2015考研英语一试题与解析 20150801
2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题
Section I Use of Englsih
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Though not biologically related, friends are as ―related‖as fourt h cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is _(1) _a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has__(2)_.
The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)__1,932 unique subjects which __(4)__pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both_(5)_.
While 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, ―Most people do no t even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.‖
The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now,_(10)_, as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be many mechanisms working together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_‖functional Kinship‖ of being friends with_(14)_!
One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolving_(15)_than other genes. Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major_(17)_factor.
The findings do not simply explain people‘s_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.
1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what
2. [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised
3. [A] for [B] with [C] on [D] by
4. [A] compared [B] sought [C] separated [D] connected
5. [A] tests [B] objects [C]samples [D] examples
6. [A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C]unbelievable [D] incredible
7. [A] visit [B] miss [C] seek [D] know
8. [A] resemble [B] influence [C] favor [D] surpass
9. [A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus
10. [A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise [D] Perhaps
11. [A] about [B] to [C]from [D]like
12. [A] drive [B] observe [C] confuse [D]limit
13. [A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with
14. [A] chances [B]responses [C]missions [D]benefits
15. [A] later [B]slower [C] faster [D] earlier
16. [A]forecast [B]remember [C]understand [D]express
17. [A] unpredictable [B]contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive
18. [A] endeavor [B]decision [C]arrangement [D] tendency
19. [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic
20. [A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tell
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted ―kings don‘t abdicate, they dare in their sleep.‖But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the
recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?
The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above ―mere‖politics and ―embody‖a spirit of national unity.
It is this apparent transcendence of polit ics that explains monarchs‘continuing popularity polarized. And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.
Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today –embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.
The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.
While Europe‘s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.
It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy‘s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service – as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy‘s worst enemies.
21. According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain
[A] used turn enjoy high public support
[B] was unpopular among European royals
[C] cased his relationship with his rivals
[D]ended his reign in embarrassment
22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly
[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status
[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality
[C] to give voter more public figures to look up to
[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment
23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?
[A] Aristocrats‘excessive reliance on inherited wealth
[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies
[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families
[D]The nobil ity‘s adherence to their privileges
24. The British royals ―have most to fear‖because Charles
[A] takes a rough line on political issues
[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised
[C] takes republicans as his potential allies
[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role
25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?
[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined
[B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne
[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs
[D]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats
TEXT 2
Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Cpurt will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.
California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.
The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California‘s advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.
They should start by discarding California‘s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone- a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to say, going through a suspect‘s purse .The court has ruled that police don't violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or porcketbook, of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one‘s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee‘s reading history ,financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of ―cloud computing.‖ meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.
But the justices should not swallow California‘s argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution‘s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.
26. The Supreme court, will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to
[A] search for suspects‘mobile phones without a warrant.
[B] check suspects‘phone contents without being authorized.
[C] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.
[D] prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.
27. The author‘s attitude toward California‘s argument is one of
[A] tolerance.
[B] indifference.
[C] disapproval.
[D] cautiousness.
28. The author believes that exploring one‘s phone content is comparable to
[A] getting into one‘s residence.
[B] handing one‘s historical records.
[C] scanning one‘s correspondences.
[D] going through one‘s wallet.
29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that
[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.
[B] the court is giving police less room for action.
[C] phones are used to store sensitive information.
[D] citizens‘privacy is not effective protected.
30.Orin Kerr‘s comparison is quoted to indicate that
(A)the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.
(B)New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.
(C)California‘s argument violates principles of the Constitution.
(D)Principles of the Constitution should never be altered.
Text 3
The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its
peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.
―Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,‖writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manu will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal‘s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manus.
Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said:
―The creation of the ?statistics board‘was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science‘s overall drive to increase repro ducibility in the research we publish.‖
Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to ―play primarily an advisory role.‖He agreed to join because he ―found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.‖
31、It can be learned from Paragraph I that
[A] Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.
[B]journals are strengthening their statistical checks.
[C]few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.
[D]lack of data analysis is common in research projects.
32、The phrase ―flagged up ‖(Para.2)is the closest in meaning to
[A]found.
[B]revised.
