英语一词多义的转喻认知机制 叶碧慧

第24卷 第4期 宁 波 大 学 学 报(人 文 科 学 版)

Vol. 24 No.4 2011年7月

JOURNAL OF NINGBO UNIVERSITY(LIBERAL ARTS EDITION) Jul. 2011

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收稿日期:2011 - 03 - 07

作者简介:叶碧慧(1968-),女,浙江温州人,讲师,主要研究方向:语用学和英语教学。E-mail: Yebh@https://www.360docs.net/doc/7d11294222.html,

英语一词多义的转喻认知机制

——以head 为例

叶碧慧

(肇庆学院 外国语学院,广东 肇庆 526061)

摘要:根据转喻的认知原则、邻近原则和突显原则,“head”名词词义延伸义项存在三种转喻形式,即“部分代整体”、“整体代部分”、“部分代部分”,“head”转化为动词主要涉及“主体代行为”、“工具代行为”和“方式代行为”转喻,形容词延伸义也体现了突显原则,因此“head”词义延伸存在转喻认知机制,认知转喻思维在英语词义延伸中起着重要作用。 关键词:一词多义;转喻;认知机制 中图分类号:H05

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1001 - 5124(2011)04 - 0068 - 04

一词多义现象与人类的认知过程是紧密联系在一起的,是由人类的认知机制决定的,而隐喻和转喻是人类非常重要的认识和理解客观世界的认知活动,从隐喻和转喻的角度能说明词义

延伸的内在机制和可能性。[1]

尽管有许多研究表明隐喻与转喻并非截然分开,而是一个连续统,但是隐喻与转喻有着本质的区别,隐喻的认知原则是相似性,而转喻的认知原则是邻近性。在诸多探讨人体部位词一词多义的隐喻、转喻机制的研究中,存在概念比较混乱、没有突显隐喻的相似性原则和转喻的邻近性原则的问题。转喻的认知研究表明,同一认知域中概念之间的邻近关系

是判断语言现象是否为转喻的关键。[2]

因此,本文以邻近性为出发点,以“head”为例,分析词义延伸的认知转喻机制,并探讨认知转喻思维在英语词义延伸中的作用。

一、名词“head”词义延伸的认知转喻机制

转喻是发生在同一认知模型中的认知操作过程,其中一个概念实体为另一个概念实体提供

心理通道。[3]

转喻具有邻近性的特征,即转喻的喻体和本体就是两个不同实体之间在概念上具有邻近关系的体现,而且这种邻近关系遵循着一定的与人们的认知方式有关的规律。[4]

也就是说,人们会对事物的某一方面加以突显,从而感

知彼此之间在概念上的相邻。而在选择相对突显的时候也会遵循一系列的认知原则,即有生命的、整体的、具体的、可见的事物往往显著于无生命的、部分的、抽象的、不可见的事物。所以,转喻以事物间的邻近联想为基础,在同一理想认知模型内用突显、易感知、易记忆、易辨认的部分代替整体或整体的其他部分,或由具有完形感知的整体代替部分,可以说邻近原则和突显原则

是转喻的认知原则。[5]97-99

根据《英汉大词典》,[6]

“head”的中心义项是“(人、动物等的)头,头部”。基于邻近原则和突显原则考察“head”的所有名词延伸义项,发现其中共有9项为转喻用法。Radden & K ?vecses 根据喻体和本体的关系,将转喻分为两大类,即整体与部分转喻以及整体的部分之间互相转换而产生的转喻。[7]30

