NYPE46(土产格式)中英对照版本
Time Charter
GOVERNMENT FORM
Approved by the New York Produce Exchange
November 6th, 1913—Amended October 20th, 1921; August 6th, 1931, October 3rd 1946
1 THIS CHARTER PARTY, made and concluded in …………………………………day of ……………………………19………………………………….
2
Betwee n…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3 Owners of the good ……………………….……………Steamship/Motorship......................................................................... ................of .............…………
4 of………………….tons gross regi ster, and ....................tons net register, having engines of ..................................................................indicated horse power
5 and with hull, machinery and equipment in a thoroughly efficient state6, and classed................................................................................................................
6 at ............................................. of about ..........................................................cubic feet bale capacity, and about.....………………………..tons of 2240 Ibs.
7 deadweight capacity (cargo and bunkers, including fresh water and stores together not exceeding one and one-half per cent of ship's deadweight capacity,
8 allowing a minimum of fifty tons) on a draft of ............. feet ................................. inches on................... Summer freeboard inclusive of permanent bunkers,
9 which are of the capacity of about................................................................................ tons of fuel, and capable of steaming, fully laden, under good weather
10 conditions about ......................... knots on a consumption of about ………………….... tons of best Welsh coal—best grade fuel oil—best grade Diesel oil,
11
now ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……
12 ................................................ and………………………………………………………….Charterers of the City of…………………………………………
13 WITNESSETH,That the said Owners agree to let, and the said Charterers agree to hire the said vessel, from the time of delivery, for
14
about ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....
15 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….within below mentioned trading limits.
16 Charterers to have liberty to sublet the vessel for all or any part of the time covered by this Charter, but Charterers remaining responsible for
17 the fulfillment of this Charter Party.
18 Vessel to be placed at the disposal of the Charterers, at……………………………………………………………………………………………................
19 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
20 in such dock or at such wharf or place (where she may safely lie, always afloat, at all times of tide, except as otherwise provided in clause No.6), as
21 the Charterers may direct. If such dock, wharf or place be not available time to count as provided for in clause No 5. Vessel on her delivery to be
22 ready to receive cargo with clean-swept holds and tight, staunch, strong and in every way fitted for the service, having water ballast, winches and
23 donkey boiler with sufficient steam power, or if not equipped with donkey boiler, then other power sufficient to run all the winches at one and the same
24 time (and with full complement of officers, seamen, engineers and firemen for a vessel of her tonnage), to be employed, in carrying lawful merchant-
25 dise, including petroleum or its products, in proper containers, excluding…………………………………………………………………………………
26 (vessel is not to be employed in the carriage of Live Stock, but Charterers are to have the privilege of shipping a small number on deck at their risk,
27 all necessary fitting and other requirements to be for account of Charterers), in such lawful trades, between safe port, and/or ports in British North
28 America, and/or United States of America, and/or West Indies, and/or Central America, and/or Caribbean Sea, and/or Gulf of Mexico, and/or
29 Mexico, and/or South America............................................................................................................................................... ........................... and/or Europe
30 and/or Africa, and/or Asia, and/or Australia, and/or Tasmania, and/or New Zealand, but excluding Magdalena River, River St Lawrence between
31 October 31st and May 15th, Hudson Bay and all unsafe ports; also excluding, when out of season, White Sea, Black Sea and the Baltic, ………………
32 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
33 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
34 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
35 as the Charterers or their Agents shall direct, on the following conditions:
36 1.That the owners shall provide and pay for all provisions, wages and Consular shipping and discharging fees of the crew; shall pay for the
37 insurance of the vessel, also for all the cabin, deck, engine-room and other Necessary
stores, including boiler water and maintain her class and keep
38 the vessel in a thoroughly efficient state in hull, machinery and equipment for and
during the service.
39 2.That the Charterers shall provide and pay for all the fuel except as
otherwise agreed, Port charges, Pilotages, Agencies, Commissions.
40 Consular charges (except those pertaining to the Crew), and all other usual expenses
except those before stated, but when the vessel puts into
41 a port for causes for which vessel is responsible, then all such charges incurred shall be paid by the Owners. Fumigations ordered because of
42 illness of the crew to be for Owners account. Fumigations ordered because of cargoes carried or ports visited while vessel is employed under this
43 Charter to be for Charterers account. All other fumigations to be for Charterers account after vessel has been on charter for a continuous period
44 of six months or more.
45 Charterers are to provide necessary dunnage and shifting boards, also any extra fittings requisite for a special trade or unusual cargo, but
46 Owners to allow them the use of any dunnage and shifting boards already aboard vessel. Charterers to have the privilege of using shifting boards
47 for dunnage, they making good any damage thereto.
48 3.That the Charterers, at the port of delivery, and the owners, at the port of re-delivery shall take over and pay for all fuel remaining on
49 board the vessel at the current prices in the respective ports, the vessel to be delivered with not less than………………. tons and not more than
50 …………………..tons and to be re-delivered with not less than …………………..tons and not more than……….tons.
51 4.That the charterers shall pay for the use and hire of the said vessel at the rate of…………………………………………………………………...
52 ……………………………………………………United States currency per ton on vessel’s total deadweight carrying capacity, including bunkers and
53 stores, on………………………….summer freeboard, per calendar Month, commencing on and from the day of delivery , as aforesaid, and at
54 and after the same rate for any part of a month; hire to continue until the hour of the day of her re-delivery in like good order and condition, ordinary
55 wear and tear excepted, to the owners (unless lost) at ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
56 …………………………………………………………unless otherwise mutually agreed. Charterers are to give owners not less than ………….days
57 notice of vessel’s expected date of re – delivery, and probable port.
58 5.Payment of said hire to be made in New York in cash in United States Currency, semi-monthly in advance, and for the last half moth or
59 part of same the approximate amount of hire, and should same not cover the actual time, hire is to be paid for the balance day by day, as it becomes
60 due, If so required by Owners, unless bank guarantee or deposit is made by the Charterers, otherwise failing the punctual and regular payment of the
61 hire, or bank guarantee, or on any breach of this charter party, the Owners shall be at liberty to withdraw the vessel from the service of the Char-
62 terers, without prejudice to any claim they (the owners) may otherwise have on the
Charterers. Time to count from 7 a.m. on the working day
63 following that on which written notice of readiness has been given to Charterers or their Agents before 4 p.m., but if required by Charterers, they
64 to have the privilege of using vessel at once, such time used to count as hire.
65 Cash for vessel’s ordinary disbursements at any port may be advanced as required by the captain, by the Charterers or their agents, subject to
66 2 ?% commission and such advances shall be deducted from the hire. The Charterers, however, shall in no way be responsible for the application
67 Of such advances.
68 6.That the cargo or cargoes be laden and/or discharged in any dock or at any wharf or place that Charterers or their agents may
69 direct, provided the vessel can safely lie always, afloat at any time of tide, Except as such places where it is customary for similar size vessels to safely
70 lie aground.
71 7.That the whole reach of the Vessel’s Hold, Decks, and usual places of loading (not more than she can reasonably stow and carry), also
72 accommodations for Supercargo, if carried, shall be at the Charterers’ disposal, re serving only proper and sufficient space for Ship’s officers, crew,
73 tackle, apparel, furniture, provisions, stores and fuel. Charterers have the privilege of passengers as far as accommodations allow, Charterers
74 paying Owners……………….per day pe r passenger for accommodations and meals. However, it is agreed that in case any fines or extra expenses are
75 incurred in the consequence of the carriage of passengers, Charterers are to bear such risk and expense.