[C]marked
[D]stored
33、Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may
[A]pose a threat to all its peers
[B]meet with strong opposition
[C]increase Science‘s circulation.
[D]set an example for other journals
34、David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now
A. adds to researchers‘worklosd.
B. diminishes the role of reviewers.
C. has room for further improvement.
D. is to fail in the foreseeable future.
35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?
A. Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers
B. Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect
C. Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Ed itors‘Desks
D. Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science
Text 4
Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch‘s daughter ,Elisabeth ,spoke of the ―unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions‖Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a co llective acceptance that the only ―sorting mechanism ‖in society should be profit and the market .But ―it‘s us ,human beings ,we the people who create the society we want ,not profit ‖.
Driving her point home, she continued: ―It‘s increasingly apparent t hat the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous foals for capitalism and freedom.‖This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News
International ,shield thought ,making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking .
As the hacking trial concludes –finding guilty ones-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones ,and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge –the winder issue of dearth of integrity still standstill, Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people .This is hacking on an industrial scale ,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.
In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place .One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, wow little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired wow the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.
In today‘s world, title has become normal that well—paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run perhaps we should
not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business–friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.
The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.
36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by
[A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism
[B] companies‘financial loss due to immoral practices.
[C] governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.
[D]the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.
37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that
[A] Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime
[B] more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.
[C] Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.
[D] phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.
38. The author believes the Rebekah Books‘s deference
[A] revealed a cunning personality
[B] centered on trivial issues
[C] was hardly convincing
[D] was part of a conspiracy
39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows
[A] generally distorted values
[B] unfair wealth distribution
[C] a marginalized lifestyle
[D] a rigid moral cote
40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?
[A] The quality of writing is of primary importance.
[B] Common humanity is central news reporting.
[C] Moral awareness matters in exciting a newspaper.
[D] Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.
Part B
Directions
