Adiabatic quantization of Andreev levels
a r X i v :c o n d -m a t /0208192v 3 [c o n d -m a t .m e s -h a l l ] 3 A p r 2003
Adiabatic quantization of Andreev levels
P.G.Silvestrov,1,2M.C.Goorden,1and C.W.J.Beenakker 1
1
Instituut-Lorentz,Universiteit Leiden,P.O.Box 9506,2300RA Leiden,The Netherlands
2
Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics,630090Novosibirsk,Russia
(Dated:9August 2002)
We identify the time T between Andreev re?ections as a classical adiabatic invariant in a ballistic chaotic cavity (Lyapunov exponent λ),coupled to a superconductor by an N -mode constriction.Quantization of the adiabatically invariant torus in phase space gives a discrete set of periods T n ,which in turn generate a ladder of excited states εnm =(m +1/2)πˉh /T n .The largest quantized
period is the Ehrenfest time T 0=λ?1
ln N .Projection of the invariant torus onto the coordinate plane shows that the wave functions inside the cavity are squeezed to a transverse dimension W/
√
FIG.1:Classical trajectory in an Andreev billiard.Par-ticles in a two-dimensional electron gas are de?ected by the potential V=[1?(r/L)2]V0for r
(The dotted circles are equipotentials.)There is specular re-?ection at the boundaries with an insulator(thick solid lines) and Andreev re?ection at the boundary with a superconduc-tor(dashed line).The trajectory follows the motion between two Andreev re?ections of an electron near the Fermi energy E F=0.84V0.The Andreev re?ected hole retraces this tra-jectory in opposite direction.
Andreev re?ection(C+→C?),and then concluded as a hole[from C?to C(ε,T)].Andreev re?ection intro-duces a discontinuity in p y but leaves p x unchanged,so C+=C?.The?ow in phase space as electron(+)or hole(?)at energyεis described by the action S±(q,ε), such that p±(q,ε)=?S±/?q gives the local dependence of(electron or hole)momentum p=(p x,p y)on position q=(x,y).The derivative?S±/?ε=t±(q,ε)is the time elapsed since the previous Andreev re?ection.Since by construction t±(x,y=0,ε=0)=T is independent of the position x of the end of the trajectory,we?nd that limε→0?p±x(x,y=0,ε)/?ε=0,completing the proof. The drift(δx,δp x)of a point in the Poincar′e map is perpendicular to the vector(?T/?x,?T/?p x).Using also that the map is area preserving,it follows that (δx,δp x)=εf(T)(?T/?p x,??T/?x)+O(ε2),(1) with a prefactor f(T)that is the same along the entire contour.
The adiabatic invariance of isochronous contours may alternatively be obtained from the adiabatic invariance of the action integral I over the quasiperiodic motion from electron to hole and back to electron:
I= pdq=ε dq
mV0).The inset shows the full surface of section,while the main plot is an enlargement of the central region.The drifting quasiperiodic motion follows contours of constant time T between Andreev re?ections.The cross marks the starting point of the trajec-tory shown in the previous?gure,having T=18(in units of
FIG.3:Projection onto the x -y plane of the invariant torus
with T =18,representing the support of the electron compo-nent of the wave function.The ?ux tube has a large width near the superconductor,which is squeezed to an indistin-guishably small value after a few collisions with the bound-aries.
The enclosed area,therefore,has upper bound
A max ?p F W e ?λT ?ˉh Ne ?λT ,
(3)
where N ?p F W/ˉh ?1is the number of channels in the
point contact.
We now continue with the quantization.The two in-variants εand T de?ne a two-dimensional torus in the four-dimensional phase space.Quantization of this adi-abatically invariant torus proceeds
following
Einstein-Brillouin-Keller [3],by quantizing the area
pdq
=
2
π
ˉ
h (m +ν/4),m =0,1,2,...(4)enclosed by each of the two topologically independent
contours on the torus.Eq.(4)ensures that the wave-functions are single valued.(See Ref.[15]for a derivation in a two-sheeted phase space.)The integer νcounts the number of caustics (Maslov index)and in our case should also include the number of Andreev re?ections.
The ?rst contour follows the quasiperiodic orbit of Eq.(2),leading to
εT =(m +
1
2)πˉ
h /T
(6)
has no gap,but vanishes smoothly ∝exp(?Nδ/4ε)at
energies below the Thouless energy Nδ.This “Bohr-Sommerfeld approximation”[12]has been quite success-ful [17,18,19],but it gives no information on the location of individual energy levels —nor can it be used to deter-mine the wave functions.
