内蒙古大学招收2014年攻读硕士学位研究生自命题试题

内蒙古大学招收2014年攻读硕士学位研究生自命题试题

A 卷

科目代码及名称：65〗英语基础

适用专业：英语语言文学

适用专业：外国语言学及应用语言学

在此试题纸上答题无效！须使用报考点提供的答题纸答题! ____________

I. Directions: The following sentences contain some figures of speech. Please identify them and write your answers in English on the answer sheet(l X 10=10)

1. Telephone poles and 20-inch-thick pines cracked like guns as the

winds snapped them.( )

2. We shall be fortified and encouraged in our efforts. We shall be

strengthened and not weakened in determination and resources.

( . )

3. We shall always hope to find them strongly supporting their own

freedom.( )

4. The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel

potatoes.( )

5. The house detective clucked his tongue reprovingly.( )

6. The Washington Post, in an editorial captioned "Keep Your Old Webster

’s " . ( )

7. ''Maggie's brain is like an elephant’s". Wangero said, laughing .( )

8. The back door opens to let out the dog .The TV set blinks on with the day’s

first newscast: a selective rundown...( )

9. We shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any

friend, and oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.( )

10. It is that of a Presbyterian grinning.( )

11. Translate the following sentences into Chinese. ( 2 X 10=20)

1 1 .Elsewhere there is the carpet market, with its profusion of rich

colors, varied textures and regional designssome bold and simple,

others unbelievably detailed and yet harmonious.

12. The Saxon peasants who tilled the land and reared the animals

could not afford the meat, which went to Norman tables.

13. Thanks to his map, I was able to find a taxi driver who could take

me straight to the canal embankment, where a sort of barge with a

roof like one on a Japanese house was moored.

14. Before dawn, the Mississippi Natipnal Guard and civil-defense units were moving in to handle traffic, guard property, set up communications centers, help clear the debris and take the homeless by truck and bus to refugee centers.

15. Two and a half years later I slept under the midnight sun at the other end of our planet, in a small tent pitched on a twelve-foot-thick slab of ice floating in the frigid Arctic Ocean.

16. To those peoples in the huts and villages of half the globe struggling to break the bonds of mass misery, we pledge our best efforts to help them help themselves, for whatever period is required.

17. The little crowd of mourner—all men and boys, no womenthread their way across the market place between the piles

of pomegranates and the taxis and the camels, walling a short chant over and over again.

18. You’ve no doubt seen those TV shows where the child who has “made it” is confronted, as a surprise, by her own mother and father, tottering in weakly from backstage.

19. After dinner, when I — was walking on the croquet lawn with Mr. Churchill, he reverted to this theme, and I asked whether for him, the arch anti-Communist, this was not bowing down in the House of Rimmon.

20. The Russian danger is therefore our danger, and the danger of the United States, just as the cause of any Russian fighting for his hearth and home is the cause of free men and free peoples in every quarter

of the globe.

Ill Reading Comprehension(2 X 20=40)

Directions: There are 4 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B，C and D. Choose the

best answer.

Passage One

The term “folk custom" is very broad, but it has been used by folklorists to refer to those shared patterns of behaviors in a particular folk group. Those patterns of behaviors are regarded as the traditional arid established ways of members of the particular folk group. Folk custom is transmitted by word of mouth, demonstration or imitation. The folklore and folk customs of England are rich and varied. Many customs are ancient, and passed down generation after generation from our Germanic and Celtic ancestors. Others are more modem creations. One of the greatest problems in assessing most accounts of folk customs is that they tend to give only the antiquary's point of view. After all, to most observers, the people they were looking at were simple and illiterate, immindfol of the true significance of the customs they had preserved. Why question them at length if they didn't

understand the essential nature of what they were doing? So a folklorist is likely to emphasize aspects of a tradition which reflect his or her own interests ' or which fit in with preconceived ideas, while possibly ignoring or giving only passing mention to aspects which may, in fact, be of equal importance.

One aspect which generally gets left out of accounts is the

viewpoint of the participants themselves: for instance, why they indulge in a particular activity at a particular time of year or of their lives and what feelings they experience while doing so. And now, ideas deriving from folklore studies are so widespread that they may easily have become an integral part of the attitude of the participants in a custom. So the folklorist is rather like a man staring at a scene in a mirror who must be aware, to fully understand that scene, that his own reflection is a major part of what he is looking at.

It is, however, also true to say that many contemporary students of folklore are fully aware of the problems which beset their enquiries. Like true scientists tbey draw their conclusions by looking at available evidence, rather than selecting evidence which fits in with existing theories. Some have also looked away from the "obviously" ancient and turned their attention to folklore where it thrives, in the social life of modem cities, in industry and sport, etc. ITiey may, for example, end up looking at the lore of the motor car, or of popular music, and at customs which, though they have no hints of paganism, nevertheless have much in common with the older activities which do.

