词汇学作业

20110512044 张莉敏8班Discussion. To distinguish the origin of words,

Latin or French ?

state, power, prince, duke, judge, crime, angel, bacon, fry, roast, dress, coat. solar, lunar, abbot(修道院男院长), candle, altar, amen, apostle(传道者).

state

early 13c., "circumstances, temporary attributes of a person or thing, conditions," from Latin status"manner of standing, position, condition,"

noun of action from past participle stem of stare "to stand" from PIE root *sta- "to stand" (see stet). Some Middle English senses are via Old French estat (French état; see estate).

The Latin word was adopted into other modern Germanic languages (e.g.

German, Dutch staat) but chiefly in the political senses only. Meaning "physical condition as regards form or structure" is attested from late 13c.

Meaning "mental or emotional condition" is attested from 1530s (phrase state of mind first attested 1749); colloquial sense of "agitated or perturbed state" is from 1837.

Prince prince

[prins]

PRINCE

=Parts Reliability Information Center 零件可靠性情报中心([美]NASA)

A male member of a royal family other than the monarch, especially a son of the monarch. 王子，亲王：王室中非君主的男性成员，尤指君主的儿子

The ruler of a principality.

国君，君主，诸候：公国的统治者

A hereditary ruler; a king.

君主，帝王：世袭的统治者；国王

A nobleman of varying status or rank.

贵族：各种爵位或地位的贵族

An outstanding man, especially in a particular group or class:

巨头，名家：杰出的人，尤指在某一特定团体或阶层中：

a merchant prince.

巨商

prince

来自拉丁语princepsprinceps【王子】

注：古罗马共和国的时候意思是【统领】；奥古斯特被称为princeps，作为元老院的最有权力的元老；当他死后此词就通称皇帝的儿子了，也就是王子。英文中【prince】也是从这而来的。

Prince: c.1200, "ruler of a principality" (mid-12c. as a surname), from Old French prince"prince, noble lord" (12c.), from Latin princeps(genitive principis) "first man, chief leader; ruler, sovereign," noun use of adjective meaning "that takes first," from primus"first" (see prime(adj.)) + root of capere"to take" (see capable). German cognate fürst,from Old High German furist"first," is apparently an imitation of the Latin formation. Colloquial meaning "admirable or generous person" is from 1911, American English.Prince Regent was the title of George, Prince of Wales (later George VI) during the mental incapacity of George III (1811-1820).

Duke 公爵（Duke）。早在罗马帝国时期，欧洲大陆的公爵称号通常授予守疆拓土、军功卓著的高级指挥官，以后因重大政治变化而中断。几百年后，公爵爵位又见于德国。大约在公元970年，德国皇帝奥托一世初设公爵爵位。不久法国和欧洲大陆其他地区也建立了公国（duchy；大公国，Archduchy）。在英国，公爵是仅次于国王或亲王的最高级贵族，与作为一国之主的欧洲大陆的“大公爵”（即大公，Archduke）有所不同。英国公爵爵位出现很晚。1337年，爱德华三世把康沃尔郡升为公国，将公爵爵号授予年方7岁的“黑太子”爱德华。该王储16岁参加百年战争，锋芒显露；1355年前往法国指挥作战，军功卓著。父王对他赏赐有加，使太子身兼多种称号，如1343年封为威尔士亲王，1362年加封为阿基坦公爵。为突出公爵特殊地位，以后多年里除女王配偶和王子外，其他王亲均不许称王，最高可获公爵爵位。随后，爱德华三世及其继承人又先后建立了兰开斯特公国（1351年）、克拉伦斯公国（1362年）、约克公国和格洛斯特公国（1385）、赫里福德公国（1397）、贝特福德公国（1413）和萨默塞特公国（1443）等。这些公国的领有人都是王室宗亲，他们得到高级爵位后，在贵族中鹤立鸡群，威势不凡，为以后争夺王权、扰乱朝纲、制造战乱埋下了隐患。自从1483年建立诺福克公国以后，公爵爵位开始授予王亲以外者，但很少建立公国。而且能获此最高爵位者多是军功显赫的统帅。行政界政务家即使任职多年，政绩昭著，也难获此

殊荣。在正规场合公爵也穿深红色的丝绒外套，帽子上镶四条貂皮。其冠冕上有一个金环，上饰8枚红色金叶片。国王则称公爵为“我们真正可信和最为敬爱的伙伴。”[1]

n. 公爵，（公国的）君主；公爵（种）樱桃

杜克大学德国公爵

Judge n.