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks .Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them drawing on your implicit knowledge of English grammar.(41)________You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved. Who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.
The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues.(42)_________
Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or "true" meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of text to the world.(43)_________
Such background material inevitably reflects who we are.(44)_______
This doesn`t, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the
page--including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns--debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.
How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it,(45)________Such dimensions of reading suggest-as others introduced later in the book will also do-that we bring an implicit(often unacknowledged)agenda to any act of reading. It doesn`t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different minds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy, or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.
[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfills the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.
[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading ,our gender, ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.
[C] If you unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.
[D] In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.
[E] You make further inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.
[F] In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author‘s own thoughts.
[G] Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organizations or patterning we perceive in a text‘s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text。
Section III Translation
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America. 46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.
47) The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world.
48) But, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.
49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th- and
16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they subsisted on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ship were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.
―To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought al most inexpressible relief.‖said one recorder of events, ―The air at twelve leagues‘ distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.‖The colonists‘first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods. 50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees
was a veritable real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.
Section IV Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
You are going to host a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members.
You should state reasons for your recommendation.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should
1) describe the drawing briefly
2) explain its intended meaning, and
3) give your comments
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
2015 年考研英语一试题解析
Section I Use of Englsih
1. [D] 该句子主干部分为That is __ a study has __.理解该空格所在句子需要跳过一个分词作后置定语的结构published from…Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. 由首句可知全文主题：朋友之间存在基因上的联系，第二句接着说，这是一个报告得出的内容。正确选项为[D] what。
2. [B] 结合上下文可知，朋友之间存在基因上的联系，这是一个报告得出的内容。四个选项中，[A]defended 捍卫，[C]withdrawn撤退[D]advised 建议，意义都不合适。故答案为[B]concluded（总结）。
3. [C] The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted __ 1932 unique subjects。空格位于分词作后置定语的结构中，还原成陈述句为The study isconducted __ subjects, 此处subjects 应该理解为被试者，介词填on，表示在某人身上展开研究。故答案为[C]on。