在此基础上,本文将“head”的名词延伸义项分成“部分代整体”、“整体代部分”及“部分代部分”三类转喻。

(一)部分代整体转喻 事物可理解为由各个部分组成的整体,突显部分可代表事物整体是语言中非常普遍的现象。

第4期叶碧慧:英语一词多义的转喻认知机制69

下列“head”的延伸义项就属于部分代整体转喻,如:(1)人,个人。(2)(牛羊等的)头数。(3)一头的长度。(4)狂热爱好者。(5)脑袋,生命。

头是人这一整体最重要的部位,我们在认知、识别人的时候,最先感知的是包括脸在内的整个头部,而不是身体躯干或四肢,可见头处于身体的突显部位,通过突显“头”,我们感知到头与生命体属于同一认知域中的邻近关系,所以在英语中常用“head”来指代“人”,这便有了第(1)个延伸义项,如:a hot head/ 性子急躁的人、All the crowned heads of Europe were present./欧洲所有的国王和王后都到场了、count heads/点人数、Tickets averaged $2 a head./票价平均每人两元等。而且头部是人是否有生命的关键,没有了头就没有了生命,于是产生了第(5)义项,如:It cost him his head./这要了他的性命。

在第(1)义项的基础上,“head” 进一步指代“有智慧的人”,突显与“head”相关联的特征“智慧”,这也属于“部分代整体”转喻。如:There are a lot of good heads in the university./大学里有许多有智慧的人、Two heads are better than one./两人智慧胜一人。除“智慧”之外,人的大脑还具有其他特定的功能,其中便有控制力、想像力等,而人与这些能力紧密相关,具有邻近性,于是在第(1)义项的基础上“head”又转喻出第(4)个义项“狂热爱好者”,如:a film head/影迷、a chilli head /爱吃辣椒的人。

头对其他动物来讲也是非常重要的部分,可代表整个动物,所以,在计算动物的数量时也就用“头”来做计量单位,如第(2)个延伸义项,这是典型的转喻思维模式。如:20 head of cattle/ 二十头牛、The horse lost by a head./那匹马以一头之差输掉了、Count the heads and tell me how many horses there are./数数看,告诉我有多少匹马。

此外,“head”可用来表示高度的度量单位,如第(3)义项,这也是转喻思维的结果,也属于“部分代整体”转喻。由于头处于人体的最高位置,所以在比较两个人高矮的时候,我们往往将注意力落在“头”上,把头作为比较高矮的参照点,于是“头”得到了突显,“头”与高矮形成概念上的邻近关系,如:She is half a head taller than her sister./她比她妹妹高半个头。

(二)整体代部分转喻

认知框架是人根据经验建立的概念与概念之间的相对固定的关联模式。[8]认知框架是心理上的“完形”(gestalt)结构,能够完形感知的整体比它的各个构成部分在认知上更加简单、更容易识别和记忆,因此便有了“整体代部分转喻”,下列“head”的延伸义项就属于此类转喻,如:(6)头脑;才智、天资;理解力;克制力等。(7)头发。(8)嘴(美俚)。

人的头部具有许多特定的功能,其中之一就是理解力、智力、想像力等,“head”与其所具有的功能之间是同一个认知框架中整体与部分的关系,具有邻近性关系特征。而且“head”作为实体是具体的、易感知的,而其能力、特性等往往是抽象的,在同一认知框架内具体的实体比抽象的特性在认知上通常具有更高的显著度,这是人类认知的一般规律,即人更容易认知、明白具体的事物。所以我们经常用突显的具体的实体来指代实体所具有的抽象的特征。因此,从“头”到“智力、思维等”的词义演变如第(6)义项就是转喻的思维方式。如:He has some queer notions in his head./他脑子里有些怪念头、use one’s head/动脑筋、The old man has a wise head./那位老人足智多谋、She has a good head for mathematics./她有数学天赋、keep a cool head in an emergency/在紧急情况下保持镇静、a clear head/清晰的头脑、above one’s head/超过……的理解力,等等。