1. 法官, 审判员

2. 裁判员, 评判员

3. 鉴定人, 鉴赏家vt. & vi.

1. 审判, 审理, 判决; 评判; 裁判; 担任裁判; 断定, 判断, 认为vt.

1. 估计，猜测（大小、数量等）

2. 评价；鉴定；（尤指）批评，指责

Judge(N):mid-14c. (early 13c. as a surname), also judge-man; see judge(v.). In Hebrew history, it refers to a war leader vested with temporary power (e.g.Book of Judges), from Latin iudex being used to translate Hebrew shophet.

crime1. 罪,罪行[C]

He committed a high crime.

他犯下重大罪行。

2. 犯罪,犯罪活动[U]

3. 违反道德的行为,罪过[C]

It's a crime to waste food.

浪费食物是一种罪过。

4. 【口】憾事;使人羞愧的事[S]

vt.

1. 控告...违反纪律;对...定罪

Crime:mid-13c., "sinfulness," from Old French crimne(12c.,Modern French crime),from Latin crimen(genitive criminis) "charge, indictment, accusation; crime, fault, offense," perhaps from cernere"to decide, to sift" (see crisis). But Klein (citing Brugmann) rejects this and suggests*cri-men,

which originally would have been "cry of distress" (Tucker also suggests a root in "cry" words and refers to English plaint,plaintiff, etc.). Meaning "offense punishable by law" is from late 14c. The Latin word is glossed in Old English by facen, also "deceit, fraud, treachery."Crime wave first attested 1893, American English.

Angel 1.天使；守护神。

2.安琪儿，可爱的人。

3.英国古金币名。

4.〔美口〕后台老板。

an angel of a child 天使一样的小孩。

an evil [a fallen] angel 恶魔，凶神。

a good [guardian] angel 吉神，守护神。

angel's visit 不常有的事。

entertain an angel unawares 无意中接待了要人[名人]而不知其身分，无意中有恩惠于微服私行的要人[名人]。

Speak of angels, and you will hear their wings. 说到某人，某人就到。

Angel: fem. proper name, Latin fem. of angelus"angel". Bacon bacon 1、咸猪肉，熏猪肉：猪后背和两侧腌过及熏过的肉。2、培根①姓

氏②Francis弗朗西斯，1561-1626，英国散文作家、哲学家、政治家和法理学家,，古典经验论的始祖。（其作品包括论科学的价值和发展【1605年】和新工具论【1620年】，在这部著作里他提出了以观察和实验为基础的科学认识理论，作为归纳法理论逐渐为人所知）③Roger罗杰，1214 ?-1294,，英国自然科学、哲学家。Bacon 加密法两个不同的符号，如 A 表示0，B 表示1。这个两个不同的符号，当然是可以其它的，如'+'和'-' 等，或者是不同的两种字体。

A腊肉B完成某任务；利益；获得成功。C肉状夹石

Bacon:early 14c., "meat from the back and sides of a pig" (originally either fresh or cured, but especially cured), from Old French bacon, from Proto-Germanic*bakkon"back meat" (cf. Old High

German bahho, Old Dutch baken"bacon"). Slang phrase bring home the bacon first recorded 1908; bacon formerly being the staple meat of the working class.

Fry n.鱼苗，鱼秧；弗赖伊（姓氏）；油炸食物；（口语）烦恼，愤激

vi.用油煎；用油炸烤炒；油炸

vt.油炸；油煎；（美俚）使被处电刑；瓦解

及物动词vt.1.油煎,油炸,油炒

She fried eggs for breakfast.

她煎蛋当早餐。

不及物动词vi.1.在油里煎(或炸,炒)

The fish is frying.