Many folklorists have gradually come to the conclusion that

folklore is not necessarily a thing of the past, a relic of ancient and outmoded ways of thinking, but the means by which people try to make sense of the world (or to confront its lack of sense) and try to alleviate boredom and suffering.

21. Why are early accounts of folk customs unreliable?

A. The participants did not reveal the significance of their customs.

B. The participants were not aware of the meaning of their customs.

C. Folklorists undervalued the opinions of the participants.

D. Folklorists didn’t consider the participants smart enough to

answer the questions.

22. Why is the study of folklore today difficult?

A. Participants are now influenced by earlier studies of their activities.

B. Participants insist on the accuracy of their own interpretations.

C. Folklorists are too concerned to justify their own theories.

D. Folklorists are often misled by unreliable earlier studies.

23. What is new about folklorists today?

A. They are now more cautious about the evidence they accept.

B. They want to investigate the more obscure areas of folklore.

C. They are studying the creation of folklore in present-day society.

D. They want to discover the link between paganism and social customs.

24. What does participation in folk customs mean to people?

A. It can be of psychological benefit to them.

B. It enables them to escape the problem of the modem world.

C. It can be a means of regaining ancient wisdom.

D. It is an attempt to reconstruct what is lost forever.

25. The best title for the passage probably is

A. Folklore and Folk Customs

B. Problems and Tendency of Folk Customs

C. The Revival of Folk Customs

D. Folklore and Folklorists

Passage Two

The Chin Widget Company is coming out with a new widget. It

is expected to be on the market within the next few months and to revolutionize the widget industry. The new widget will be called the “jQC” after the initials of its inventor, Joshua Quincy Chin. Mr. Chin worked on this widget for over ten years, and refused to submit it to the market until he was certain that it was perfect and that the market was ready to accept it.

The JQC will measure five by eight by three feet and weigh only four pounds, seven ounces. It will be flexible enough to be packed in a nylon carrying case, which will be supplied with the widget. It will be made of a high-quality acrylic/plastic blend, supported and strengthened by hair-th in strands of aluminum. The widget’s proposed asking price will be an incredible $49.95. Already several hundreds of retail outlets have been clamoring for large shipments, as the Christmas buying season will open shortly. The Chin Company feels that if it can get the JQC on the market for the Christmas season, it will make back its promotional and research and development costs within thirty days.

There are three major difficulties with the widget that present problems at this time. There is a patent infringement lawsuit being threatened by Joshua Quincy Chin’s assistant, Herbie Hecklering, who claims that it was he, Herbie, who actually made the breakthrough calculations that enabled the widget to be made. Herbie 第7 页，共20 页

wants at least equal credit with Joshua for the creation and wants equal royalties as well. Joshua strongly denies Herbie’s claims and states that he will fight any patent suit as Herbie filed the patent after Joshua had invented the widget but before he was willing to submit it

to the market.

Another major difficulty with the widget is that if it comes into contact with high heat for even a short period of time, it sends off a small amount of noxious fumes. These fumes would not be dangerous in a large, well-ventilated room. Nor would the fumes be dangerous to an adult or older child. However, the Chin Company worries that if a small child were in a small room with a widget and heated it (perhaps by playing with matches), the fumes might be sufficient to severely injure or even kill the child. There appear to be no satisfactory solutions to this difficulty; the material the widget is made of never bums but always emits fumes when heated.

The Chin Company’s market research has shown that the widget

will sell best in the Southern and Midwestern regions. The average purchaser of a widget is married, in his or her fifties, a homeowner, and a wage-eamer. Therefore, the Chin Company has decided to start a large advertising campaign in Alabama, Georgia, Florida, and Indiana within the next few weeks.

26. The major flaw in the author’s writing is that .

A. he states there are three difficulties with the widget but gives

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only two

B. he is obviously biased toward a product that could be dangerous

C. he states only problems but fails to suggest any solutions

D. he never states why anyone would want a widget

27. According to the passage, the purpose of the aluminum in the widgets is .

A. to keep them from burning

B. to make them flexible

C. to give them strength

D. to make them magnetic

28. With which of the following would the author most likely disagree?

A. A product should not be released until every possible difficulty with it is removed.

B. Widgets have a market that is open to revolutionary new products.

C. A lawsuit on patent infringement could hurt the sales of the widget.

D. Market research is important to an advertising campaign.

29. The author uses the word “incredib]e” in regard to the price of the widget to convey the impression that .

A. the widget is over priced

B. the widget is unsellable at that price

C. that is not the real price of the widget

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D. the price is very good for the buyer of the widget

30. Which of the following are the demands of Herbie Hecklering?

A. Equal recognition as an inventor and a lump sum payment.

B. A lump sum payment and future royalties.

C. Withdrawal of the widget from the marketplace and monetary damages.

D. Equal recognition as the inventor and equal royalties.

Passage Three

Every market activity is an investment in time，energy and money. Few companies would spend a large sum of money on, say, a purchase of capital equipment without a full investigation into why it is needed, the choices available, and the expected return on what has k

been spent. Yet every year the vast majority of companies invest a large amount of money in marketing actions without knowing what their financial worth to the company or likely return will be. By introducing the disciplines arising from market planning, a company should be able to ensure that the costs of marketing planning show a reasonable return and are calculated in the same way as all other business investments.

