How French Has Influenced English

How French Has Influenced English
How French Has Influenced English

How French Has Influenced English

Les influences de la langue fran?aise dans la langue anglaise

The English language has been shaped by a number of other languages over the centuries, and many English speakers know that Latin and German were two of the most important. What many people don't realize is how much the French language has influenced English.

Without going into too much detail, I want to give a little bit of background about the other languages which shaped English. It was born out of the dialects of three German tribes (Angles, Jutes, and Saxons) who settled in Britain in about 450 A.D. This group of dialects forms what linguists refer to as

Anglo-Saxon, and at some point this language developed into what we know as Old English. This Germanic base was influenced in varying degrees by Celtic, Latin, and Scandinavian (Old Norse) - the languages spoken by invading armies.

Sources/Further Reading

(1) The Mother Tongue: English &

How It Got That Way, by Bill Bryson

(compare prices)

(2) French is Not a "Foreign"

Language!, American Association of

Teachers of French.

(3) The American Heritage

Dictionary of the English Language,

ed. Houghton Mifflin Company

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French Inside Out: The French

Language Past and Present, by

Henriette Walter

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Honni soit qui mal y pense :

L'incroyable histoire d'amour entre

le fran?ais et l'anglais, by Henriette

Walter

(more information)

The Languages of the World, by

Kenneth Katzner

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Made in America: An Informal

History of the English Language in

Bill Bryson calls the Norman conquest of 1066 the "final cataclysm [which] awaited the English language." (1) When William the Conqueror became king of England, French took over as the

language of the court, administration, and culture - and stayed there for 300 years. Meanwhile, English was "demoted" to everyday, unprestigious uses. These two languages existed side by side in England with no noticeable difficulties; in fact, since English was essentially ignored by grammarians during this time, it took advantage of its lowly status to become a grammatically simpler language and, after only 70 or 80 years existing side-by-side with French, Old English segued into Middle English.

Vocabulary

During the Norman occupation, about 10,000 French words were adopted into English, some three-fourths of which are still in use today. This French vocabulary is found in every domain, from government and law to art and literature - learn some . More than a third of all English words are derived directly or indirectly from French, and it's estimated that English speakers who have never studied French already know 15,000 French words. (2)

Pronunciation

English pronunciation owes a lot to French as well. Whereas Old English had the unvoiced fricative

sounds

,

, (as in th

in), and (sh in), French influence helped to distinguish their voiced

counterparts

,

,

(th

e), and

(mira g

e), and also contributed the diphthong

(b oy ). (3)

(What is voiced/unvoiced/fricative?)

Grammar

Another rare but interesting remnant of French influence is in the word order of expressions like secretary general and s urgeon general , where English has retained the noun + adjective word order typical in French, rather than the usual adjective + noun used in English.

Learn More

If you are interested in French and/or English linguistics and would like to learn more about their reciprocal relationship, please visit the links below and the further reading resources listed on the right.

Orthographe fran?aise-anglaise

French-English Spelling Tricks

Because French and English have a lot of Latin in them, and also because there is a lot of French in English, there are a number of spelling tricks that can help you to:

1. Recognize French words (cognates)

the United States , by Bill Bryson (compare prices )

2. Spell French words (common spelling equivalents)

But be careful - this chart is just a guideline. As always, there are thousands of exceptions. In addition, you need to watch out for faux amis.

SUFFIXES

French English French ex.English Related lesson

-ain(e) -en(ne) -an

Américain(e)

Canadien

American

Canadian

Adjectives

-ais(e) -ois(e) -ese

Japonais(e)

Chinois(e)

Japanese

Chinese

Languages

-ance -ence -ence

dépendance

violence

dependence

violence

-ant -ent -ent

dépendant

apparent

dependent

apparent

en + -ant -ing en étudiant

en lisant

studying

reading

Present participle

-?on -sson

-shion

-son

le?on

fa?on

ma?on

lesson

fashion

mason

-é(e) -i(e) -u(e) -ed

-t [b]

épelé

fini

répondu

spelled/spelt

finished

responded

Past participle

-e -i -y

qualité

gloire

parti

quality

glory

party

-el(le) -al personnel

éternel

personal

eternal

-er

-ir -re to + verb

épeler

finir

défendre

to spell

to finish

to defend

Infinitives

-eur -or [a]

-our [b]

-er

auteur

couleur

employeur

author

color/colour

employer

Professions

-eux/euse -ous joyeux

nerveux

joyous

nervous

-if/ive -ive positif positive

motif motive

-ique -ic

-ical

musique

logique

music

logical

-iser -ize [a]

-ise [b]

idéaliser

formaliser

idealize/idealise

formalize/formalise

-isation -ization [a]

-isation [b]

réalisation

autorisation

realization/realisation

authorization/authorisation

-iste -ist

-istic

optimiste

matérialiste

optimist/optimistic

materialistic

-ment-ly évidemment

rapidement

evidently

rapidly

Adverbs

-oire-ory gloire

mémoire

glory

memory

-re -er [a]

-re [b]

mètre

théatre

meter/metre

theater/theatre

-tion-tion ration

qualification

ration

qualification

OTHER

é-s-état

étudier

state

study

French accents

^_s forêt

h?pital

forest

hospital

Symbol key:

(x) The letters in parentheses indicate extra letter(s) needed for the feminine form of the French suffix. /xx Indicates that the feminine noun or adjective has a different suffix.

[a] Applies mainly to American English.

[b] Applies to British English.

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猴子monkey想吃桃 公鸡cock起的早 小狗dog会看门 猪儿pig爱睡觉 动物儿歌(五) rabbit、rabbit 跳跳跳 bird、bird 天上飞 turtle、turtle 爬呀爬 fish、fish 水中游 动物儿歌(六) elephant、elephant大鼻子甩 turtle、turtle慢悠悠 goldfish、goldfish水中游 pig、pig拱拱拱 动物儿歌之十二属相(七) mouse 、mouse爱打洞 cow 、cow老黄牛 tiger 、tiger山中王 rabbit 、rabbit蹦蹦跳 dragon 、dragon天上龙 snake 、snake草中游 horse 、horse跑的快 sheep 、sheep是绵羊 monkey 、monkey尾巴长 cock 、cock晨起忙 pig 、pig拱拱拱 动物儿歌(八) bee、bee采花蜜 butterfly、butterfly穿花衣 mantis、mantis扛大刀 owl、owl圆眼睛 peacock、peacock爱开屏 woodpecker、woodpecker树医生 parrot、parrot学说话 动物儿歌(九) 小鸭duck左右摆 小鸡chick爱吃米 小鸟bird天上飞 蜜蜂bee采蜜忙

PEP六年级上册英语教案全册

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人教版小学英语四大时态上课讲义

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