To ?nd these we need a second quantization condition,which is provided by the area T p x dx enclosed by the contours of constant T (x,p x ),
T
p x dx =2πˉh (n +ν/4),n =0,1,2, (7)
Eq.(7)amounts to a quantization of the period T ,which together with Eq.(5)leads to a quantization of ε.For each T n there is a ladder of Andreev levels εnm =(m +
1
2T 0
=
πˉh λ
N .Particle conservation implies that
|ψ+|2
∝1/δW ,so that the squeezing of the ?ux tube
is associated with an increase of the electron density by a factor of
√
W?δp x
ˉhλN
eλT n?(m+1λT
n
.(10)
For low-lying levels(m~1)the dimensionless drift is ?1for T n Semiclassical methods allow to quantize only the tra-jectories with periods T≤T0.The part of phase space with longer periods can be quantized by random-matrix theory(RMT),according to which the excitation gap E gap is the inverse of the mean time between Andreev re?ections in that part of phase space[12,17]: E gap=γ5/2ˉh ∞T0P(T)dT T0+2πˉh/Nδ.(11) Hereγ=15?1)is the golden ratio.This for-mula describes the crossover from E gap=γ5/2ˉh/T0=γ5/2ˉhλ/ln N to E gap=γ5/2Nδ/2πat N ln N?ˉhλ/δ.It requiresˉhλ/Nδ?1(mean dwell time large compared to the Lyapunov time).The semiclassical(large-N)limit of Eq.(11),lim N→∞E gap=0.30ˉh/T0is a factor of5below the lowest adiabatic level,ε00=1.6ˉh/T0,so that indeed the energy range near the gap is not accessible by adiabatic quantization[23]. Up to now we considered2-dimensional Andreev bil-liards.Adiabatic quantization may equally well be ap-plied to3-dimensional systems,with the area enclosed by an isochronous contour as the second adiabatic in-variant.For a fully chaotic phase space with two Lya-punov exponentsλ1,λ2,the longest quantized period is T0=1 5)1/2γ5/4(9+ 4 √ 如何写先进个人事迹 篇一:如何写先进事迹材料 如何写先进事迹材料 一般有两种情况:一是先进个人,如先进工作者、优秀党员、劳动模范等;一是先进集体或先进单位,如先进党支部、先进车间或科室,抗洪抢险先进集体等。无论是先进个人还是先进集体,他们的先进事迹,内容各不相同,因此要整理材料,不可能固定一个模式。一般来说,可大体从以下方面进行整理。 (1)要拟定恰当的标题。先进事迹材料的标题,有两部分内容必不可少,一是要写明先进个人姓名和先进集体的名称,使人一眼便看出是哪个人或哪个集体、哪个单位的先进事迹。二是要概括标明先进事迹的主要内容或材料的用途。例如《王鬃同志端正党风的先进事迹》、《关于评选张鬃同志为全国新长征突击手的材料》、《关于评选鬃处党支部为省直机关先进党支部的材料》等。 (2)正文。正文的开头,要写明先进个人的简要情况,包括:姓名、性别、年龄、工作单位、职务、是否党团员等。此外,还要写明有关单位准备授予他(她)什么荣誉称号,或给予哪种形式的奖励。对先进集体、先进单位,要根据其先进事迹的主要内容,寥寥数语即应写明,不须用更多的文字。 然后,要写先进人物或先进集体的主要事迹。这部分内容是全篇材料 的主体,要下功夫写好,关键是要写得既具体,又不繁琐;既概括,又不抽象;既生动形象,又很实在。总之,就是要写得很有说服力,让人一看便可得出够得上先进的结论。比如,写一位端正党风先进人物的事迹材料,就应当着重写这位同志在发扬党的优良传统和作风方面都有哪些突出的先进事迹,在同不正之风作斗争中有哪些突出的表现。又如,写一位搞改革的先进人物的事迹材料,就应当着力写这位同志是从哪些方面进行改革的,已经取得了哪些突出的成果,特别是改革前后的.经济效益或社会效益都有了哪些明显的变化。在写这些先进事迹时,无论是先进个人还是先进集体的,都应选取那些具有代表性的具体事实来说明。必要时还可运用一些数字,以增强先进事迹材料的说服力。 为了使先进事迹的内容眉目清晰、更加条理化,在文字表述上还可分成若干自然段来写,特别是对那些涉及较多方面的先进事迹材料,采取这种写法尤为必要。如果将各方面内容材料都混在一起,是不易写明的。在分段写时,最好在每段之前根据内容标出小标题,或以明确的观点加以概括,使标题或观点与内容浑然一体。 最后,是先进事迹材料的署名。一般说,整理先进个人和先进集体的材料,都是以本级组织或上级组织的名义;是代表组织意见的。因此,材料整理完后,应经有关领导同志审定,以相应一级组织正式署名上报。这类材料不宜以个人名义署名。 写作典型经验材料-般包括以下几部分: (1)标题。有多种写法,通常是把典型经验高度集中地概括出来,一 论行政法上的反射利益 论行政法上的反射利益 反射利益与公法权利是孪生概念。