高三英语语法教案

高三英语语法教案
高三英语语法教案

高中英语语法教案

名词

(一)概述

名词是表示人、地方、事物或抽象概念名称的词,可以说名词是万物之名称。它们可以是:

人的名字Li Ming, Tom

地方名称China, London

职业称呼teacher, doctor

物品名称pencil, dictionary

行为名称study, invention

抽象概念history, grammar

(二)普通名词和专有名词

1.普通名词

凡不属于特定的人名、地名、事物名称或概念名称的名词,都属于普通名词。这类名词在所有的名词中占绝大多数。普通名词大致有以下四种类型:

1)个体名词

个体名词指作为个体而存在的人或物。可以指具体的人或物,例如:

He has two aunts.

他有两个姑姑。

Most classrooms have computers.

多数教室里都有电脑。

也可指抽象东西,例如:

We?ve lived here for twenty years.

我们在这里住了二十年了。

I had a dream last night

我昨晚做了一个梦。

个体名词有复数形式,如:weeks, problems;单数形式可以和a/an连用,如:a week, a problem, an old man.

2)集体名词

集体名词表示由个体组成的集体,下面是一些常见的集体名词:

family(家,家庭)army(军队)company(公司;全体船员)enemy(敌人)government(政府)

group(小组,团体)public(公众)team(队;组)police(警方)

数看待,有时作复数

看待。一般说来,视

为整体时作单数看

待,想到它的成员时

作复数看待:

例如:

有的集体名词通常用作单数,例如:

Our company is sending him to work in Berlin.

我们公司将派他去柏林工作。

有的集体名词多作复数看待。例如:

The police are looking for him.

警察正在找他。

3)物质名词

物质名词指无法分为个体的东西,我们学过的常见的物质名词有:

beer, cloth, coal, coffee, coke, cotton, ice, ink, jam, juice, meat, medicine, metal, milk, oil paper, rain, salad, salt, sand, snow, soup, steel, sugar, tea, water, wine, wood, wool等。

一般说来,物质名词是不可数折,因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况:

a.有些物质名词可用作可数名词,表示“一份”,“一杯”:

Tree beers, please.

请来三杯啤酒。

A chocolate ice-cream for me.

给我一份巧克力冰淇淋。

b.有此物质名词可作可数名词,表示“一种”:

It was a special tea which tasted of orange blossoms.

这是一种特别的茶,有桔子花叶。

It was a delicious wine.

那是一种美味的红酒。

c.个别物质名词可用于复数形式或有特殊意义:

It was now the time of the spring rains.

现在是春天雨季的时候。

Here are the snows of last year.

这是去看的积雪。

d.抽象名词

抽象名词主要表示一些抽象概念,一般不可数,因此没有复形,前面也一般不加不定冠词a/an。常见的抽象名词有:

age, anger, beauty, childhood, death, duty, fear, fun, happiness, health, help, history, industry, joy, labour, love, luck, music, nature, peace, pleasure, power, safety, silence, sleep, time, training, travel, trust, truth, waste, weather, work, worth, youth等。

在多数情况下,这种名词常用于单数形式,不加任何冠词。例如:

safety first!

安全第一!

It?s wonderful weather.

天气好极了。

但有时也加定冠词the,或不定冠词a/an.

例如:

I shall never forget the beauty of that lake.

我永远不会忘记那个湖的美丽。

There?s a beauty in simplicity.

朴实之中有一种美。

2.专有名词

专有名词主要指人名、地名及某些类人和事物专有的名称。例如:

1)人名:Mary, Mrs Green, Zhanghua

2)地名:Beijing, West Lake

3)某类人的名称:Americans, Russians

4)某些抽象事物的名称:English, Chinese

5)月份、周日及节日名称:May, Saturday, Easter

6)书名、电影及诗歌的名称:Cone with the Wind

7)对家人等的称呼:Mum, Dad, Uncle Tom

专有名词的第一个字母要大写。

(三)可数名词和不可数名词

名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数与不可数名词两类。可数名词有复数形式,不可数名词一般没有复数形式。

普通名词中的个体名词和集体名词一般是可数的,所以它们又可称为可数名词。可数名词单数往往要同不定冠词a或an连用,复数则要使用其复数形式。例如:Array

普通名词中的物质名词和抽象名词及专有名词一般是不可数的,这些名词又可称为不可数名词。不可数名词不能用不定冠词修饰,也不存在复数形式,如ice (冰),water (水), rice (稻子)等。

在英语中个别名词既可以作不可数名词,又可以作可数名词。但由于用法不同,它们的意思往往也不大相同,对这些名词要特别注意。

例如

一般说来,汉语和英语对某一个名词是否可数的看法基本上是一致的。但也有不少名词在汉语中常被用作可数

名词,而在英语中却绝对是不可数名词,对这些名词也要特别注意,发如:fun ,work ,advice ,weather ,

homework ,news ,money ,information ,bread ,hair ),chalk ,furniture 等。

(四)可数名词复数形式的构成

可数名词的复数形式通常是在单数形式后加-s或-es,现将其复数的一般构成方法及读音列表如下:

有些以f结尾的名词变为复数时也只加-s。如:handkerchief→handkerchiefs, roof→roofs等。

英语中还有不少名词的复数形式是不规则的,必须把它们牢记在心。如:man→men, woman→women, Frenchman→Frenchmen, child→children, tooth→teeth, foot→feet, goose→geese, mouse→mice, sheep→sheep, deer→deer, fish→fish等。

(五)名词的所有格

在英语中,有些名词的词尾可以加上?s,用来表示所有关系,这种结构称为名词的所有格。

1.名词所有格的构成

名词所有格的构成一般有以下三种情况:

1)如果名词是单数,只在词尾加?s。

例如:

the boy?s schoolbag 这男孩的书包

the worker?s shoes 这个二人的鞋

2)复数名词如果以s结尾,只加?(在s的右上角)即可

如:

the teachers? office 老师们的办公室

the students? classroom 学生们的教室

3)复数名词如果不以s结尾,则在词尾加?s

如:

Women?s Day 妇女节

the People?s Park 人民公园

2.名词所有格的用法

名词的所有格主要有以下五种用法:

1)表示人成动物与其他的人、动物或事物的所有关系。

例如:

He is Mary?s younger brother.

他是玛丽的弟弟。

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