76 8.That the Captain shall prosecute his voyages with the utmost despatch, and shall render all customary assistance with ship’s crew and
77 boats .The Captain (although appointed by the Owners), shall be under the orders and directions of the Charterers as regards employment and
78 agency; and Charterers are to load, stow, and trim the cargo at their expense under the supervision of the Captain, who is to sign Bills of Lading for
79 cargo as presented, in conformity with Mate’s or Tally Clerk’s receipts.
80 9.That if the Charterers shall have reason to be dissatisfied with the conduct of the Captain, Officers, or Engineers, the Owners shall on
81 receiving particulars of the complaint, investigate the same, and, if necessary, make a change in the appointments.
82 10. That the Charterers shall have permission to appoint a Supercargo, who shall accompany the vessel and see that voyages are prosecuted
83 with the utmost despatch. He is to be furnished with free accommodation, and same fare as provided for Captain's table, Charterers paying at the
84 rate of $1.00 per day. Owners to victual Pilots and Customs Officers, and also, when authorized by Charterers or their Agents, to victual Tally
85 Clerks, Stevedore's Foreman, etc., Charterers paying at the current rate per meal, for all such victualling.
86 11. That the Charterers shall furnish the Captain from time to time with all
requisite instructions and sailing directions, in writing, and the
87 Captain shall keep a full and correct Log of the voyage or voyages, which are to be patent to the Charterers or their Agents, and furnish the Char-
88 terers, their Agents or Supercargo, when required, with a true copy of daily Logs, showing the course of the vessel and distance run and the con-
89 sumption of fuel.
90 12.That the Captain shall use diligence in caring for the ventilation of the cargo.
91 13. That the Charterers shall have the option of continuing this charter for a further period of..........................................................................
92 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
93 on giving written notice thereof to the Owners or their Agents ...... days previous to the expiration of the first-named term, or any declared option.
94. 14. That if required by Charterers, time not to commence before……………………………………………………………….and should vessel
95 not have given written notice of readiness on or before …………………………………………………………but not later than 4 pm. Charterers or
96 their Agents to have the option of cancelling this Charter at any time not later than the day of vessel's readiness.
97 15. That in the event of the loss of time from deficiency of men or stores, fire, breakdown or damages to hull, machinery or equipment,
98 grounding, detention by average accidents to ship or cargo, drydocking for the purpose of examination or painting bottom, or by any other cause
99 preventing the full working of the vessel, the payment of hire shall cease for the time thereby lost and if upon the voyage the speed be reduced by
100 defect in or breakdown of any part of her hull, machinery or equipment, the time so lost, and the cost of any extra fuel consumed in consequence
101 thereof and all extra expenses shall be deducted from hire.
102 16. That should the Vessel be lost, money paid in advance and not earned (reckoning from the date of loss or being last heard of) shall be
103 returned to the Charterers at once. The act of God, enemies, fire, restraint of Princes, Rulers and People, and all dangers and accidents of the Seas,
104 Rivers, Machinery, Boilers and Steam Navigation, and errors of Navigation throughout this Charter Party, always mutually excepted.
105 The vessel shall have the liberty to sail with or without pilots, to tow and to be towed, to assist vessels in distress, and to deviate for the
106 purpose of saving life and property.
107 17. That should any dispute arise between Owners and the Charterers, the matter in dispute shall be referred to three persons at New York,
108 one to be appointed by each of the parties hereto, and the third by the two so chosen; their decision or that of any two of them, shall be final, and for
109 the purpose of enforcing any award, this agreement may be made a rule of the
Court. The Arbitrators shall be commercial men.
110 18. That the Owners shall have a lien upon all cargoes and all sub-freight for any amounts due under this Charter, including General Aver-
111 age contributions, and the Charterers to have a lien on the Ship for all monies paid in advance and not earned, and any overpaid hire or excess deposit
112 to be returned at once. Charterers will not suffer, nor permit to be continued, any lien or encumbrance incurred by them or their agents, which
113 might have priority over the title and interest of the owners in the vessel.
114 19. That all derelicts and salvage shall be for Owners' and Charterers' equal benefit after deducting Owners' and Charterers' expenses and
115 Crew's proportion. General Average shall be adjusted, stated and settled, according to Rules 1 to 15, inclusive, 17 to 22, inclusive and Rule F of
116 York-Antwerp Rules 1924, at such port or place in the United States as may be selected by the carrier, and as to matters not provided for by these
117 Rules, according to the laws and usages at the port of New York. In such adjustment disbursements in foreign currencies shall be exchanged into
118 United States money at the rate prevailing on the dates made and allowances for damage to cargo claimed in foreign currency shall be converted at
119 the rate prevailing on the last day of discharge at the port or place of final discharge of such damaged cargo from the ship.Average agreement or
120 bond and such additional security, as may be required by the carrier, must be furnished before delivery of the goods. Such cash deposit as the carrier
121 or his agents may deem sufficient as additional security for the contribution of the goods and for any salvage and special charges thereon, shall, if
122 required, be made by the goods, shippers, consignees or owners of the goods to the carrier before delivery. Such deposit shall, at the option of the
123 carrier, be payable in United States money and be remitted to the adjuster. When so remitted the deposit shall be held in a special account at the
124 place of adjustment in the name of the adjuster pending settlement of the General Average and refunds or credit balances, if any, shall be paid in
125 United States money.
126 In the event of accident, danger, damage, or disaster, before or after commencement of the voyage resulting from any cause whatsoever,
127 whether due to negligence or not, for which, or for the consequence of which, the carrier is not responsible, by statute, contract, or otherwise, the
128 goods, the shipper and the consignee, jointly and severally, shall contribute with the carrier in general average to the payment of any sacrifices,
129 losses, or expenses of a general average nature that may be made or incurred, and shall pay salvage and special charges incurred in respect of the
130 goods. If a salving ship is owned or operated by the carrier, salvage shall be paid for as fully and in the same manner as if such salving ship or ships
131 belonged to strangers.
132 Provisions as to General Average in accordance with the above are to be included in all bills of lading issued hereunder.
133 20. Fuel used by the vessel while off hire, also for cooking, condensing water, or for grates and stoves to be agreed to as to quantity, and the
134 cost of replacing same, to be allowed by Owners.
2135 21. That as the vessel may be from time to time employed in tropical waters during the term of this Charter, Vessel is to be docked at a
136 convenient place, bottom cleaned and painted whenever Charterers and Captain think necessary, at least once in every six months, reckoning from
137 time of last painting, and payment of the hire to be suspended until she is again in proper state for the service.