Many managers believe that the costs of marketing form an additional expense that has to be accepted in order to sell their goods. Whilst it is true that many companies use certain tools of marketing 第10 页，共20 页

for this purpose, it is also true that the most successful companies accept marketing as an essential part of the company's total commercial operation, for it is an essential cost in the same way as production or finance.

Companies often avoid planning marketing procedures in detail because of the effort needed to express their forward policy in a written form. Managers commonly consider that their time is too valuable to spend on anything other than urgent operational problems. In fact, the manager who spends his time on dealing with current administrative detail is almost certain to have ignored proper planning in the past. For, if properly prepared, the marketing plan will contain sufficient details of the company's policy and operational strategy for the work to be done by an assistant. As the many alternative courses of action are programmed, the assistant takes any actions or decisions which are appropriate. Only unusual situations need be dealt with by the manager.

The first step in preparing a marketing plan is that of producing

the information necessary for decision making. Usually, a company will have within its own administration and control system the raw

material necessary for the plan's foundations. In addition, there is plenty of published information which is made available by government departments, institutions and the press.

Marketing research is yet to be fully exploited by the majority of companies. It has so far only been used by companies that have

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recognized that their existing information sources are inadequate. Because of the scale of operations that now confronts the typical businessman, it is essential that investment decisions are based upon relevant information, so reducing the business risk.

For a marketing-oriented activity to produce lasting results the entire operation has to be systematically planned. By producing basic information in written form and establishing aims for the future, the company is creating standards against which actual performance can be measured. Documentation of detailed policy actions then provides the basis for controlling the company's operation. Future trends may be predicted through the investigation of all factors likely to influence company results.

31. The amount of money spent on marketing by most companies each year

A. equals the amount spent on capital equipment..

B. does not give a good return on the investment.

C. is not based on an assessment of its potential value.

D. is viewed by these companies as an important business investment.

32. Managers usually regard the costs of marketing as _________ .

A. something which increases the cost of goods.

B. helpful but not essential to a company's success.

C. less important than investment in production.

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D. an unnecessary extra business cost.

33. Why are marketing plans not written down by many managers?

A. They do not have time to do it.

B. They know it would be difficult to do.

C. They never follow any particular marketing plan.

D. Iliey do not think it is really necessary.

34. Good marketing procedures allow a manager ______ ?

A. to take different courses of action.

B. to do less work than others.

C. to avoid unforeseen problems.

D. to give more responsibility to others.

35. How should a manager begin writing a marketing plan?

A. By doing market research outside the company.

B. By looking at information produced by other companies.

C. By analyzing procedures already used by the company.

D. By finding information from many different sources.

Passage Four

No one should be forced to wear a uniform under any circumstance. Uniforms are demeaning to the human spirit and totally unnecessary in a democratic society. Uniforms tell the world that the person who wears one has no value as an individual but only lives to function as a part of a whole. The individual in a uniform loses all

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There are those who say that wearing a uniform gives a person a sense of identification with a larger, more important concept. What could be more important than the individual himself? If an organization is so weak that it must rely on cloth and buttons to inspire it's members, that organization has no right to continue its existence. Others say that the practice of making persons wear uniforms, say, in a school, eliminates all envy and competition in the matter of dress, such that a poor person who cannoj: afford good - quality clothing is not to be belittled by a wealthy person who wears expensive, quality clothing. Those persons conveniently ignore such critical concepts as freedom of choice, motivation, and individuality. If all persons were to wear the same clothing，why would anyone strive to be better? It is only a short step from forcing everyone to wear the same clothing to forcing everyone to drive the same car, have the same type of house, eat the same type of food. When this happens, all incentive to improve one’s life is removed. Why would parents bother to work hard so that their children could have a better life than they had when they know that their children are going to be forced to have exactly the same life that they had?

Uniforms also hurt the economy. Right now, billions of dollars

are spent on the fashion industry yearly. Thousands of persons are employed in designing, creating and marketing different types of

self-worth.