4. [A] 该空格位于定语从句中，which指代study，还原成陈述句为The study __ pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. 该篇文章的论点是朋友之间存在基因上的相似度，而实验是为了论证这一观点，则需要对比某个个体与毫无血缘关系的朋友以及该个体与毫无血缘关系的陌生人基因相似度的差异，故答案为[A] compared（对比）。
5. [C] The same people were used in both ___。根据both可推空格所指代名词是指前面的两个比对基因匹配度的研究内容，四个选项[A] tests 测试，[B]objects 客体，[C]samples样本，[D]examples只有[C]samples符合语境。
6. [A] While 1% may seem __ , it is not so to a geneticist. 从句肯定，主句否定，可推知while在此处表示转折。四个选项中只有[A] insignificant（不重要的）符合语境：虽然1%的相似度看起来似乎无足轻重，但是对于基因学家却并非如此。
7. [D] 大部分人甚至___他们的第四代表亲，但是(but)，却能够挑选出朋友who __ our kin。由上下文可知，后半句的意思是大部分人挑选的朋友都具有基因的相似性，前半句与后半句意义相反，则填入[D]know最为合适，大部分人甚至都不认识他们的第四代表亲。
8. [A] 由上题分析可知，[A] resemble（相似）符合题意，[B]influence影响，
[C] favor喜欢，[D] surpass超越。
9. [B] 本句是在描述该研究团队的发现，与上文是承接关系，四个选项中只有[B]also满足条件。
10. [D] 前文提到朋友之间的嗅觉基因相似，这一现象很难解释。本句提到，正如该研究团队所暗示的那样，它把我们引入了相似的环境，但是，可能也不止于此。后句是在给前面的现象提供某一种解释。答案为[D]Perhaps。
11. [B] 本题考查介词的用法。There is more to it. 对于它来说，还有更多（解释）。
12. [D] 空格谓语定语从句，将定语从句还原成陈述句为Many mechanisms __ in choosing genetically similar friends. 在选择基因相似的朋友时，有可能有许多机制____我们。结合上文可知，[D]drive（驱使）最为合适。
13. [B] 根据空格后的functional kinship 可知后文的朋友与前文的朋友类型并不是一种，所以前后为转折关系，故选[B]rather than。
14. [D] 选择和基因相似的人成为朋友，而不是being friends with ____，四个选项中只有[D]benefits符合语境，意为“能够带来好处的朋友”。
15. [C] 空格位于宾语从句the similar genes seem to be evolving __ than other genes。由后文可知，研究这一点能够帮助____为什么人类进化的速度在过去的三万年加快了。反推15空填入[C]faster。
16. [C] 据上题分析，填入[C]understand，研究这一点能够帮助理解为什么人类进化的速度在过去的三万年加快了。
17. [B] with social environment being a major __ factor，在过去的三万年中，社会环境是主要的___ 因素。选项[B]contributory（有助的）符合题意。
18. [D] The findings do not simply corroborate people‘s ___ to befriend those of similar __ backgrounds. 这一发现并没有简单地证实人们与拥有相似___背景的那些人成为朋友的___。[A] endeavor努力，[B]decision决定，[C]arrangement 组织，[D] tendency趋势，四个选项中只有[D]tendency符合句意。
19. [C] 上题说道，这一发现并非仅仅证实人们有与相似____背景的人交朋友的趋势。联系后文反复提到的population（种群，群体），可知应填入[C]ethnic （人种的，种族的）。
20. [A] 句意为：特别留心以____所有的研究对象都来自于同一群体。应填入[A]see“看到”，引申为“确保”。
【参考译文】
尽管在生物学上没什么联系，朋友与我们其实与表兄弟表姐妹有着相似的“关联”，共同拥有1%的基因。加利福尼亚大学与耶鲁大学在美国国家科学院院刊上公布的一项研究得出了这一结论。
该研究分析了1932名受试者的全组基因，对多组相互没有关联的朋友及相互没有关联的陌生人进行了对比。两个样本中研究的是同一群受试者。
虽然1%的相似度看起来似乎无足轻重，但是对于基因学家却并非如此。加州大学圣迭戈分校遗传医学教授詹姆斯·富勒提出，“大部分人并不认识他们的第四代表亲，但是却能够选择那些与我们家人相近的人做朋友。”
该研究还发现，气味基因在朋友之间也有一定相似性，但是免疫基因却不一样。为什么气味基因存在相似性尚且难以解释，现在，或许，如研究团队所暗示的，气味让我们选择相似的环境，但是要解释这些现象还远远不够。可能还有很多因素使我们选择基因上相近的朋友，而不是功利地选择会带来好处的朋友！
该研究的重大发现之一便是，相似的基因似乎比其他基因进化的更快。该研究能够帮助理解为什么人类进化在过去3万年速度加快，社会环境在其中是一个主要的推动因素。
研究人员指出，他们的发现不仅仅解释了人们选择拥有相似背景的朋友的倾向。尽管受试者全部来自欧洲人种，研究人员特别留心以确保所有受试者，那些朋友与陌生人，都来自相同的种群。
Section II Reading comprehension
Part A
Text 1
21. D 根据题干要求，定位到文章前两段。而文章第一段的第二句话提到“But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.”(在最近的欧洲选举中，令人尴尬的丑闻和受欢迎的共和党，均迫使Carlos收回前言并退位)。D 选项中，“stand down”是“end reign”的同义置换，且“embarrassment”与导致Carlos卸任的原因“embarrassing scandals”是相呼应的。故D是正确答案。A、B、C均属于无中生有。
22. A 根据题干关键词“monarchs”和“heads of state”，定位到第三段的最后一句话“...most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.”(大多数的王室幸存下来是由于他们让选民可以避免去寻找一个不受争议且受尊敬的公众人物的困难)其中“non-controversial but respected public figure”正是A选项中“undoubted and respectable status”的同义置换。故A是正确答案。
23. B 定位在第四段的最后一句话“...it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.”(离奇的是，富有的贵族竟然仍是现代民主国家的象征核心)其中，the symbolic heart of modern democratic states是题干the role of the nobility in modern democracies的同义置换。
24. D 英国皇家贵族们非常害怕是因为查尔斯……。根据题干专有名词Charles可定位到文章第七段“the danger will come with Charles...worst enemies”。本段指出“危险源自于查尔斯，他生活奢靡，等级观念显著;并且他没有意识到君王的幸存很大程度上取决于君王提供了公共服务，同时，查尔斯并不知道，国王才是君主制度最大的敌人，而非共和党人。”选项D意为：不能适应未来的身份。文章指出查尔斯的生活方式，世界观以及他对于君王制度的错误理解均为身份特殊的他的不正确言行，与选项D表述吻合。
25. C 此题属于全文主旨题。着眼全文，通篇都在围绕monarchs展开。第一段由Carlos引出当今君主制面临的危机。因此Carlos，a Lesson for All European Monarchs是全文内容的精确概括。
Text 2