138 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
139 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
140 22. Owners shall maintain the gear of the ship as fitted, providing gear (for all derricks) capable of handling lifts up to three tons, also
141 providing ropes, falls, slings and blocks. If vessel is fitted with derricks capable of handling heavier lifts, Owners are to provide necessary gear for
142 same, otherwise equipment and gear for heavier lifts shall be for Charterers' account. Owners also to provide on the vessel lanterns and oil for
143 night work, and vessel to give use of electric light when so fitted, but any additional lights over those on board to be at Charterers' expense. The
144 Charterers to have the use of any gear on board the vessel.
145 23. Vessel to work night and day, if required by Charterers, and all winches to be at Charterers' disposal during loading and discharging;
146 steamer to provide one winchman per hatch to work winches day and night, as required, Charterers agreeing to pay officers, engineers, winchmen,
147 deck hands and donkeymen for overtime work done in accordance with the working hours and rates stated in the ship's articles. If the rules of the
148 port, or labor unions, prevent crew from driving winches, shore Winchmen to be paid by Charterers. In the event of a disabled winch or winches, or
149 insufficient power to operate winches, Owners to pay for shore engine, or engines, in lieu thereof, if required, and pay any loss of time occasioned
150 thereby.
151 24. It is also mutually agreed that this Charter is subject to all the terms and provisions of and all the exemptions from liability contained
152 in the Act of Congress of the United States approved on the 13th day of February, 1893, and entitled 'An Act relating to Navigation of Vessels,
153 etc.,” in respect of all cargo shipped under this charter to or from the United States of America. It is further subject to the following clauses, both
154 of which are to be included in all bills of lading issued hereunder:
155
USA Clause Paramount
156 This bill of lading shall have effect subject to the provisions of the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act of the United States, approved April
157 16, 1936, which shall be deemed to be incorporated herein, and nothing herein contained shall be deemed a surrender by the carrier of
158 any of its rights or immunities or an increase of any of its responsibilities or liabilities under said Act. If any term of this bill of lading
159 be repugnant to said Act to any extent, such term shall be void to that extent, but no further.
160
Both-to-Blame Collision Clause
161 If the ship comes into collision with another ship as a result of the negligence of the other ship and any act, neglect or default of the
162 Master, mariner, pilot or the servants of the Carrier in the navigation or in the management of the ship, the owners of the goods carried
163 hereunder will indemnify the Carrier against all loss or liability to the other or non-carrying ship or her owners in so far as such loss
164 or liability represents loss of, or damage to, or any claim whatsoever of the owners of said goods, paid or payable by the other or non-
165 carrying ship or her owners to the owners of said goods and set off, recouped or recovered by the other or non-carrying ship or her
166 owners as part of their claim against the carrying ship or carrier.
167 25. The vessel shall not be required to enter any ice-bound port, or any port where lights or light-ships have been or are about to be with-
168 drawn by reason of ice, or where there is risk that in the ordinary course of things the vessel will not be able on account of ice to safely enter the
169 port or to get out after having completed loading or discharging.
170 26. Nothing herein stated is to be construed as a demise of the vessel to the Time Charterers. The owners to remain responsible for the
171 navigation of the vessel, insurance, crew, and all other matters, same as when trading for their own account.
172 27. A commission of 2 ?% per cent is payable by the Vessel and Owners to 173……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
174 on hire earned and paid under this Charter, and also upon any continuation or extension of this Charter.
175 28. An address commission of 2 ?% per cent is payable to ....................................................... on the hire earned and paid under this Charter.
By cable authority from