学界通常认为,这两者都没有成为中国行政法学的核心范畴①。实践中,立法者在修订的《行政诉讼法》中明确运用了“合法权益”与“利害关系”的规范语句。人民法院必须审查当事人的起诉是否具有诉的利益,也就是要回答当事人与行政行为的“利害关系”或者当事人的“合法权益”何在?由此,反射利益与公法权利问题暗地里成为人民法院受理行政诉讼,对行政争议作出裁判的核心思维工具。事实上,行政主体在从事行政行为时,也必须认真对待反射利益,才能保证行为的合法性与可接受性。理论上,反射利益作为公法权利的对偶概念,是行政法律关系的核心问题,行政法学需要弥补这一知识短板。这时,拒绝反射利益,或仅将之作为一种识别公法权利的工具,无法更好地解决理论与实践的张力。唯有在理清反射利益的理论脉络与实践状况后,才能回应实践和理论的双重焦渴。 一、作为类型概念的反射利益 (一)来源与性质 耶利内克在《主观公法权利体系》中曾这样经典性地谈及反射利益:“为了共同利益,公法的法律规范要求国家机关为特定的作为或不作为。这种作为或不作为的结果可能会有利于特定个人,尽管法制并无扩大个人本文由收集整理权利领域的意图。这种情形可以被称为客观法的反射作用。”[1]而实际上,反射利益的讨论更 早可追溯到耶林。按照德国学者的说法,他在《罗马法精神》中写道:“并不是所有的利益都需要得到法律的保护,也不是所有的利益都能获得法律的保护。并不是所有保护利益的法律都能赋予利益人以主观意义上的权利,即给予这种保护法律请求权。”后来,这位利益法学派巨擘在论文中,径直这样描述这种法律现象:“某一法律的或者是经济上的事实超出由法律或者由行为人或权利人原本的意愿规定的作用范围,而对第三人所产生的回溯力,即被称为反射作用。”[2]可见,法律上的反射利益问题,是由于利益超出法律或者法律行为预先设想的范围而产生的。正是这一超出预期性,导致法律对这一利益不予保护。按照最早论者的想法,就是没有被赋予请求权,利益享有者并不拥有针对妨害其利益的当事人的意志力(“法力”)。此时他的利益处于一种偶然存在状态,是为反射利益。这种以规范为核心的观察视角,将反射利益与公法权利作为一体两面的思维方式框定了德国公法上反射利益的学术历史[3]。 反射利益作为公法权利分析的剩余产品与否定性分析工具,自从脱离国家法学以来,就处于规范分析的密集观测之中。反射利益不具有概念独立的必要性。而实际上,耶利在分析反射利益问题时提及了另一层面的问题:法律与利益的关系——利益并不是都需要法律保护,法律也并不是唯一实现利益的方式。准确解读这一层面就会发现,反射利益分析存在一个与规范视角截然不同的观测角度——利益视角。这一角度在耶利内克那里得到了统一:权利是利益(实质)与意志力(形式)的统一。此后,这一视角在学 How to manage time Time treats everyone fairly that we all have 24 hours per day. Some of us are capable to make good use of time while some find it hard to do so. Knowing how to manage them is essential in our life. Take myself as an example. When I was still a senior high student, I was fully occupied with my studies. Therefore, I hardly had spare time to have fun or develop my hobbies. But things were changed after I entered university. I got more free time than ever before. But ironically, I found it difficult to adjust this kind of brand-new school life and there was no such thing called time management on my mind. It was not until the second year that I realized I had wasted my whole year doing nothing. I could have taken up a Spanish course. I could have read ten books about the stories of successful people. I could have applied for a part-time job to earn some working experiences. B ut I didn’t spend my time on any of them. I felt guilty whenever I looked back to the moments that I just sat around doing nothing. It’s said that better late than never. At least I had the consciousness that I should stop wasting my time. Making up my mind is the first step for me to learn to manage my time. Next, I wrote a timetable, setting some targets that I had to finish each day. For instance, on Monday, I must read two pieces of news and review all the lessons that I have learnt on that day. By the way, the daily plan that I made was flexible. If there’s something unexpected that I had to finish first, I would reduce the time for resting or delay my target to the next day. Also, I would try to achieve those targets ahead of time that I planed so that I could reserve some more time to relax or do something out of my plan. At the beginning, it’s kind of difficult to s tick to the plan. But as time went by, having a plan for time in advance became a part of my life. At the same time, I gradually became a well-organized person. Now I’ve grasped the time management skill and I’m able to use my time efficiently. 