技巧； 5.标出中心思想或话题（main ideas or claim）的句子； 6.标出可以引用的句子。 第二部分：分析和构思（组合材料）
步骤（一）：把论据分组，整理出一组最合适作文题目的论据（Evidence）和要说明的议题（Claim），建立逻辑关系； 步骤（二）：在这组的论据里，提出所用的风格、说服方式、写作技巧（Stylistic, persuasive elements : word choice, appeals to emotion)的具体应用和达到的效果； 步骤（三）：对原文的诉求和具体论述方法作个总结: 作文的中心思想。 具体做法： 1.把原文中的论据分类，分出可分类的论据和通用的论据； 2.取出最有力的一类论据（evidence）和通用论据建立与中心思想或某个话题（Main idea 或Claim ）的关系。用线条把它们连接起来； 3.理出原文的开头、结尾或某一段落的具体方法和技巧。标记在段落旁边。标出可以引用的原文句子； 4.深入分析原文中要用的一组证据和Claim 的关联和逻辑，所用的风格、说服方式、写作技巧（Stylistic, persuasive elements : word choice, appeals to emotion)的具体做法和效果。标记在旁边。同时标出准备引用的原文句子；
SAT essay写作真题官方满分范文精选1
Essay2:Is creativity needed more than ever in the world today? Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt and the assignment below. an essay in which you develop your point of view on this issue.Support your position with reasoning and examples taken from your reading,studies,experience,or observations
In a world where economic prosperity and“getting ahead”in work and technology are highly valued,creativity and the arts are often shunted in favor of more“practical”pursuits.Students abandon dreams of acting or painting in order to major in medicine,computer technology,or engineering:highly profitable and scientific fields.Even with the advances in these fields,however,there is still a need for creativity in our world,because seeing things in a new way can make all the difference. Today,more and more public schools are forced to abandon their arts programs to make time for subjects like science and math:subjects in which all students must have a basic knowledge in order to succeed in higher education.However,by leaving these programs behind, children are deprived of the creative stimulation that the arts provide,and are taught to view the world in“black and white”terms:one right answer to every problem.With a view such as this, how will children perform in the future?It may be assumed that all people will see things the same way,and propose only one solution to a problem,failing to see the bigger picture. Creativity has obviously influenced earlier generations in a positive way,so there is no need to eliminate creativity from our world.What would have happened if Franklin Roosevelt had never proposed his New Deal?The Great Depression might have persisted for some time,robbing even more families of their chance at prosperity and happiness.However,by proposing a new, creative solution for the problem of the U.S.’s depression,FDR pulled the nation out of its slump. Another example of how creativity has positively influenced the world happened just recently, with the introduction of hybrid cars.These new cars do not rely on as much oil as other cars do in
SAT essay写作真题官方满分范文精选5
Essay 5:Are people motivated to achieve by personal satisfaction rather than by money or fame? Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt and the assignment below. Assignment :Are people motivated to achieve by personal satisfaction rather than by money or fame?Plan and write an essay in which you develop your point of view on this issue.Support your position with reasoning and examples taken from your reading,studies,experience,or Observations.
Even though we live in a capitalist society,I still cannot help but believe,despite my own cynicism,that people are more motivated to achieve something for personal satisfaction rather than monetary gains.Look at Chekov's short story,“The Bet.”A man agrees to sacrifice fifteen years of his life in prison in exchange for a million dollars. Obviously his motivation for such an extreme bet is wealth,but by the end of the prison sentence,the man could care less about the money.After years of introspection,of reading Shakespeare,The Bible,and textbooks,the man actually comes to despise the money he once sought;the money he signed away fifteen years of his life for.He does not collect his money from the banker,he runs away to be on his own and continue to live the life of solitude he has learned to love,free of money and possessions. Also,in a psychology class,one of the first things students study when they come to the topic of motivation,is external stimulus versus personal drive.Any textbook will tell one that studies show that a child is more likely to put as much energy as possible into completing a task when it is something that makes him happy,than if he was doing it for a physical reward. A child is more likely to get good grades,if it makes him feel good about himself,than if his parents offer to pay him every time he makes the honor roll.I agree with this theory on motivation because I see it play out everyday in my life.If my older sister had been concerned with money and fame,which reality television tells us every night is important,she would have gone to college after graduating high school.She knew though,that school and learning did not make her happy,and she was not going to suffer through four more years of school just because a college degree could lead to a more successful job.Right now she does not make as much money at her job,but she likes her life and the way she lives;she has more fun
作文范文之sat作文题目汇总
sat作文题目汇总 【篇一：2014年sat写作题目汇总】 2014年sat写作题目汇总 2014.01.25 1. 2. 3. successful than those who do? 4. forward? 2014.03.08 5.assignment: should people who are more fortunate than others have more of a moral obligation to help those who are less fortunate? 6. 7. 2014.05.03 8. achievements? 9.assignment: should we express our disagreement with authority figures权威人物, even if there are negative consequences? assignment: should people focus on enjoying the present moment instead of following a plan for future achievement? 2014.06.07 achievement? another? 2014年10月 ice? assignment: is envy necessarily a bad thing? 2014年11月8日 assignment: is quitting ever a good idea? assignment: should we complain to get what we want? 2014年12月6日 assignment: are snap judgments better than decisions to which people give a lot of thought? assignment: is most of what people buy totally unnecessary?
新SAT写作高分词汇总结
新SAT写作高分词汇总结 新SAT写作部分仍然需要一些高级的词汇来为文章增加亮点, 这看似和老SAT写作的要求一致，但是，由于新SAT写作部分题型的变化，考生需要掌握的相关词汇也会有一些不同，本文将为大家分享一下小站老师精心总结可以替换的几类高级词汇，以帮助考生提升行文效果。 》》》扩展阅读：SAT写作高分模板 一、动词： 1)支持，维护： declare：The governors have to declare for protecting property right. defend：He attempts to defend this position, justify it to his disciples who are worried that it may not be true. endorse：Aristotle could never endorse the view stated by a famous American president that the business of America is business. 2) 证明……有理： warrant：They are now of sufficient standing to warrant their entering the married state. legitimize: The parameter of this system uses Fuzzy Theory to legitimize the parameter in the handbook. substantiate：There is little scientific evidence to substantiate the claims. 3)澄清，阐明： clarify：The paper tries to clarify the role and advantage of education with English films as well as analyzes how to choose the appropriate teaching films. define：You are required to define what metaphor is. elucidate：On the basis of my own observations, I should like to elucidate a few problems concerning the Soviet Union and China. illuminate：We hope that the discovery of the latter will further illuminate the basic structure of the universe. interpret：The major focus of this thesis is how to reasonably interpret Chinese tense in the framework of Minimalist Program. 4)反对：