The original Charter Party in our possession. As............................................ For Owners.
BROKERS
期租
官方格式
纽约土产交易所制定
(1913年11月6日制定，经1921年10月20日、1931年8月6日、1946年10月3日修订)
本租船合同于_______年_____月_____日由_______型的良好内燃机、蒸汽机船舶________ 号的所有人
_________________与________市的承租人________签订。船舶总登记吨________净登记吨________，轮机指示马力______，并且船体、船机及设备均处于有效状态；船舶于_______入级，船级为_______，袋装容积大约为__________立方英尺。按______夏季干舷高度，船舶吃水______英尺_____ 英寸时，载重量（货物和燃料，包括不超过重量的1.5％、但最低允许数量为50吨的淡水和物料）的_____________吨（2240磅），包括容量大约为______ 吨燃料油的永久性燃料；在良好天气条件下船舶满载时能航行_________节，消耗优质威尔士燃煤（优质汽油、优质柴油）约_________吨；船舶现处于_______。
兹表明，上述船舶所有人同意出租，上述租船人同意租用上述船舶，从船舶交付之日起，租期约______，并在以下所列的航行区域内使用本船。租船人有权在本期租船合同的整个或部分租期转租船舶，但其仍负有履行本合同的义务。
船舶在＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿，于租船人指定的泊位或码头或地点（除第6条另有规定外，船舶在任何潮汐情况下均能安全停靠并保持浮泊），交给租船人使用。如无该种泊位或码头或地定，等待的时间按第5条款计算。船舶在交付时须作好接受货物的准备，货舱须打扫干净，且船舶紧密、坚实、牢固，并在各方面适于货物运输，装备有压水舱、起货机和具有充分蒸汽动力的辅助锅炉；如未装备辅助锅炉，则应具有足以随时启动所有起货设备的其他动力设施（并按该船舶吨位要求配足高级船员、普通船员、轮机员和救火水手，）用于装运包括石油或其他产品在内的，以适当方式包装的合法货物，但不包括＿＿＿＿＿＿（船舶不得用于装运活动物，但承运人可以在甲板上装运少量活动物，并承担其风险及负责所有必要的设备和其他必需品），在英属北美洲、美国、西印度群岛、中美洲、加勒比海、墨西哥湾、墨西哥、南美洲、欧洲、非洲、亚洲、澳大利亚、塔斯马尼亚、新西兰的安全港口之间，但不包括马格德林河、10月31日至次年5月15日之间的圣劳伦斯河、哈德逊湾以及所有不安全港口，也不包括不当季节时的黑海、白海、和波罗的海＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿根据承运人或其代人的指示，按下列条件，从事合法运输。
1、船舶所有人应提供支付船员的全部伙食、工资以及上船和离船的领事费；应支付船舶的保险
费，并提供所有船舱、甲板、机舱所用的和其他必要的物料，包括锅炉用淡水；应维持船级并使船体、船机和设备在租期内外于充分有效状态。
2、租船人应提供支付所有燃料（另有规定的情况除外）、港口费用、引航费、代理费、佣金、
领事费（有关船员的领事费除外），以及上述费用以外的所需其他的通常费用。但是当前船舶由于其本身应负责的原因而进港时，所发生的所有费用应由船舶所有人支付。船舶由于船员生病而被指令进行熏蒸，由船舶所有人负担该项费用。如果由于船舶按本租船合同进行营运期间所装运的货物或所挂靠的港口的原因而被指令进行熏蒸，则由租船人承担该费用。船舶连续被租用超过6个月后，所有其他熏蒸均应由承租人负担费用。
租船人应提供必要的垫舱物料和防移板，以及所有为特殊运输或特殊货物所需要的任何额外设施，但是船舶所有人允许租船人使用船上已有的任何垫舱物料和防移板。租船人可以用防移板作垫舱物料，但要赔偿由此造成的任何损坏。
3、租船人在交船港口，船舶所有人在还船港口，应接受船上所存有的所有燃料，并按上述各港
口所在地当时的价格支付费用。交船时船舶上所存有的燃油不得少于＿＿＿吨，也不得多于＿＿＿吨；
还船时船上所存燃油不得少于＿＿＿吨，也不得多于＿＿＿＿吨。
4、租船人应按＿＿＿＿夏季干舷时的船舶总载重量，包括燃料和物料，自船舶按前述规定交付
之日起，以每吨每日历月＿＿＿＿（美元）的费率，向船舶所有人支付租金；对于一个月中的任何部分时间，以同一费率支付。租金应付至船舶从交船时的同样良好状态（正常损耗除外）在＿＿＿＿＿＿＿还给船舶所有人（除非船舶已灭失）时为止，双方另有协议规定除外。租船人应当给予船舶所有人不少于＿＿＿＿天的预计还船的时间和可能的地点的通知。
5、上述租金应在纽约以美元现款支付，且每半个月预付一次。对于最后半个月或其中部分时间，
应支付估计数额的租金，并当其不是以支付实际租用时间的租金时，如经船舶所有人要求，差额租金应按时每天支付，除非租船人已提供银行担保或保证金。否则，租船人未能按时支付租金，或提供银行担保，或有违反本合同的任何规定时，船舶所有人有权将船舶从租船人进行的营运中撤回，而不影响船舶所有人可能拥有的向租船人索赔的权利。租期从船舶准备就绪书面通知于下午4时之前送交租船人或其代理人之日的下一工作日上午7日起开始计算。但是如果租船人提出要求，租船人有权立即使用船舶，这些所使用的时间应计入租期内。
如经船长要求，租船人或其代理人在任何港口应以现金垫付船舶的日常费用，并收取2.5％的手续费。这些垫款从租金中扣除。但是，租船人对这些垫款的使用不负责任。
6、货物在租船人或其代理人指定的任何泊位或码头或地点装船或卸船，但以船舶能在任何潮汐情况下安全停靠并保持浮泊为条件，除非在该种地点类似尺度的船舶通常安全搁浅。
7、船舶的所有货舱、甲板和通常载货地点（不超过船舶能积载和装运的合理范围之外），以及押运员（如果存在押运员）舱室的全部空间，除仅保留适当和足够舱室供高级船员，普通船员使用，和存放船舶用品、属具、家具、食物、物料和燃油（料）之外，均由租船人使用。租船人有权在居住舱室的许可范围内运送旅客，但是租船人应向船舶所有人支付每旅客每天＿＿＿的舱室居住和伙食费用。如果因为运送旅客而发生任何罚款或额外费用，均由租船人承担此费用和风险。
8、船长应使船舶在航次中尽快速遣，并会同船员及救生艇提供习惯性帮助。船长（虽然由船舶所有人任命）在有关船舶营运与代理方面应服从租船人的指示和命令。租船人在船长的监督下进行装载、积载货物和平舱，并承担其费用。船长应根据大副或理货员的收据签发任何递交其签署的货物提单。
9、如承租人有理由对船长、高级船员或轮机员表示不满意，船舶所有人在收到意见书后，应调查事实，并在必要时予以更换。
10、承租人可以指派一名押运员随船观察航次是否尽快速遣。船舶应向押运员提供免费居住的舱室，以及与船长相同标准的伙食，承租人按每天一美元支付费用。船舶所有人应供应引航员和海关官员的伙食，如经承租人或其代理人授权，供应理货员、码头工人的工头等的伙食，承租人按当时伙食价格支付所有这些人员的伙食费用。
12、船长应谨慎注意货物通风。
11、租船人应随时向船长书面提供所有必要的指示和航行指令；船长应在航海日志上完整和正确记录航次的情况供租船人或其代理人审阅，并且如经要求，向租船人、代理人或押运员提供日志的真实副本，以表明船舶航向和航行里程，以及燃油（料）的消耗情况。
13、租船人可选择租船合同延长＿＿＿＿的时间，但应在最初规定的租期或任何经选择延长的租期届前＿＿＿天书面通知船舶所有人或其代理人。
14、如经承租人要求，在……......之前不计算租期；如船舶未在……....之时或之前（但不晚于下午4时）递交书面准备就绪通知书，租船人或其代理人可以船舶准备就绪前的任何时候，选择解除本租船合同。
15、如由于船员或物料不足，船舶发生火灾，船体、船机或设备故障或损坏，船舶搁浅，因船舶或货物发生海损事故而延误，船舶为检验或油漆船底而进干船坞，或由于任何其他原因阻碍了船舶的充分工作，对于由此而造成的时间损失停止支付租金；如果船舶在航行时，由于船体、船机或设备任何部分的缺陷或故障而使航速下降，因此造成损失时间，以及任何因此额外消耗的燃料和任何额外费用，均应从租金中扣除。
16、如船舶灭失，则预付但未被收取的款项（从船舶灭失或最后一次报告之日起算），应立即退还给租船人。天灾、敌人、火灾、君主和统治者或他人的扣留，以及海上、内河、船机、锅炉和蒸汽动力的所有危险及事故，以及本租船合同期内的航行错误，双方均免责。
无论是否有引航员在船，船舶均有航行的自由，有拖带与被拖带救助遇难船舶的自由，以及为救助人命和财产而绕航的自由。
17、如果船舶所有人与租船人之间产生争执，则争执事宜提交纽约三名仲裁人进行仲裁，其中
当事双方各指定一名仲裁人，由当事方指定的这两名仲裁人指定第三名仲裁人。他们或其中两人所作的裁定是终局的。为执行任何裁决，按照本协议当事方可以申请由法院作出裁定。仲裁人应是商人。
18、船舶所有人得因任何根据本期租合同应得款项，包括共同海损的分摊，则对所有货物和所
有转手运费行使留置权；租船人得因所有预付但未得的款项，以及任何超额支付的租金或本应立即退还的多余保证金而对船舶行使留置权。租船人不应招致由其或其代理人引起的、可能对船舶所有人的在船舶中的物权和利益具有优先权的任何留置权或担保物权，也不应允许继续招致此种权利。
19、所有无主物和救助报酬，在扣除船舶所有人和租船人所花费用以及船员应得的份额之后，
由船舶所有人和租船人平均分配，共同海损应在承运人在美国选择的港口或地点，按1974年约克-安特卫普规则中规定1至5和规定17至22以及规定下进行理算、说明和解决。上述规则未予规定的事宜，按纽约港的法规和习惯处理。在该种理算中用外汇计算的费用，按支出之日的汇率折算成美元；以外汇索赔的货物损失的费用，按这些受损货物在卸货最后一日从船上最后卸下的港口或地点的汇率折算。海损协议或保证书，以及承运人要求的附带担保，应在提货之前提供。承运人或其代理人认为足额的现款保证金，作为货物分摊共同海损和支付救助报酬以及特别费用的附带担保，如经要求，应由货物托运人、收货人或货主在提货前向船舶所有人提供。此种保证金应按承运人的选择，以美元支付并汇给理算人。因此所汇的保证金应在理算地点，以进行共同海损理算的理算师的名义存入特别账户。
如有退款或余款，应以美元支付。