英语演讲稿:未来的工作 这篇《英语演讲稿范文:未来的工作》,是特地,希望对大家有所帮助! 热门演讲推荐:竞聘演讲稿 | 国旗下演讲稿 | 英语演讲稿 | 师德师风演讲稿 | 年会主持词 | 领导致辞 everybody good afternoon:. first of all thank the teacher gave me a story in my own future ideal job. everyone has a dream job. my dream is to bee a boss, own a pany. in order to achieve my dreams, i need to find a good job, to accumulate some experience and wealth, it is the necessary things of course, in the school good achievement and rich knowledge is also very important. good achievement and rich experience can let me work to make the right choice, have more opportunities and achievements. at the same time, munication is very important, because it determines whether my pany has a good future development. so i need to exercise their municative ability. i need to use all of the free time to learn 小学生个人读书事迹简介怎么写800字 书,是人类进步的阶梯,苏联作家高尔基的一句话道出了书的重要。书可谓是众多名人的“宠儿”。历来,名人说出关于书的名言数不胜数。今天小编在这给大家整理了小学生个人读书事迹,接下来随着小编一起来看看吧! 小学生个人读书事迹1 “万般皆下品,惟有读书高”、“书中自有颜如玉,书中自有黄金屋”,古往今来,读书的好处为人们所重视,有人“学而优则仕”,有人“满腹经纶”走上“传道授业解惑也”的道路……但是,从长远的角度看,笔者认为读书的好处在于增加了我们做事的成功率,改善了生活的质量。 三国时期的大将吕蒙,行伍出身,不重视文化的学习,行文时,常常要他人捉刀。经过主君孙权的劝导,吕蒙懂得了读书的重要性,从此手不释卷,成为了一代儒将,连东吴的智囊鲁肃都对他“刮目相待”。后来的事实证明,荆州之战的胜利,擒获“武圣”关羽,离不开吕蒙的“运筹帷幄,决胜千里”,而他的韬略离不开平时的读书。由此可见,一个人行事的成功率高低,与他的对读书,对知识的重视程度是密切相关的。 的物理学家牛顿曾近说过,“如果我比别人看得更远,那是因为我站在巨人的肩上”,鲜花和掌声面前,一代伟人没有迷失方向,自始至终对读书保持着热枕。牛顿的话语告诉我们,渊博的知识能让我们站在更高、更理性的角度来看问题,从而少犯错误,少走弯路。 读书的好处是显而易见的,但是,在社会发展日新月异的今天,依然不乏对读书,对知识缺乏认知的人,《今日说法》中我们反复看到农民工没有和用人单位签订劳动合同,最终讨薪无果;屠户不知道往牛肉里掺“巴西疯牛肉”是犯法的;某父母坚持“棍棒底下出孝子”,结果伤害了孩子的身心,也将自己送进了班房……对书本,对知识的零解读让他们付出了惨痛的代价,当他们奔波在讨薪的路上,当他们面对高墙电网时,幸福,从何谈起?高质量的生活,从何谈起? 读书,让我们体会到“锄禾日当午,汗滴禾下土”的艰辛;读书,让我们感知到“四海无闲田,农夫犹饿死”的无奈;读书,让我们感悟到“为报倾城随太守,西北望射天狼”的豪情壮志。 读书的好处在于提高了生活的质量,它填补了我们人生中的空白,让我们不至于在大好的年华里无所事事,从书本中,我们学会提炼出有用的信息,汲取成长所需的营养。所以,我们要认真读书,充分认识到读书对改善生活的重要意义,只有这样,才是一种负责任的生活态度。 小学生个人读书事迹2 所谓读一本好书就是交一个良师益友,但我认为读一本好书就是一次大冒险,大探究。一次体会书的过程,真的很有意思,咯咯的笑声,总是从书香里散发;沉思的目光也总是从书本里透露。是书给了我启示,是书填补了我无聊的夜空,也是书带我遨游整个古今中外。所以人活着就不能没有书,只要爱书你就是一个爱生活的人,只要爱书你就是一个大写的人,只要爱书你就是一个懂得珍惜与否的人。可真所谓 认真对待利益——行政法中的利益问题(一) 论文关键词:行政法行政国利益权利反射性利益 论文摘要:传统行政法理强调利益与权利的划分,将法律保护的范围限定在权利保障的基础之上。“行政国”的兴起促使行政法从以权利保障基础向以利益保障基础发展。传统法律文化的不足与社会主义法律文化的某些特质,导致利益长期为中国法学所忽视。认真对待利益对中国行政法的健康发展具有重要意义。基于以上认识,文章通过考察美、法、日等国公法的变化,从中国行政法的现状、功能实现以及现实压力等几个角度,对利益在中国行政法中的地位和意义进行了初步探讨,力图厘清当代行政法中利益的重要地位。 一、个性化车牌、反射性利益与行政法的缺席 2002年8月12日,北京、天津、杭州、深圳作为第一批试点城市,率先启用了2002式机动车牌号,车主可以根据自己的意愿自由选择英文字母和阿拉伯数字编排车牌号。社会上一时好评如潮。然而,8月23日,继北京暂停发放个性化车牌后,深圳、天津、杭州3个试点城市亦相继因“系统故障”暂停发放新式车牌。“个性化车牌”从轰轰烈烈推出到草草收场历时仅10余天。1]交管部门的这一行为引起众多的评论,2]但遗憾的是,在热闹纷繁中却很少有从法律角度对此事件的分析。