“整体代部分转喻”包括“整体转指活跃区域”,它是非常自然、普遍的语言现象,甚至自然到我们很多人都未能视之为转喻,[7]31如Roger ate an apple./罗杰吃了一个苹果。“Roger”作为整体转指其活跃区域——完成“吃”这个动作所涉及的Roger的手、嘴、牙齿、消化道等,“apple”代表的活跃区域是可吃的苹果肉,而不是苹果核或腐烂的部分。可见活跃区域是指某一实体的构成部分,该部分在实体的构成关系中尤为直接和重要。头发长在头上,头和头发之间属于整体和部分的关系,突显的整体“头”可用来指代头部的活跃区域“头发”,于是便有了第(7)个延伸义项,如:comb one’s head/梳头、wash one’s head/洗头等。但在不同的语境以及实体的不同构成关

70宁波大学学报(人文科学版) 2011

系中,活跃区域所指也可以有所不同,如:Keep your head shut./别开口。此处活跃区域为“嘴”,作为整体的“head”转喻地指代处于活跃区域的“嘴”,即第(8)个延伸义项。

(三)部分代部分转喻

感知在我们的认知世界中起着非常突出的作用,而且理想化认知模型的不同特性可允许许多转喻存在,其中便有“感知部位代感知转喻”,[7]38这归属于“部分代部分转喻”,这种转喻一般发生在事件的各个参与成分之间。“头”为感知部位,“痛”为感觉,“头”和“痛”属于“头部感觉疼痛”整个事件中的参与成分,所以“头”可替代“头痛”,这就产生了第(9)个延伸义项“头痛”,如:I’ve got a bad head./我头痛得厉害。

二、“head”词性变化的认知转喻机制

“head”词义延伸还体现在词性的变化上,它还可被用作动词和形容词。词性变化就是词类再范畴化,某一词语无需任何前缀或后缀,即可转换成另一个词类范畴的成员,[9] 如名词可用作动词和形容词、动词可用作名词,等等。词性变化使语言变得生动、活泼,简明、易懂,它的认知机制为转喻,是语法转喻起作用的结果。[10]“head”经常被用作动词。在事件图式中,除了行为动作以外,还有行为主体、行为方式、结果、原因、时间、地点等要素,这些要素或多或少与整个事件相关联,其中突显的参与成分可代替事件本身。[11] 也就是说,上述表示行为主体、行为方式等的要素通常由名词构成,在语言使用过程中出于交际目的语用者需要突显某一要素,便会将之转换成动词,以代替事件本身。这是人们的概念系统中所固有的转喻认知操作能力。“head”用作动词主要有以下几种转喻方式:(1)“主体代行为”转喻,如:to head a parade/走在游行队伍的最前面、She will head the cast./她将担任主角、to head a department/主管一个部门等。此处“head”不是直接延伸自本义“头”,而是由其隐喻延伸的名词义项“领头的人、主管等”转化为动词,以动作主体代替整个行为,这才是转喻思维的结果。(2)“工具代行为”转喻,如:He headed the ball into the goal./他用头将球顶进球门。“head”作为进球所使用的“工具”得以突显,并替代球员将球顶进球门这一整个行为。(3)“方式代行为”转喻,如:Where are you heading?/你上哪儿去、He changed his mind and headed back to Nanjing./他改变主意回南京去了。因为人头朝向的方向往往就是人行进的方向。

“head”还可用作形容词,意为“首要的、领头的、在前面的”,如:head office/总公司、总店,head boy/尖子生、优等生、班长,the head football coach/足球主裁判,the head name on the list/名单上的第一个名字,等等。此处“head”也不是直接延伸自本义,而是拓展自其隐喻延伸的名词义项“领导地位、领头地位、首位等”。隐喻不是本文研究重点,但是同义而不同词性是突显事物的不同方面,[5]120而突显性就是转喻的认知原则,所以“head”用作形容词也是转喻思维的结果。总之,转喻思维为词类转换提供了可能性,是词类转换的认知基础。