船舶在开航之前或开航以后，由于任何原因，不论是否因疏忽所致，发生事故、危险、损害或灾难，而承运人依据法规、合同或其他规定对此或其后果不负责任，则货物、托运人和收货人连带地同承运人在共同海损中分摊因此产生或引起的具有共同海损性质的任何牺牲、灭失或费用，并应支付有关货物救助的报酬和特别费用。如救助船为承运所拥有或经营，救助报酬应如同此救助船属于他人
一样，以相同方式全额支付。
上述有关共同海损的规定应订入根据本租船合同签发的所有提单中。
20、船舶在停租期间，或因膳食，冷却水，或因炉而使用的燃油，其数量由双方约定。替换此种燃油的费用，由船舶所有人负责。
21、由于船舶在租用期间随时有可能航行于热带水域，在租船人和船长认为必要的任何时候，
船舶应在方便的地点进坞，清洁并油漆船底，并至少从上次油漆起算，每6个月进行一次，其间停付租金，直至船舶恢复到合适的可营运的状态。
22、船舶所有人应维持船舶起货设备处于适当状态并提供起重能力达到３吨（供所有吊杆的）
起货设备，提供绳索、滑车吊缆、吊货网及滑轮。如果船舶装备有能起吊重货的吊杆，船舶所有人应提供其必需的起货设备；如无此种吊杆，重货所需的起吊装置的费用，由租船人负担。船舶所有人还应提供船上照明和夜间工作用油。船舶应允许使用已装备的电灯，但除去船上已的照明之外的附加照明，要由租船人负担费用，租船人可以使用船舶上的任何起货设备。
23、如经租船人要求，船舶应昼夜工作。在装卸货物期间，所有起货设备均归租船人使用，船
舶应每舱安排一名起货设备操纵人员，按租船人的要求，昼夜操纵起货设备。租船人同意对高级船员、轮机员、起货设备操纵人员、甲板人员以及生火船员的加班按所工作的小时数以雇合同的规定费率支付加班费。如港口或劳工组织有规定禁止船员操纵起货设备，则岸上起货设备操纵人员的费用由租船人承担。如起货设备不能使用或船舶无足够动使起货设备运转，船舶所有人应支付按要求使用的岸上替代设施的费用，并承担由此造成的时间损失。
24、当事双方一臻约定，当根据本租船合同货物装运至美国或从美国运出时，本租船合同受1893
年2月13日美国国会通过的法案，即《有关船舶航行等的法案》中所有条款和规定以及所有免责事项的约束。本租船合同同时受下述条款的约束，并应将订入根据本租船合同所签发的所有提单。
美国首要条款
本提单应受1936年4月16日通过的美国海上货物运输法案中规定的约束。该法案应视为并入本提
单，并且本提单中的任何规定均不应视为承运人放弃其根据该法案所享有的任何权利或豁免，或增加其根据该法案所承担的任何义务或责任。如果本提单中的任何条款与该法案相抵触，则该种条款无效、但仅以所抵触的内容为限。
双方有责碰撞条款
如船舶由于他船疏忽以及本船船长，船员，引航员或承运人的雇佣人员在驾驶或管理船舶中的行为，疏忽或不履行职责而与他船碰撞，则本船所载货物的所有人应补偿承运人的一切损失或对他船亦即非载货船舶或其所有人的赔偿责任，此种损失或赔偿责任是指已由或应由他船亦即非载货船舶或其所有人支付给上述货物所有人的其货物灭失或损坏的任何索赔，且已由他船亦即非载货船舶作为其向载货船舶或承运人提出索赔的一部分，将其抵消，扣除或追回。
25、船舶不应被要求进入任何冰封的港口或由于冰冻的原因，灯标或灯船已经或将被撤除的任
何港口，或根据通常事态发展，由于冰冻原因，船舶具有不能安全进港或在装货或卸货约束后不能安全驶离风险的任何港口。
26、本租船合同所述内容对定期承租人来说不应被解释为光船租赁。出租人应对船舶的航行，
引航员和拖船的行为，船舶保险，船员及所有其他事项负责，如同船舶为其自己营运一样。
27、本船及所有人应按依本租船合同所获取并已支付的租金，以及根据本租船合同的任何继续
或延长情况，支付2.5％的佣金给….。
28、依本租船合同获取并已支付的租金的2.5％，应作为租船佣金支付给............................................
经…….….....的电报授权………………作为船舶所有人的代理，本合同由我们掌管。
经纪人：
《傲慢与偏见》英文经典语句
这段精彩对白发生在雨中，伊丽莎白听说姐姐---简的婚事被破坏了，冒雨外出以发泄情绪，达西随后追出，在石亭中，达西抛开世俗向伊丽莎白表露心迹，但是伊丽莎白认为达西破坏了姐姐的婚礼，怀着怒火拒绝了达西，虽然她也同样爱着达西。 Mr Darcy: Miss Elizabeth. I have struggled in vain and can bear it no longer. These past months have been a torment. I came to Rosings only to see you. I have fought against judgement, my family's expectation,the inferiority of your birth, my rank. I will put them aside and ask you to end my agony. Miss Elizabeth: I don't understand. Mr Darcy: I love you.Most ardently. Please do me the honour of accepting my hand. Miss Elizabeth: Sir, I appreciate the struggle you have been through, and I am very sorry to have caused you pain. It was unconsciously done. Mr Darcy: Is this your reply? Miss Elizabeth: Yes, sir. Mr Darcy: Are you laughing at me? Miss Elizabeth: No. Mr Darcy: Are you rejecting me? Miss Elizabeth: I'm sure the feelings which hindered your regard will help you overcome it. Mr Darcy: Might I ask why with so little civility I am thus repulsed? Miss Elizabeth: I might enquire why you told me you liked me against your better judgement? If I was uncivil, then that is some excuse. But you know I have other reasons. Mr Darcy: What reasons? Miss Elizabeth: Do you think anything might tempt me to accept the man who has ruined the happiness of a most beloved sister? Do you deny that you separated a young couple who loved each other, exposing your friend to censure for caprice and my sister to derision for disappointed hopes, involving them both in acute misery? Mr Darcy: I do not deny it. Miss Elizabeth: How could you do it? Mr Darcy: I believed your sister indifferent to him. I realised his attachment was deeper than hers.
傲慢与偏见摘录英文
The distance is nothing ,when one has a motive. Mrs.Bennet’s eyes sparkled with pleasure. We must trespass a litter longer on your kindness. Mrs.Bennet was profuse in her acknowledgements. I often tell my other girls they are nothing to her. That is my idea of good breading;and those persons who fancy themselves very important and never open their mouths , quiet mistake the matter. A lady’s imagination is very rapid;it jumps from admiration to love,from love to matrimony . Pride relates more to our opinion of ourselves,vanity to what we would have others think of us. He is ate up with pride. Upon my word ! Affectation of candour is common enough –one meets it everywhere.But to be candid without ostentation or design—to take the good of everybody’s character and make it still better , and say nothing of the bad—belongs to you alone Mr. Bennet was so odd a mixture of quick parts, sarcastic humor, reserve, and caprice, that the experience of three and twenty years had been insufficient to make his wife understand his character. Everything nourishes what is strong already. She had high animal spirits,and a sort of self-consequence. The day passed much as the day before had done.