尤其让人疑惑的是:对这样一个由政府行政行为引起的事件,行政法却保持了出乎意料的沉默。是个性化车牌事件本身缺乏法律意涵?还是我们现有的行政法学观念存在某种不足,以致缺乏对此现象的把握和解释能力? 其实,个性车牌事件中存在一个典型的行政法问题——反射性利益及其保护。“他山之石,可以攻玉”。我们可以从近邻日本的行政法中了解这一概念。日本的行政法理论有反射性利益与法律规定的权利之分。日本行政法理认为当国民因违法的行政活动蒙受不利侵害时,并不一定都有排除违法行政的请求权。传统学说认为,当法律为私人特别规定保护其一定利益时,该利益称为“法律保护的利益”,该利益由于行政权的违法作为或不作为遭受损害时,当事人享有排除行政违法行为的权利(法律上的利益),可以向法院提起诉讼,要求排除违法行为(违法排除请求权),或者要求合法地行使行政权(行政介入请求权)。除了权利,行政关系中还存在不能作为权利被承认的利益,如反射性利益。法律完全是为了公共利益的实现,而不是以保护个人利益为目的时,因为基于这种法律的行政活动一般都是为了公共利益而实施的,所以,依法实施的结果,即使给国民带来利益,那也不是国民的权利,而仅仅是行政公益活动的结果,是反射性利益。换言之,反射性利益是为了实现行政目的而采取的命令、限制、禁止等的结果,国民所享受的事实上的利益,是法的反射性效果,而不是法对特定的个人予以保护的权利,故不能成为法的救济对象。3] 有了以上认识我们便可以从个性车牌事件中找出行政法的踪迹。首先,我们从政府的角度进行分析。这一事件因政府行为而起,政府规定从2002年8月12日起四个城市的车主可以在上车牌时自由选择字母和数字编排。这样,作为车主的公民便因政府的行为获得了一种利益。只要你不否认有选择比没选择好,你就不能否认这是一种实实在在的利益。然而,也是由于政府的行为,一部分车主(在车牌暂停发放通知执行以前领到新车牌的车主)获得了自由选择的机会,享有了这一利益;而另一部分的车主(8月23日后根据公安部有关规定新车上号牌仍发放九二式号牌)则无法享有这一自由选择的利益。这一看似并不重大的利益由行政机关忽然赋予又突然收回,从表面上看不符合行政行为一经做出就应具有公定力、确定力、约束力、执行力。但政府的行为其实是有根据的。由于考虑不周,政府没有事先健全自由选择后的严格审查程序。这种审查权的失位导致新上车牌有的涉嫌侵犯知识产权(如有车主上了BMW的车牌),有的则可能对社会造成不利影响(如911、SEX001等车牌)。因此,虽然在具体做法上尚有许多值得商榷之处,但政府停发个性车牌的行为符合因“公共利益”的需要而撤销的行政优益法理。 现在我们从车主的角度分析。核心问题是特定的部分车主的选择利益被剥夺,能否请求法律 关于坚持的英语演讲稿 Results are not important, but they can persist for many years as a commemoration of. Many years ago, as a result of habits and overeating formed one of obesity, as well as indicators of overall physical disorders, so that affects my work and life. In friends to encourage and supervise, the participated in the team Now considered to have been more than three years, neither the fine rain, regardless of winter heat, a day out with 5:00 time. The beginning, have been discouraged, suffering, and disappointment, but in the end of the urging of friends, to re-get up, stand on the playground. 成绩并不重要,但可以作为坚持多年晨跑的一个纪念。多年前,由于庸懒习惯和暴饮暴食,形成了一身的肥胖,以及体检指标的全盘失常,以致于影响到了我的工作和生活。在好友的鼓励和督促下,参加了晨跑队伍。现在算来,已经三年多了,无论天晴下雨,不管寒冬酷暑,每天五点准时起来出门晨跑。开始时,也曾气馁过、痛苦过、失望过,但最后都在好友们的催促下,重新爬起来,站到了操场上。 In fact, I did not build big, nor strong muscles, not a sport-born people. Over the past few years to adhere to it, because I have a team behind, the strength of a strongteam here, very grateful to our team, for a long time, we encourage each other, and with sweat, enjoying common health happy. For example, Friends of the several run in order to maintain order and unable to attend the 10,000 meters race, and they are always concerned about the brothers and promptly inform the place and time, gives us confidence and courage. At the same time, also came on their own inner desire and pursuit for a good health, who wrote many of their own log in order to refuel for their own, and inspiring. 其实我没有高大身材,也没健壮肌肉,天生不属于运动型的人。