三、结语

语言发展之初词与所指之间的关系是任意的,但是词义的扩展却与人类的认知过程紧密地联系在一起,是由人类的认知机制决定的,是有规律性的。本文以“head”为例,以邻近性和突显性为基础分析了其词义延伸的转喻认知机制,说明了人类的转喻思维在英语词义延伸扩展中的重要作用。另外,在研究中发现“head”转喻词义延伸的基本模式是连锁辐射型,其中名词义项除了第(4)项“狂热爱好者”延伸自第(1)项“人”之外,其他基本上直接辐射自“head”的中心词义。动词、形容词词义延伸较为复杂,有一部分扩展自“head”的隐喻延伸词义。本文强调转喻的邻近性原则和突显性原则,这对今后探讨词义延伸的隐喻和转喻认知机制应该有一定的启示作用。

参考文献

[1]曲占祥. 隐喻和转喻在词义延伸中的作用[J]. 广东外语外贸大学学报,2007(6):30-33,37.

[2]江晓红. 基于转喻认知机制的语用推理研究[J]. 山东外语,2011(1):10-16.

[3]K?VECSES Z,G RADDEN. Metonymy: developing a cognitive linguistic view[J]. Cognitive Linguistics, 1998, 9(1): 37-77. [4]江晓红,何自然. 转喻词语识别的语境制约[J]. 外语教学与研究,2010(6):411-417.

[5]赵艳芳. 认知语言学概论[M]. 上海:上海外语教育出版社,2001.

第4期叶碧慧:英语一词多义的转喻认知机制71

[6]陆谷孙. 英汉大词典[M]. 上海:上海译文出版社,1993. [7]RADDEN G, Z K?VECSES. Towards a theory of Metonymy[M]// PANTHER K-U, G RADDEN. Metonymy in Language and

Thought. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: Benjamins, 1999:17-60. [8]沈家煊. 转指和转喻[J]. 当代语言学,1999(1):1-15. [9]QUIRK R. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language [M]. London: Longman, 1985. [10]R uiz de Mendoza Ibá?ez Francisco J, Díez Velasco O I.

High-level Metonymy and Linguistic Structure[J]. Atlantis,2001,

19(1): 297-314.

[11]D IRVEN R. Conversion as a Conceptual Metonymy of Event Schemata[M]// PANTHER K-U, G. RADDEN. Metonymy in

Language and Thought. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: Benjamins,

1999:275-287.

On the Metonymic Mechanism of Polysemy in English— Take “head” as an example

YE Bi-hui

(Faculty of Foreign Languages, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China)

Abstract: According to the principles of cognition, contiguity and salience which are the basic metonymic principles, the meaning extension of “head” as a noun can be categorized into three kinds of metonymy, that is, part standing for the whole, the whole for part and part for part. The verbalization of “head” mainly involves three types of metonymy, such as “agent for action”, “instrument for action” and “manner for action”. The conversion of “head” to adjective also reflects the principle of salience. The present study reveals the metonymic device of polysemy in English and the important role of metonymy in word meaning extension.

Keywords:polysemy; metonymy; cognitive mechanism

(责任编辑王 抒) ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????(上接第34页)

A Study of Themes in The Colony of Unrequited Dreams from the Angle

of the Ethical Literary Criticism

HUANG Ying1,ZHAO Fa2

(1. Faculty of Foreign Languages, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315211, China; 2. Faculty

of Foreign Languages, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China)

Abstract: This article is an analysis of Wayne Johnston’s novel The Colony of Unrequited Dreams from the point view of the ethical literary criticism. By using postmodernist techniques such as deconstruction, intertextuality and parody, the article fragments the so–called orthodox history and gives the voice to those once-colonized and silenced Newfoundlanders, and thus makes an ethical criticism of the novel.