26. B 细节题。根据自然段定位原则，定位到首段。根据题干关键词supreme court，whether精确定位到第一段最后一句whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone….，与选项进行对应，即为B在不授权的情况下检查嫌疑人的电话信息。注意A选项应是search contents。
27. C 态度判断题。根据题干California‘s argument定位到第二段最后一句及第三段首句，这些句子中提到hard… recklessly modest…等负向词，表达的是负面态度。看选项属于负面的就是disapproval。A 容忍，B冷漠是典型错误，D 粗心。
28. A 细节题。题干问：作者认为搜索电话薄就相当于什么？根据段落界定原则定位到第四段转折处，提到But exploring one‘s smart phone is more like entering his or her home。与选项对应，A中的residence对应home，是原文的同意替换。注意D选项不是作者的观点，不能将文中人物观点当作作者观点。
29. D 细节题。根据题干定位到5段和6段，题干问作者最关注的是什么，即是相应段落的段落中心。因此，该题表面是细节题，实质为段落核心。5段首句为中心句提到，应采取措施保护数据隐私；6段又继续陈述原则的不恰当之处。根据这些内容，对应答案D 市民隐私未能得到有效保护。
30. B 例证题。题干问的是引用Orin Kerr的目的是什么，即Orin Kerr是论据，其目的是论点。论点往往在论据的前面，所以要找例子前面的一句话，即New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution‘s protections。与选项对应，就是B new technology是原词复现，require 等同于demands，reinterpretation of the Constitution同义替换applications of the Constitution‘s protections。
Text 3
31. B 段落推断题。考查的是段落中心句，定位在首段首句The journal Science is adding an extra source at Peer-review process, editor-in- chief Marcia McNott announced today. 《科学》杂志将要对同行评审过程增加额外的资源。与选项B同意替换。
32. C 词义句意题。根据所猜短语flagged up 所在句子的句意，手稿将被flagged up以供杂志编辑、现有的编辑评审委员会或外部同行审查。比较四个选项，只有C marked 被标记，符合题意。
33. D 观点细节题。定位在四段末句This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science. 这不仅对于《科学》杂志本身的出版有影响，还有希望影响其它的出版社，这些出版社想继《科学》杂志之后树立自己的典型形象。选项D是这句话的概括总结。
34. C 观点细节题。定位在末段末句，Vaux says th at Science‘s idea to pass some papers to statisticians ―has some merit, but a weakness is that ...‖Vaux 认为《科学》杂志的想法有一些好处，但是有个缺点是...这就说明这个想法是有进一步改进的空间的。
35. A 主旨大意题。本文首段首句就是全文主题句，《科学》杂志将要对同行评审过程增加额外的资源，而且全文其它各个段落都在围绕对这一想法不同专家的不同态度在论述，所以选项A是对全文中心的完整表达。
Text 4
36. A 因果细节题。题目问到Elisabeth 因什么而感到沮丧。定位在第一段第二句Intergrity had collapsed, ..., because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism” in society should be profit and the market, 由于社会中唯一的分类机制是利润和市场这一共同的观念，导致了正直这种道德品质的沦丧。
37. B 段落推断题。定位到第三段第一句As the hacking trial concludes.... the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands 正如窃听案总结的那样，仍然存在更广泛的dearth of integrity 的事件，与选项B 对应。
38. C 观点细节题。根据第四段第二句中astonishing，how little..., how little... She never ... 以及第三句中She knew nothing 的语气判断作者的态度是认为RB 的辩护是没有说服力的。
39. A 观点细节题。题干定位在第五段第三句，答案定位在随后的第四、第五句。The current collective doctrine 认为重要的是efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value...., 而认为justice, fairness...不重要，故扭曲了价值观。
40. C 段落推断题。定位在最后一段前两句。世界新闻杂志的目的不是提升读者的理解能力，而是为了发行量和影响力而毁了人们的生活。从ruined the lives 的表达能看出作者希望杂志所做的是提高其道德意识，与C选项对应。
Part B
41.C 空前与空后句中的主语是you,因此正确选项在C、D中存在，此其一也；D中出现了reconstruct(重组)逻辑上是再次发生，与位于句首的逻辑发生了叙述上的矛盾。故排除D选择C。另外，C中的words or idioms和meanings 在41空前句重现，因为前句中有identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them。
42. E 空前一句中的主语是you,因此正确选项在C、D、E中存在，此其一也；其二，该句中主句谓语动词是infer, 与E中的宾语inferences构成逻辑对应关系。故排除C和D选择E。另外，42空前两句提到了阅读时我们会active engagement in inference and problem-solving, 并针对作者文中的specific evidence and clues进行信息的推测。E选项中further 一词表明延续此话题，用for instance 具体举例说明我们对文章信息作怎么样的推测。
43. G 段尾空，应重点看本段上一句。同时下段开头出现了代词such background，而G中最后一句中的background与之形成逻辑对应关系。故选择G。另外，G中Rather表示转折，与43空前句开头的not 构成“not… rather…”的“不是……而是……”结构
44. B 44段中空，看上下句。此段空前句中有关键词background，空后句中有关键词interpretation; background逻辑上对应G中最后一句中的background，而interpretation 逻辑对应B中最后一句中的interpretations. 故选择B。另外，B 中Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender, ethnicity, age and social class 是44空前who we are的具体阐述。
45. A 45段中空，看上下句。最后一段首句主语是we, 所有选项中只有A 和G的主语是we;但是G中首词是转折词Rather，与首句逻辑矛盾，故排除G 选择A。另外，A中具体描述了许多不同的阅读目的和方式，此为对45空前句How we read a given text 和our particular interest in reading it 的具体阐述。A中的信息是45空后句such dimensions of reading 的指代对象。
Section III Translation
46)在多种强大的动机驱动下，这次运动在一片荒野上建起了一个国家，其本身塑造了一个未知大陆的性格和命运。
47)美国是两种主要力量的产物——即思想习俗、民族特色各异的欧洲移民和修改这些特征的新国家的影响的产物。