高中生学习定语从句易犯错误

高中生学习定语从句易犯错误

江苏宝应职业教育集团安宜北路校区

万吉林

定语从句是高中生感到比较难以掌握的语法知识。之所以困难一是定语从句本身关系代词、关系副词使用的复杂，其次是受名词性从句以及it强调结构影响，常常产生混淆。具体表现为：

一、与名词性从句混淆。

许多学生看到下面这个句子会毫不犹豫地选择which

The other boys planted the corn in they called the “big field”.

A. which

B. that

C. what

D. field

而他们却疏忽了介词in后面缺少宾语，因而该句是一个宾语从句，应选择what。

事实上定语从句只是修饰名词，并非句子中不可缺少的成分，试比较下面两句：

He didn’t understand the words that I had just said.

He didn’t understand what I had just said.

第一句是定语从句，从句可去掉，而第二句由于是宾语从句，则不可去掉。

再看几例：

1、is known, China is a country with a long history.

is known that China is a country with a long history.

A. As

B. that

C. It

D. Which

2、Is this factory makes radios?

Is this the factory makes radios?

A. that

B. where

C. what

D. the one

3、How many students are there in your class homes are in the country?

A. which

B. who

C. that

D. whose

第一句第一小句为定语从句应选A，第二小句已经有了连词that是名词性从句应选C；第二句this factory是主语，句子缺少表语，因此答案为C，而the factory是表语，后面是定语从句，故选A；

第三句受名词性从句which、whose用法影响，学生有可能选A，而这是定语从句，在定语从句中Whose+名词等于the+名词+of Which/ Whom,故答案D正确。

二、误用关系代词。

1、用that处误用which

尽管定语从句中that和which可以互换，但下列情形下却只能用that:

1）先行词是all、little 、much、that 、none 、anything 、everything 、nothing 、something等不定代词时：

I’ll tell you all that I have known.

Do you know that that that is used as a relative pronoun?

2）先行词由下列这些词修饰时：

the only、the very等。

This is the very book that is useful to you all.

We saw the only car that hadn’t been burnt in the fire.

3) 先行词由序数词、最高级形容词修饰时：

The first thing that you should do is to listen attentively.

It was the nicest photo that I saw there.

4）先行词为数词时：

I bought two fish last week. Now you can see the two that are still alive.

5）句中已出现which或who：

Edison built a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.

Who is the man that is standing under the tree?

6）主句为there be结构：

There is still a seat in the corner that is free.

7）作先行词的结构中既有人又有物：

Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street!

8）关系代词在从句中做表语：

He is not the man that he was before.

2、用which处误用that

同样有些情况下关系代词只能使用which：

1）非限制性定语从句：

I saw a film last night, which was about the Long March.

He has done a lot of work, which I think is necessary to our study.

2）作介词宾语：

Nearby were two canoes in which they had come to the island.

This is the house in which he once lived.

3）当关系代词后面带有插入语：

Here is the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.

4）先行词为整个句子：

He failed in the exam, proves that he wasn’t working hard enough.

A. which

B. what

C. it

D. that

3、用who处误用that

Who与that通常可以互换，但在非限制性定语从句中只能用who,除此下列情况下也只能用who：1）代词表示泛指意义：

He who laughs last laughs best.

2）先行词为those：

Those who are not fit for their work should leave office at once.

3）先行词与定语从句分隔开时：

I met a foreigner in the park yesterday who spoke Chinese very well.

这就是学生使用关系代词易犯的错误。下面再来看几个句子：

1．He talked about a hero no one had ever heard.

A. of whom

B. from whom

C. about that

D. who

2．That was the only gate by we could rush out and save those were in great danger.

A. that, which

B. which, who

C. it, who

D. whom, that

3．He studied hard and later became a well-known writer, his father

expected.

A. that was what

B. what was that

C. and which was

D. which was what

4．Little has been done is helpful to our work.

A. What

B. which

C. that

D. all that

5．Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?

A. where

B. that

C. on which

D. the one

三、误用关系副词。

1、与关系代词混淆

关系副词的作用相当于介词加关系代词，在从句中作状语，但不少同学不清楚哪些动词需要带宾语，往往会犯下列错误：

This is the mountain village where I visited last year.

I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.

Visit、spend都是及物动词，故应选择关系代词which或that。

2、与it强调结构混淆：

在强调结构中it无任何意义，而有些同学并不清楚，故而会犯下列错误：

It was in 1949 when the People’s Republic of China was founded.

这是一个强调结构的句子，when处应写成that,如非强调结构，it则表示时间，该句应写成：

It was 1949 when the People’s Republic of China was founded.

以上只是高中生学习定语从句常犯的一些典型错误，还有诸如as与which的误用等其他错误这里就不在列举了。