Keywords:The Colony of Unrequited Dreams; de-centered; deconstruction; ethical theme

(责任编辑张文鸯)

英语一词多义

一词多义 addict coca addict巧克力控drug addict吸毒者 address 1. This letter is addressed to you.这封信(地址)是写给你的 2. He addressed to me他对我说话 admit 1. admit defeat承认失败 2. admit sb. to membership加入 3. be admitted into the club 被录取 agree w ith 1. I can’t agree with you.同意 2. The climate here can’t agree with me.我不适应这里的气候。 air air his view 发表他的看法 It was aired live to more than a hundred countries around the world. 转播 apply 申请,应用applicant 申请人application申请,应用 arm 1. take up arms 拿起武器2. be armed with …用……武装,装备有 article 1.文章 2. 冠词 3. He examined the articles in the bag.物品 at once I can’t make out what they are talking about. Don’t speak all at once. 同时,一起available 有效的,可得的;可利用的;空闲的 aware be aware of 知道self awareness自我意识 back 1. 背部n. 2. I back you.支持 3 . back the car 倒车 balance 1. 秤n. 2. keep one’s balance保持平衡 3. balance in cash 余额 beat 1. The team beat that one打败,战胜 2.The heart beats fast. 跳动 3 beat the wings 拍打 bill 钞票,账单,法案 board 董事会boarding school 寄宿学校 board a plane乘坐飞机on board a train/ship在火车/轮船上 break 1. ten-minutes’ break休息10分钟lunch break午休时间 2.break a record 打破记录 3.break the news宣布消息 capital 资金;首都;大写 change 1. Do you have small change? 零钱 2.Great changes have taken place.变化 charge free of charge免费charge sb $150 收某人150元 charge sb控告charge a battery给电池充电 Charge!冲锋rechargeable batteries充电电池 in charge (of) 负责,管理in the charge of由……负责,受管理 chest 胸膛a medicine chest 药箱 a picnic chest野餐饭盒 class 1. the middle class中产阶级first class头等,第一流Class One company 1.I enjoy your company.陪伴in the company of him由他陪伴conductor 1. 售票员 2. 指挥 3. 导体 content 1. be content with sth. 满意be content to do 甘愿/乐意做某事 2. the content of the text 内容 course 1. in the course of the class在上课过程中 2.golf course球场 3. ten-course meals一道菜 4.summer course课程 cover 1. cover the distance of 200 miles 走/行驶/飞过……一段路程