《硬笔书法》课基础知识100题
《硬笔书法》课基础知识100题 1. 请认真阅读《硬笔行书教程》（夏京春编著原子能出版社出版），结合课 堂老师的讲授，掌握书法方面的基础知识，并用知识指导练字实践。 2. 该套练习共100题，均为填空题，可以自测，每题1分，共100分。 1. 最早把书法作为一种专门学科，纳入艺术和技能之列，开创书法教学先例的朝代是。 2. 周朝建立初期，便将书法列为“六艺”之一。所谓“六艺”，就是古时所称的“____、____、____、____、____、____”，并用六艺为启蒙学童以及教养国子的主要课程，是古代儒家要求学生掌握的六种基本才能。 3. 十九世纪末叶，在河南安阳县小屯村（殷商故都遗址）发掘出许多龟甲和兽骨，上面刻有文字，这就是我们今天看到的最古老的文字。 4. “楷书”又叫。经过了魏晋、南北朝，至隋唐逐步发展完善，一直沿用至今。平时人们常说的“魏碑”和“唐碑”都属于范畴。 5. 在中国书法史上，楷书、隶书、篆书、行书、草书等书体出现的时间是不同的，根据出现时间的先后顺序排列正确的应该是。 6. 是学习书法的别称，临摹是学习书法的基本方法。 7. 硬笔书法是以硬笔（钢笔、圆珠笔、签字笔、铅笔、书法笔、记号笔等）为书写工具，以汉字为表现对象的艺术。 8. 硬笔行书，俗称连笔字，除书写工具不同外，和毛笔行书一样，实质上是介于之间的一种书体。 9. 行书书写时，笔画省简不多，写得比较端正、平稳，近于楷书的，叫做；省简较多，写得比较放纵、流动，近于草书的，则称为。 10. 行书是楷书的草化，“行者，流行或行走之意”，它的最大特点就是一个 字。 11. 行书以其变化灵活的笔画、结体和布局，给人以流动潇洒之感，具有很大的 价值和价值。
傲慢与偏见读书报告(英文)
Pride and Prejudice I. Introduction Part One: About the Book. Name: Pride and Prejudice Author: Jane Austen Main characters: Mr. and Mrs. Bennet Elizabeth Bennet Mr. Darcy Mr. Bingley Jane Bennet Mary Bennet Catherine Bennet Lydia Bennet Mr. Wickham Mr. Collins Narrations: First and third person narration Time: Pride and Prejudice was first written in 1796 as First Impressions. It was rewritten (and retitled) in 1812 and published in 1813. Part Two: About the Author. Jane Austen (1775-1817) was born at Steventon rectory in Hampshire, England. Austen was the youngest daughter of the large family, with six brothers and one sister. Her father is a clergyman. When Austen was eight years old, she was sent to Oxford to be educated. Because of some accident, she returned home to continue her education. From 1785 to 1786, Austen and her sister attended the Reading Ladies Boarding School, where they studied French, spelling, needlework, music, and dancing. Forced to return home for economic reasons, Austen continued to develop her literary mind under the guidance of her father.
书法的基本知识
书法的基本知识 据说，拳击手一记重拳，可以重达数百公斤，可见其手上有多少力量！但他们写出的毛笔字，却很可能“弱不禁风”。相反的，步履蹒跚的老书法家，却倒能写出苍劲刚健的字！而且看上去并不累人，真可以用“挥洒自如”这个词儿来形容。现在经常能看到一些“书法表演艺术家”，摇头抖身，手舞足蹈，做用劲状，看着叫人喘不过气来。其实，他要么欺骗外行，要么还没入门。 奥妙在哪里？在笔尖上的力。拳击手的臂力，可以是书法家的一百倍，但真正送到笔尖上的力，书法家却可能是拳击手的一百倍。中国的毛笔，即使是硬毫，总归还是柔软的。妙就妙在这里，“唯笔软则奇怪生焉”（蔡邕《九势》）；难也难在这里，不懂身法、手法、笔法，则很不容易把握住它。打个比方，武术中的鞭是软器，但历来被认为是猛烈的武器，不易抵御，“善用者能胜刀剑”。我们看那高手，用力一抖，舞将起来，借助于手臂摇动和身体各部位的转带，或打鞭的某一部位来增加动力和改变圆心及方向，或缠、或抡、或扫、或挂、或抛、或舞花、或地趟，可击、可笞、可勾、可缚，简直游如飞龙！但是，这条鞭子在普通人手里，却疲软如死蛇一般。 归结到书法上，写字当然要用力，但要用活力，不是下死劲。所谓“活力”，就是要将身上的力，通过手臂、手腕、手指，使到笔尖上。这是检验一个人会不会书法的标准之一。 所以，学书法，首先应正确掌握其手法、身法、笔法，使动作准确，姿势合度，运笔连贯，力注笔端，眼到、心到、手到，意识和动作相互协调，不断提高驾驭笔毫的能力。 “学拳容易改拳难”。一旦错误的或不正确的姿势形成习惯，要想改正就难了。 下面先说说如何执笔。 古人在执笔的问题上纠缠了千百年。要么故弄玄虚，要么一辈子没挨着边儿。其实，世界上任何一种工具，最正确的执法，无非就是最自然、最能发挥其功能的执法。 传说，王献之写字时，其父王羲之偷偷从背后拔他的笔而没能拔掉，于是就断定这个儿子将来一定了不得。如果这成为能否成为书法家的标准，那么书法真是太简单了。事实上，执笔太紧，是不科学的。把力气都放在死死执紧笔杆上（横向），那怎能把力送到笔尖上（纵向）呢？ 这样说来，是不是无需化力气握住笔杆？那肯定不是。执笔，就是要稳稳的把住笔，这样，运腕、送力才能奏效。横向的力，究竟应分配多少？这没有定量。大体的感觉，同执筷子差不多，首先是要不让筷子掉下来，但最关键的问题、最终的目的，是要能夹得起东西来。 执笔时，作用于横向的力，只要能稳稳地把住笔就行了，如此而已。前人的一切奇谈怪论，我们似不必跟着纠缠。 手指的功能是执笔。执好了笔，就可以开始写字了。一写字，就要动。这个动，就是所谓“运笔”。运笔主要靠腕、臂和指的协调运动来完成，而活动最多的是腕。 所以，腕一定要活。腕活，才能使全身之力，通过臂、腕和指贯注到笔尖；腕活，才可以调整笔锋，才能在上下左右提按、顿错、方圆、转折等多变的笔画书写中控制住笔锋，甚至能够随心所欲地指挥笔锋，达到所谓“甩笔头”的地步。尤其是书写行书、草书时，手腕是不断的左右摆动和翻腾起倒的。 腕活，就是要求写字时，腕部关节不能紧张以至僵硬，“腕随己意左右”，但也不是随便乱动，而是要随着笔势的往来，自然而然地、协调地转动。平时即使不写字的时候，也可以空手练练。看小提琴家演奏，你能领会到运腕的大概。因为在运腕这点上，两者颇有相通之处。 我们还可以从武术中得到启发。吴图南在《国术概论》中说：“运用气力如何能随心所欲达于敌人之身？”必须视腕之能否灵活而定。盖肩不松而力不能到肘，肘不垂而力不能达于腕，腕不活则不能达于手指。况望其力能达于敌人之身者乎？故腕之灵活，实为练习国术者必须之条件。”这同书法的道理基本相同。我们也可以说，腕之灵活，实为练习书法者必须之条件。 悬肘，就是要求手臂全部离开桌面。它是书法的基本功之一。其重要性与练拳术的人首先要练“蹲桩”相同。
(完整版)书法常识百题
书法常识百题 发布时间：2011年05月09日点击数： 307 一、书体类 1．什么是甲骨文? 甲骨文是指殷商时期刻在龟甲和兽骨上的文字。甲骨文多用刀刻成，有先书后刻和以刀代笔直接刻写两种形式。从书法的角度分析，它已经具备了书法的用笔、结字、章法三要素。传世的甲骨文中有朱书和墨书的痕迹，并且笔画有弹性，应当是由类似毛笔的工具书写而成的。 2．什么是金文? 金文是指殷周时期铸刻在青铜器上的文字。古称铜为金，因而把刻在青铜器上的文字称为金文。因为这种文字在钟和鼎上出现最多，且乐器以钟为多，礼器以鼎为尊，故又称之为钟鼎文。钟鼎铭文，字凹人的阴文叫做款；字凸出的阳文叫做识(音炽)。钟鼎铭文一般记录当时人们纪典、田猎、征伐等活动的情况以及制造原因等，这些文字属于大篆。在青铜器上铸刻铭文起于商代前期，中后期开始流行。 3．金文的代表作品及其风格有哪些? 商代前期金文的代表作有《戌嗣子鼎》《宰甫卣》等，
笔画丰满柔韧，结体端庄沉稳，体势恢弘。西周金文比较盛行，主要有《毛公鼎》《散氏盘》等，风格多姿多彩，笔画遒劲峻拔，结体自然且变化多端，笔法圆润精严，行款疏密有致、朴茂雍容。西周晚期的金文使大篆发展成熟。 4．什么是石鼓文? 石鼓文是刻在十个鼓形石碣上的文字，内容是记叙游猎、行乐的四言诗，十鼓分刻十首诗，故又称“猎碣文”。其笔画匀整，结体疏朗，朴厚雄浑，用笔遒劲圆润，具有春秋战国时期秦文字的典范性，归于大篆系统。5．什么是大篆？ 秦始皇统一六国以前的所有文字统称为大篆，包括甲骨文、金文(钟鼎文)、籀文、古文等。 6．什么是小篆? 小篆是与大篆相对而言的。秦始皇为统一中国的文字，令丞相李斯在秦国大篆的基础上结合六国文字加以修订、整理，统一为官体标准文字——秦篆。后人为了区分秦以前的文字，把秦篆称为小篆。 7．秦代小篆的代表作品有哪些? 《峄山刻石》《泰山刻石》《琅琊刻石》《芝罘刻石》《会稽刻石》等。据传多为李斯所书，书风严谨匀称、端庄秀美。