几年来能够坚持下来,因为我的背后有一个团队,有着强大团队的力量,在这里,非常感谢我们的晨跑队,长期以来,我们相互鼓励着,一起流汗,共同享受着健康带来的快 1.How to build a business that lasts100years 0:11Imagine that you are a product designer.And you've designed a product,a new type of product,called the human immune system.You're pitching this product to a skeptical,strictly no-nonsense manager.Let's call him Bob.I think we all know at least one Bob,right?How would that go? 0:34Bob,I've got this incredible idea for a completely new type of personal health product.It's called the human immune system.I can see from your face that you're having some problems with this.Don't worry.I know it's very complicated.I don't want to take you through the gory details,I just want to tell you about some of the amazing features of this product.First of all,it cleverly uses redundancy by having millions of copies of each component--leukocytes,white blood cells--before they're actually needed,to create a massive buffer against the unexpected.And it cleverly leverages diversity by having not just leukocytes but B cells,T cells,natural killer cells,antibodies.The components don't really matter.The point is that together,this diversity of different approaches can cope with more or less anything that evolution has been able to throw up.And the design is completely modular.You have the surface barrier of the human skin,you have the very rapidly reacting innate immune system and then you have the highly targeted adaptive immune system.The point is,that if one system fails,another can take over,creating a virtually foolproof system. 1:54I can see I'm losing you,Bob,but stay with me,because here is the really killer feature.The product is completely adaptive.It's able to actually develop targeted antibodies to threats that it's never even met before.It actually also does this with incredible prudence,detecting and reacting to every tiny threat,and furthermore, remembering every previous threat,in case they are ever encountered again.What I'm pitching you today is actually not a stand-alone product.The product is embedded in the larger system of the human body,and it works in complete harmony with that system,to create this unprecedented level of biological protection.So Bob,just tell me honestly,what do you think of my product? 2:47And Bob may say something like,I sincerely appreciate the effort and passion that have gone into your presentation,blah blah blah-- 2:56(Laughter) 2:58But honestly,it's total nonsense.You seem to be saying that the key selling points of your product are that it is inefficient and complex.Didn't they teach you 80-20?And furthermore,you're saying that this product is siloed.It overreacts, makes things up as it goes along and is actually designed for somebody else's benefit. I'm sorry to break it to you,but I don't think this one is a winner. 