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clothing. If everyone were forced to wear uniforms, artistic personnel would be unnecessary. Salespersons would be superfluous as well; why bother to sell the only items that are available? The wearing of uniforms would destroy the fashion industry, which in turn would have a ripple effect on such industries as advertising and promotion. Without advertising, newspapers, magazines, and television would not be able to remain in business. One entire information and entertainment industry would founder.

36. The author’s tone in this passage is 0

A. impassioned

B. hysterical

C. dramatic

D. sarcastic

37. This passage might be found in which of the following?

A. A children’s textbook.

B. An editorial in a newspaper.

C. A sociology textbook.

D. A political platform.

38. The author's primary purpose in writing this passage was

to _________ .

A. plead for the abolishment of uniforms

B. show that uniforms are not possible in a democratic society

C. advocate stronger governmental controls on the wearing of uniforms

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D. convince the reader that uniforms have more disadvantages than advantages

39. The author brings in the example of a parent striving to make life better for his children to make the point that .

A. individual motivation would be destroyed by uniforms

B. parents love their children

C. uniforms cause dissension between parents and children

D. parents have responsibility to their children

40. With which of the following would the author most likely disagree?

A. Persons have the right to dress as they please and flaunt their wealth if they choose to do so.

B. Individuality is a luxury that a l?rge society can no longer afford.

C. Organizations must have more intrinsic worth than wearing a uniform would suggest.

D. The media depend on the sale of clothing, if only in an indirect way.

IV CIoze(lx20=20):

Directions : There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For

each blank there are four choices marked A , B ，C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage.

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Geography is the study of the relationship between people and

the land.

Geographers compare and contrast 41 places on the

earth. But they also 42 beyond the individual

places and consider the earth as a 43 ? The word “geography”

44 from two Greek words, ge, the Greek word for ”earth" and graphein, 45 means "to write/' The English word geography means "to describe the earth." 46 geography books focus on a small area 47 a town or city. Others deal with a state, a region,

a nation, or an 48 continent. Many geography books deal with

the whole earth. Another 49 to divide the study of 50

is to distinguish between physical geography and cultural geography. The former focuses on the natural world; the 51 starts with human beings and 52 how human beings and their environment act 53 each other. But when geography is considered as a single subject, 54 branch can neglect the other. A geographer might be described 55 one who observes, records, and explains the 56 between places. If all places

57 alike, there would be little need for geographers. We know, however, 58 no two places are exactly the same. Geography,

59 , is a point of view, a special way of 60 at places.

41.A. similar B. various C, distant D. famous

42.A. pass B. reach C. go D. set

43.A. whole B. unit C. part D. total

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44.A. falls B. removes C. results D. comes

45.A. what B. that C. which D. it

46.A. Some B. Many C. Most D. Few

47.A. outside B. except C. as D. like

48.A. extensive B. entire C. overall D. enormous

49.A. way B. means C. habit D. technique

50.A. world B. earth C. geography D. globe

51.A. second B. later C. next D. latter

52.A. learns B. studies C. realizes D. understands

53.A. upon B. for C. as D. to t

54.A. neither B. either C. one D. each

55.A. for B. to C. as D, by

56.A. exceptions B. sameness C. differences D. divisions 51.A. being B. are C. be D. were …

58.A. although B. whether C. since D. that

59.A. still B. then C. nevertheless D. moreover

60.A. working B. looking C. arriving D. getting

V. Error Correction(l X 10=10)

Directions: This section consists of a short passage. In this passage, there altogether 10 mistakes, one in each numbered line. You raay have to changc a word, add a word or delete a word.

Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blank provided. If you change a word, cross it out and write the correct word in the corresponding blank. If you add word, put an

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insertion mark (A) in the right place and write the missing word

in the blank. If you delete a word, cross it out and put a siash(/) in the blank.

We are all naturally attracted to people with ideas, beliefs and

interests like our own. Similarly, we feel comfortable

with people with physical qualities similar as ours. 61. _______

You may have noticed about how people who live 62. _______

or work closely together come to behave in a similar way. Unconsciously we copy these we are close to or love or 63. ______ admire. So a sportsman's individual way of

walking with raised shoulders is imitated by an admired 64. ______ ■fan; a pair of lovers both shake their heads in the same way;

an employer finds himself duplicating his boss's habit 65. ______

of wagging a pen between his fingers while thinking. In every case, the influential person may consciously notice the imitation 66. _____ but he will feel comfortably in its presence. And if he does 67. _____ notice the matching of his gestures or movements, he finds it pleasing he is influencing people: they are drawn to them. 68. ______ Sensitive people

have been mirroring their friend and acquaintances 69. _____

all their lives，and winning affection and respect in this way without aware of their methods. Now, for people who want 70. ___ to win agreement or trust, affection or sympathy, some psychologists recommend the deliberate use of physical imitation.