傲慢与偏见中英逐行对照珍藏
《傲慢与偏见》 1 The Bennets'new neighbour 1 班纳特家的新邻居 It is a truth well known to all the world that an unmarried man in possession of a large fortune must be in need of a wife．And when such a man moves into a neighbourhood，even if nothing is known about his feelings or opinions，this truth is so clear to the surrounding families，that they think of him immediately as the future husband of one or other of their daughters． 家产万贯而又尚未婚配的男人一定需要一个贤内助，这是一条世界上尽人皆知的真理。当这样一位男人搬到了附近时，这条真理在邻居们心中就显得更加清楚，他们哪怕对他的感情或意见一无所知，也会马上把他当作他们哪个女儿未来的丈夫。 ‘My dear Mr Bennet，’said Mrs Bennet to her husband one day，‘have you heard that someone is going to rent Netherfield Park at last？’ “亲爱的班纳特先生，”一天，班纳特夫人对她丈夫说，“你听说了吗？尼日斐庄园到底还是租出去了。” ‘No，Mrs Bennet，I haven't，’said her husband． “我还没听说，班纳特太太，”她丈夫说。 ‘Don't you want to know who is renting it？’cried Mrs Bennet impatiently． “难道你不想知道是谁要租吗？”班纳特太太不耐烦地嚷了起来。 ‘You want to tell me，and I don't mind listening．’ “你要想告诉我，我也不妨听听。” Mrs Bennet needed no further encouragement．‘Well，my dear，I hear that he's a very rich young man from the north of England．It seems he came to see Netherfield on Monday and was so delighted with it that he arranged to rent it at once．Of course，it is the finest house in the area，with the largest gar- dens．His servants will be here by the end of the week，and he will be arriving soon afterwards！’ 班纳特夫人不需要更多的鼓励就开腔了。“啊，亲爱的，我听说他是个阔少爷，英格兰北部人。好像是星期一来看了看尼日斐，十分喜欢，马上安排把它租了下来。当然，连宅子的花园都那么大，那确实是这一片最好的庄园。他的仆人周末到，他本人随后就到！” ‘What is his name？’asked Mr Bennet． “他叫什么名字？”班纳特先生问道。 ‘Bingley．’ “彬格莱。” ‘Is he married or single？’ “结婚了还是单身？” ‘Oh，single，my dear，of course！A single man of large for- tune—he has an income of four or five thousand pounds a year．How wonderdul for our girls！’ “啊，亲爱的，当然是单身！家产万贯的单身汉——他每年收入四五千镑呢。对咱家姑娘们来说真是再好不过了！” ‘Why？How can it affect them？’Mr Bennet asked． “为什么？这跟姑娘们有什么关系？”班纳特先生问道。 ‘My dear Mr Bennet，’she replied，‘how can you be so an- noying！You must realize I'm thinking of his marrying one of our daughters．’ “我亲爱的班纳特先生，”她回答道，“你怎么那么讨厌！你应该想到，我是在考虑他跟我们哪个姑娘结婚。”
书法理论基础知识
书法理论基础知识 书法理论基础知识 中国书法是一种独特艺术。它不仅是中华民族文化遗产中的瑰宝，也是世界艺术殿堂中的一朵奇葩。中国的书法艺术不仅历史悠久，源远流长，而且影响深远。打从汉字一产生，便出现了书法艺术的萌芽。经过漫长的历史演进和发展，直至秦代，统一了文字，创制了秦篆（小篆）、秦隶。这一具有划时代意义的光辉业绩，在中国书法艺术史上写下了灿烂的一页，为书法作为一门独立的艺术而存在，奠定了坚实的基础，也为后世汉隶、楷书、草书、行书的变革、发展和繁荣，开辟了广阔的道路。 与中国书法艺术的发展、繁荣相适应，我国古代的书法理论也逐步发展、兴盛起来。相对而言，古代书法理论的出现比书法艺术的形成要晚一些。据目前所能见到的资料，古代书论著作最早出现于汉代。西汉大学者、文学家扬雄在他的《法言·问神》中，提出了一个著名的论断：“书，心画也。”这里的“书”虽不是专指书法，但它最早论述了有关中国书法理论的根本命题——书法同书法家思想感情之间的关系和书 法艺术表情达性的特质等问题，对后世的书法创作和书法理论产生了深远影响，成为中国书论史的源头。 中国古代书法理论的发展、兴盛与繁荣，大致可以分为以下几个时期。 汉代是我国古代书法理论的初创期。随着书法艺术的成熟和兴盛，专门研究书法的理论著作便应运而生。最早论述书法的一篇文章是东汉
书法家崔瑗的《草书势》。崔氏在文中认为，草书的出现正是由繁到简的社会需要的反映，并描述、赞扬了书法的形态美和动态美。对书法的艺术审美功能和价值作了充分肯定。继此之后又出现了几篇重要的书论著作，如赵壹的〈〈非草书》、蔡邕的《篆势》、《笔赋》、《笔论》、《九势》等。尤其是大书家蔡邕的《笔论》和《九势》，在中国书论史上占有重要地位。 魏晋南北朝是我国古代书法理论的成熟期。这一时期，书法艺术非常兴盛，出现了一大批书法名家。书法艺术的发展也带动了书法理论的研究。西晋时，出现了一批以自然界中千姿百态的物象、动态来描绘、比喻各种书体形态美的理论著作，如成公绥的《隶书体》、卫恒的《四体书势》、索靖的《草书状》、刘劭的《飞白势》、杨泉的《草书赋》等，表现出一种“尚象”的审美趋向。东晋时，书家已不满足于对书法外在形态的描述，而开始探求用笔、结体和章法技巧的规律，并注意研究人的主观意志与书法的关系。如世传卫夫人的《笔阵图》、王羲之的《题＜卫夫人笔阵图＞后》、《书论》、《笔势论》、《用笔赋》、《记白云先生书诀》等，都是这方面的重要书论。至南北朝时，受时风的影响，开始重视对各个书家的评论。这方面有影响的著作有羊欣的《采古来能书人名》、虞和的《论书表》、瘐肩吾的《书品》等。尤其是王僧虏的《书赋》、《论书》、《笔意赞》等书论，着意探求书法创作的过程和特征，对后世书法艺术的发展影响深远。 隋唐是我国古代书法理论的兴盛期。隋代虽立朝时间很短，但其书法上承南北朝碑刻，下启唐楷诸家，为唐代楷书法式的建立奠定了基础。
2020家长委员会主持稿模板精选【精品】
篇一：家长委员会主持词 今天，非常感谢各位家长，在百忙当中抽空来参加我们的七年级家长委员会。首先，请允许我代表全校领导，老师，向各位委员表示热烈的欢迎和衷心的感谢——欢迎大家的到来，更感谢大家对学校工作的支持。 今天，在座的各位家长代表，都是由各班班主任推荐，学校审核通过的，有思想、有素质、有爱心、有责任心的家长。下面让我们来互相认识一下。 今天参与会议的学校领导有：学校校长张国权同志、学校党支部书记王彦贵同志、学校副校长岳海伟同志、学校副校长李伟同志、学校政教主任田彦贵同志、学校政教处副主任王国清同志和马勇同志，我是学校副校长，张学刚。下面请各位委员做自我介绍。 可以说，今天各位的到来，是关心、支持孩子学习的最好表现。也是各位对学校工作支持配合的表现。 首先，请学校校长张国权同志介绍学校情况。（掌声） 听君一席言，胜读十年书，刚才张校长用生动的语言为我们剖析了学校教育与家庭教育的重要性。我想，不光是各位家长会从中有所收获，我们作为教师也收益颇多。在社会飞速发展的今天，教育已不仅仅只是学校社会的责任，也是每一位家长应该重视的问题，只要我们学校家庭能互相沟通、互相合作，用科学的方法，智慧的方法教育我们的孩子，那么我们的孩子就一定会成为社会的有用之人。让我们再次用热烈的掌声谢谢夏校长的讲话。 接下来，根据会议日程，我把《家长委员会章程》向大家做个说明，提请大家审议。 《家长委员会章程》经审议通过，按《章程》我们要选举产生本届家长委员会主任1名，副主任2名，现在开始选举。 祝贺----当选本届家长委员会主任，-----、-----当选本届家长委员会副主任。请学校领导为本届家长委员会主任、副主任、委员颁发聘书。 请本届家长委员会主任讲话 对于学校的情况，我们都大致了解了，在今天这个难得的聚会中，作为学校，我们非常想听听委员们的真心话。下面有请委员们发言。如果说，老师的爱像春雨，润物无声，那么父母的爱就像阳光，明媚温暖。家长们的肺腑之言，让我们深深感动，更让我们充满感激。你们赢得了学校、老师和全体家长的信任，期待你们一如既往地关心支持学校工作，履行好自己作为委员的职责，为学校的发展，孩子的成长做好保障工作。让我们共同担当、共同践行，把我们的孩子培养成才。 最后，祝各位家长身体健康，工作顺利，家庭幸福，再次感谢你们对学校工作的支持，祝愿我们的孩子在以后的日子里学业进步、健康成长！