关于工作的优秀英语演讲稿 Different people have various ambitions. Some want to be engineers or doctors in the future. Some want to be scientists or businessmen. Still some wish to be teachers or lawers when they grow up in the days to come. Unlike other people, I prefer to be a farmer. However, it is not easy to be a farmer for Iwill be looked upon by others. Anyway,what I am trying to do is to make great contributions to agriculture. It is well known that farming is the basic of the country. Above all, farming is not only a challenge but also a good opportunity for the young. We can also make a big profit by growing vegetables and food in a scientific way. Besides we can apply what we have learned in school to farming. Thus our countryside will become more and more properous. I believe that any man with knowledge can do whatever they can so long as this job can meet his or her interest. All the working position can provide him with a good chance to become a talent. 1 ————来源网络整理,仅供供参考 个人先进事迹简介 01 在思想政治方面,xxxx同学积极向上,热爱祖国、热爱中国共产党,拥护中国共产党的领导.利用课余时间和党课机会认真学习政治理论,积极向党组织靠拢. 在学习上,xxxx同学认为只有把学习成绩确实提高才能为将来的实践打下扎实的基础,成为社会有用人才.学习努力、成绩优良. 在生活中,善于与人沟通,乐观向上,乐于助人.有健全的人格意识和良好的心理素质和从容、坦诚、乐观、快乐的生活态度,乐于帮助身边的同学,受到师生的好评. 02 xxx同学认真学习政治理论,积极上进,在校期间获得原院级三好生,和校级三好生,优秀团员称号,并获得三等奖学金. 在学习上遇到不理解的地方也常常向老师请教,还勇于向老师提出质疑.在完成自己学业的同时,能主动帮助其他同学解决学习上的难题,和其他同学共同探讨,共同进步. 在社会实践方面,xxxx同学参与了中国儿童文学精品“悦”读书系,插画绘制工作,xxxx同学在班中担任宣传委员,工作积极主动,认真负责,有较强的组织能力.能够在老师、班主任的指导下独立完成学院、班级布置的各项工作. 03 xxx同学在政治思想方面积极进取,严格要求自己.在学习方面刻苦努力,不断钻研,学习成绩优异,连续两年荣获国家励志奖学金;作 为一名学生干部,她总是充满激情的迎接并完成各项工作,荣获优秀团干部称号.在社会实践和志愿者活动中起到模范带头作用. 04 xxxx同学在思想方面,积极要求进步,为人诚实,尊敬师长.严格 要求自己.在大一期间就积极参加了党课初、高级班的学习,拥护中国共产党的领导,并积极向党组织靠拢. 在工作上,作为班中的学习委员,对待工作兢兢业业、尽职尽责 的完成班集体的各项工作任务.并在班级和系里能够起骨干带头作用.热心为同学服务,工作责任心强. 在学习上,学习目的明确、态度端正、刻苦努力,连续两学年在 班级的综合测评排名中获得第1.并荣获院级二等奖学金、三好生、优秀班干部、优秀团员等奖项. 在社会实践方面,积极参加学校和班级组织的各项政治活动,并 在志愿者活动中起到模范带头作用.积极锻炼身体.能够处理好学习与工作的关系,乐于助人,团结班中每一位同学,谦虚好学,受到师生的好评. 05 在思想方面,xxxx同学积极向上,热爱祖国、热爱中国共产党,拥护中国共产党的领导.作为一名共产党员时刻起到积极的带头作用,利用课余时间和党课机会认真学习政治理论. 在工作上,作为班中的团支部书记,xxxx同学积极策划组织各类 团活动,具有良好的组织能力. 在学习上,xxxx同学学习努力、成绩优良、并热心帮助在学习上有困难的同学,连续两年获得二等奖学金. 在生活中,善于与人沟通,乐观向上,乐于助人.有健全的人格意 识和良好的心理素质. 消费者行为学 题型:名词解释、单选、多选、判断、简答题、案例题(①2006年春节黄金周香港迪斯尼拒客事件②企业市场营销与消费者行为,即最后一章,会出案例题) 名词解释 1、面子消费和象征消费(二者选一) 面子消费:指在消费中更重视别人的看法和意见,更关注戈恩消费的社会群体效应。 象征消费:指的是消费具有符号象征。即消费不仅是物理或物质的消费,而且也是象征的消费。 2、参考群体和意见领袖(二者选一) 参考群体:消费者在个体形成购买决策时,作为参考、比较的个人或群体。 意见领袖:是指那些更频繁或更多地向其他消费者提供信息,从而在更大程度上影响他人的态度和行为的消费者。 简答题: 1、简述消费者行为学的演进和发展 (1)萌芽与初创时期:20世纪20年代以前,这一时期研究的重点是促进企业的产品销售,而非满足消费者需求;1901年,美国斯科特《广告心理学》被任务标志这消费心理学前身的出现。 (2)应用与发展时期:①20世纪30年代世界性经济危机,商品市场完全转变为买方市场;企业纷纷奉行“市场观念”,研究消费者心理趋势逐渐形成。其中首先取得进展的是消费者动机的研究。一些工程师、制造商发现产品外观、造型、性能等对消费者心理有重要影响,为消费者心理与行为开辟了一个新的领域;②20世纪60年代蓬勃发展:1960年美国心理学会成立——独立学科正式产生;1968年第一部消费者行为学教材诞生;③1969年每个消费者研究协会诞生。 (3)变革与创新时期:①20世纪70年代以来,有关消费者心理与行为的研究进入全名发展和成熟的阶段;②20世纪80年代后出现了新的研究领域主题,如顾客满意度、品牌、客户关系等。而我国直到20世纪80年代才引入研究:不成熟、前景广阔。 2、简述消费者行为学多学科研究视野 学科间的借鉴、沟通、联系、整合,增加消费者行为理论的时代感与解释力。消费者行为是一个非常复杂的现象,它隐含了心理、社会、经济、文化等多个层面的含义,具有多维度多层次的特点。 (1)经济学视角:理性的消费者 对于消费者而言,经济学首先假定:消费者具有完全理性,即消费者完全了解自己消费的物品,自觉把效用最大化为目标;存在消费者主权,即由消费者决定自己的消费,当然也间接决定生产;效用仅仅来源于物品的消费。 (2)心理学视角:感性而又理性的消费者 心理学认为,消费者是一个心理、意识和行为融为一体的个体。消费者行为进行的过程,也是消费心理和消费需求不断满足的过程。 ①动力派:需求、动机——马斯洛需求理论 ②行为派:外显行为+内隐行为(黑箱);研究外显,拒绝心理。 尊敬的领导,老师,亲爱的同学们, 大家好!我是5班的梁浩东。今天早上我坐车来学校的路上,我仔细观察了路上形形色色的人,有开着小车衣着精致的叔叔阿姨,有市场带着倦容的卖各种早点的阿姨,还有偶尔穿梭于人群中衣衫褴褛的乞丐。于是我问自己,十几年后我会成为怎样的自己,想成为社会成功人士还是碌碌无为的人呢,答案肯定是前者。那么十几年后我怎样才能如愿以偿呢,成为一个受人尊重,有价值的人呢?正如我今天演讲的题目是:自主管理。 大家都知道爱玩是我们孩子的天性,学习也是我们的责任和义务。要怎样处理好这些矛盾,提高自主管理呢? 首先,我们要有小主人翁思想,自己做自己的主人,要认识到我们学习,生活这一切都是我们自己走自己的人生路,并不是为了报答父母,更不是为了敷衍老师。 我认为自主管理又可以理解为自我管理,在学习和生活中无处不在,比如通过老师,小组长来管理约束行为和同学们对自身行为的管理都属于自我管理。比如我们到一个旅游景点,看到一块大石头,有的同学特别兴奋,会想在上面刻上:某某某到此一游话。这时你就需要自我管理,你需要提醒自己,这样做会破坏景点,而且是一种素质低下的表现。你设想一下,如果别人家小孩去你家墙上乱涂乱画,你是何种感受。同样我们把自主管理放到学习上,在我们想偷懒,想逃避,想放弃的时候,我们可以通过自主管理来避免这些,通过他人或者自己的力量来完成。例如我会制定作息时间计划表,里面包括学习,运动,玩耍等内容的完成时间。那些学校学习尖子,他们学习好是智商高于我们吗,其实不然,在我所了解的哪些优秀的学霸传授经验里,就提到要能够自我管理,规范好学习时间的分分秒秒,只有辛勤的付出,才能取得优异成绩。 在现实生活中,无数成功人士告诉我们自主管理的重要性。十几年后我想成为一位优秀的,为国家多做贡献的人。亲爱的同学们,你们们?让我们从现在开始重视和执行自主管理,十几年后成为那个你想成为的人。 谢谢大家! 关于工作的英语演讲稿 【篇一:关于工作的英语演讲稿】 关于工作的英语演讲稿 different people have various ambitions. some want to be engineers or doctors in the future. some want to be scientists or businessmen. still some wish to be teachers or lawers when they grow up in the days to come. unlike other people, i prefer to be a farmer. however, it is not easy to be a farmer for iwill be looked upon by others. anyway,what i am trying to do is to make great contributions to agriculture. it is well known that farming is the basic of the country. above all, farming is not only a challenge but also a good opportunity for the young. we can also make a big profit by growing vegetables and food in a scientific way. besides we can apply what we have learned in school to farming. thus our countryside will become more and more properous. i believe that any man with knowledge can do whatever they can so long as this job can meet his or her interest. all the working position can provide him with a good chance to become a talent. 【篇二:关于责任感的英语演讲稿】 im grateful that ive been given this opportunity to stand here as a spokesman. facing all of you on the stage, i have the exciting feeling of participating in this speech competition. the topic today is what we cannot afford to lose. if you ask me this question, i must tell you that i think the answer is a word---- responsibility. in my elementary years, there was a little girl in the class who worked very hard, however she could never do satisfactorily in her lessons. the teacher asked me to help her, and it was obvious that she expected a lot from me. but as a young boy, i was so restless and thoughtless, i always tried to get more time to play and enjoy myself. so she was always slighted over by me. one day before the final exam, she came up to me and said, could you please explain this to me? i can not understand it. i如何写先进个人事迹
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