法律英语中的一词多义现象

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(prep)除了I want nobody but you to finish the work. 9. by (prep) 靠近,在.... 旁We had a picnic by the lake. 通过He entered the room by the back door. 经过(某人、某物) He walked by me without speaking. 不迟于Can you finish the work by five o ' clock? 由The play is written by Shakespeare. 乘(车) Let'stravel to Shanghai by car. 通过… ..的方式 He earns his living by writing. C 1. can 能够,可以He can speak English very well. (n) 金属或塑料的容器;罐头a Coke can 2. cap (n) 帽子British schoolboys sometimes wear caps. (钢笔、瓶子等的)帽、盖 3. capital(n) 首都Beijing is the capital of China. 大写字母The world BIG is in capitals. 资本He set up a business with a starting capital of $100,000. 4. care (n) 照料She watered the flower with great care. 小心Care is needed when crossing the road. (v) 介意,在乎He failed the exam but he didn 'tseem to care at all. 关心His parents really cares about him. 5. carry (v) 携带,搬运;She carried her baby in her arms. 持有,带有;I never carry much money with me. 6. catch (v) 接住I threw a ball to her and she caught it. 捉住We tried our best to catch the thief. 赶上He got up too late to catch the early bus. 染上(疾病)④--What' wrong with you?—Oh, I catch a cold. 听见(某事物),理解Sorry,I didn 'tcatch what you said. 7. change (n) 零钱,找头I have no small change. 改变Are you for or against change? ( 你是赞同还是反对改动?) (v) 改变It is not easy to make him change his mind. 8. class (n)班级I am happy I study in Class Six. 等级This is a second-class compartment. 课I have a math class at 9o'clock. 9. close (v) 关闭Don'tforget to close the door when you leave the room. (a) 亲密的I have a close friend called Joy. 接近The church is close to the school. (ad) 接近,靠近They quite close. close by 离(某人或某 事物)不远 10. cold (a) 寒冷的It's so cold in winter in Beijing. 冷却的I' d like a cold drink. 不友好的The cold look on her face made me sad. (n) 寒冷Don'tstand outside in the cold. 伤风,感冒He didn 'tcome to school because he had a bad cold. 11. cover (v) 覆盖The ground is covered with snow. (n) 盖子;罩;封面 12. cross (v) 横穿Don 'tcross the road when the traffic light is red. 交叉He crossed his leg and sat down. (n) 十字架; 十字形或叉形记号Mark the place with a cross on the map. (a) 生气I was cross with him for being late. D 1. date(n) 日期What's the date today? 约会Tonight I have a date with Mike. up to date 时新的,现代的out of date 过时的 2. draw (v) 绘画He can draw a horse in ten seconds. 向某方向移动Christmas is drawing near.(圣诞节日渐临近) 拉,拖I drew my chair up to the table. 获取(知识经验等) At the end of the class I drew a conclusion. (得出结论) 提取(金钱) I drew 50 pounds in the bank last Sunday. 3. dress (v)穿衣Hurry up and get dressed! Is she old enough to dress herself ? (n)连衣裙 4. drive (v) 驾驶He can drive very well and he drives to work every day. 使或逼(某人)处于某种状态或做某事He almost drives me crazy. (n) 乘汽车等之行He took her out for a drive. 5. drop (v)使(某物)意外地落下The bottle dropped and broke. 放弃I found it difficult to learn physics so I decided to drop it. (n)(液体的)珠,滴;rain-drops E 1. earth (n)地球;泥土 on earth 究竟 2. easy(a) 容易的The exam yesterday was really easy. 舒适的,安心的Now I am leading an easy life. Take it easy 别着急 3. excuse(v) 原谅Excuse me. Could you tell me how to get to the airport? (n)借口,辩解There is no excuse for his mistake. 4. express (v) 表达;It is hard for him to express himself in English. 用快邮寄出(信、邮包等) (n)快车The 8:00 am express to Beijing is always crowed. 快邮,速递He sent the book to me by express. F 1. face(n) 脸face to face (v) 面对He faced the difficulties bravely. 2. fan (n) 迷The famous singer has millions of fans. 扇子Most old people prefer fans to air conditioners. 3. fat (a) 肥胖的If you eat too much chocolate, you will get fat. (n) 脂肪This ham has too much fat on it.

高中英语常见一词多义汇总

高中英语一词多义 (163个) A attend___参加______;_____照顾_____ adopt____采纳_____;_收养_________ adapt____适应_______;______改编_________ account___记录_________;_____账户_________ appreciate____欣赏________;_____感激______ abuse___滥用_______;____虐待_______ approach___靠近_______;_______方法____ apply__应用_________;_______申请_______ address____地址__________;____发表演说(address a speech)_________ accuse__起訴_________;___责备___________ awkward____尴尬的_______;____难处理的_____;___笨拙的_____ advance___提高__________;____预先,提前________;____预付___ B block____街区______;_____封锁_____ book____书_____;____预定______ bear______熊____;_____承受______ bank______银行_____;_____岸边_______ board____板________;___董事会________

bill___账单________;__议案_________ branch___树枝______;_____分店,分部______ blue____蓝色的__________;____忧郁的,伤心的_____ C command______命令_____;______掌握_____ change____改变______;_____零钱______ charge___收费______;______主管____;______充电______ credit___信用___________;______学分________ close_______关闭____;____靠近______ company____公司______;____陪伴_______ class______班级______;____等级_______ complete____完成______;____完全的,彻底的________ certain____确定的_______;____某个________ content__目录,内容_________;___满足的_________ cry_____哭______;____呼喊_________ chip______薯片_____;_______芯片________ character__人物特点________;____人物个性_______;_____角色___ contribution_____贡献_______;____稿件_________ case__盒子_________;____情况,案例_________ cross____生气的_____;___跨过,越过______;__十字形东西_______ D

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