英文版傲慢与偏见 人物剖析
When Prid e Encounters Prejudice, Everything is Different Ⅰ: Jane Austen (16 December 1775 –18 July 1817), one of the most famous novelists in Britain, was born in Hampshire. She lived in the villages throughout her life. Although there were 2 suitors, she never married. She finished her first novel when she was only 21 years old. This work’s name was First Impressions (After amending, it had a new name: Pride and Prejudice). Ⅱ: Pride and Prejudice is a humorous story of love and marriage. Mr. Bennet was an English gentleman living in Hertfordshire with his wife. He had five daughters: the beautiful Jane, the clever Elizabeth, the bookish Mary, the immature Kitty and the wild Lydia. Because of the law, after the death of Mr. Bennet, their house would be inherited by a distant cousin whom they have never met. This family's future happiness and security dependent on the 5 daughters’ marriages. One day, a rich gentleman Mr. Bingley came and rented a large house in this country. His sisters and his best friend Mr. Darcy came together. Love was soon in the air for one of the 5 sisters, while another had a prejudice against Mr. Darcy. Then they experienced many things, but at last, Mr. Bingley married the oldest sister Jane, and Elizabeth overcame the prejudice and married to Mr. Darcy. It’s a happy ending. Ⅲ： Although Mr. Song said the book report should be objective，but I had to say this book touched my heart d eeply. The women written by Jane Austen still live in our world. Some like Charlotte Lucas, they choose a marriage without love just for money and a stable life. Some like Lydia, they are so frivolous and foolish that they flatter themselves that they can do anything well. Some like Mary, they are not good-looking but think themselves are the best ones. They look down every man while they are eager for a man’s love in their hearts. Some like Jane, they are kind and beautiful, but they are also reserved and feminine。They don’t have courage to fight for the love of their own but wait here in vain. And there are also some girls like innocent Ms Darcy or like vainglorious and superficially clever Bingley sisters. Of course, some girls like Elizabeth, they are clever, gentle, open-minded, and they know their own hearts. They never give in even facing a difficult situation. They are good ladies who are worth loving and cherishing. Jane Austen’s wisdom always appeals to me, which makes me smile through the whole reading.
傲慢与偏见读书笔记英文
In this term,I read a book which named
傲慢与偏见英文读后感
Reading after Pride and Prejudice Recently I have been reading a novel called Pride and Prejudice, which was written by Jane Austen. Although I haven’t finished it yet, I still have something to write. The writer, Jane Austen, was an English woman. She was born in Steventon, Hampshine, where her father was a rector. She was the second daughter and the seventh child in a family of eight. The first 25 years of her life Austen spent in Hampshire. Austin didn’t go to regular schools, but she read many literary works at her parents’guidance. She started writing about the age of 20, and published six novels. Pride and Prejudice (1813) and Emma (1816) are the best-known books of them. Virginia Woolf called her “the most perfect artist among women”. Most of her novels were all adapted into movies and successful in the world. For living in a small country town, contacting the medium and small landlords, pastor as well as their quiet and comfortable living environment, there were no significant social contradictions in her works. She described a truthful picture of her world, especially the marriage and love between gentlemen and ladies by her meticulous feminine observation. The style of her works is humorous and rich in comic conflicts, so many readers love them. This type of novels not only at that time attracted broad readers, today; it still gives the readers unique art enjoyment. The novel describes love process of heroine Elizabeth and hero Darcy, her elder sister Jane and Mr.Bingley, younger sister Jane and Mr.Bingley, younger sister Lydia and