鱼在煎。

2.【口】激动;发怒

名词n. [C]1.油炸物,炒菜;炸薯条

2.【美】(在郊外举行的)油煎品聚餐

We had a steak fry last Friday.

上星期五我们举行了炸牛排野餐会。

fry2

名词n. [C][M]

1.鱼苗,鱼秧

2.成群的小鱼[K]

3.成群的孩子[K]

Fry(N):"young fish," late 13c., from Anglo-French frei, from Old French frai"spawn," from froier"to rub, spawn (by rubbing abdomen on sand)." First applied to human offspring 14c. in Scottish, though OED and some other sources trace this usage to Old Norse frjo,fr?"seed, offspring."

Roast roast 是把肉类在烤箱中悬空吊着烤、或置放烤盘烤，像北京烤鸭就是用的这个roast 字2.roast是烘烤，烤肉，一般用在外部加热的那种烘烤

如roast duck

Roast（N）:early 14c., "meat roasted or for roasting;" see roast(v.). Meaning "a roasting" is from 1580s. Sense

of "an unmerciful bantering" is from 1740.

Roast（V）:late 13c., "to cook by dry heat," from Old French rostir"to roast, burn" (Modern French r?tir), from Frankish*hraustjan(cf. Old High German rosten, German r?sten, Middle Dutch roosten"to roast"), originally "cook on a grate or gridiron," related to Germanic words meaning "gridiron, grate;" cf. German Rost, Middle Dutch roost.

Intransitive sense "be very hot, be exposed to great heat" is from c.1300. The meaning "make fun of in an affectionate way" is from 1710.From the same source as roster.

Fry(V):late 13c., from Old French frire"to fry" (13c.), from Latin frigere"to roast or fry," from PIE*bher-(4) "to cook, bake" (cf.Sanskrit bhrjjati"roasts,"bharjanah"roasting;"Persi an birishtan"to roast;" Greek phrygein"to roast, bake"). Meaning "execute in the electric chair" is U.S. slang from 1929. To go out of the frying pan into the fire is first attested in Thomas More(1532).The related noun is from 1630s.

Judge(V):c.1300, "to form an opinion about; make a decision," also "to try and pronounce sentence upon (someone) in a court," from Anglo-French juger, Old French jugier"to judge, pronounce judgment; pass an opinion on," from Latin iudicare"to judge, to examine officially; form an opinion upon; pronounce judgment,"

from iudicem(nominative iudex) "a judge," a compound of ius"right, law" (see just(adj.)) + root of dicere"to say" (see diction). Related:Judged;judging. From mid-14c. as "to regard, consider." The Old English word

was deman(see doom). Spelling with-dg-emerged

mid-15c

Power(V):to supply with power," 1898, from power(n.). Earlier it meant "make powerful" (1530s).

Power(N):c.1300, "ability; ability to act or do; strength, vigor, might," especially in battle; "efficacy; control, mastery, lordship, dominion; legal power or authority; authorization; military force, an army," from Anglo-French pouair, Old French povoir, noun use of the infinitive, "to be able," earlier podir(9c.), from Vulgar Latin*potere, from Latin potis"powerful" (see potent). State(V):1590s, "to set in a position," from state(n.1); the sense of "declare in words" is first attested 1640s, from the notion of "placing" something on the record.

Related:Stated;stating.

State(N):"political organization of a country, supreme civil power, government," 1530s, from state(n.1); this sense grew out of the meaning "condition of a country" with regard to government, prosperity, etc. (late 13c.), from Latin phrases such as status rei public?"condition of the republic." Often in phrase church and state, which is attested from 1580s.

Apostle（传道者）：Old English apostol"messenger," especially the 12 witnesses sent forth by Jesus to preach his Gospel, from Late Latin apostolus, from Greek apostolos"messenger, person sent forth,"from apostellein"send away, send forth," from apo-"from" (see apo-) +stellein in its secondary sense of "to send," from PIE*stel-yo-, suffixed form of root*stel-"to put, stand," with derivatives referring to a standing object or place (see stall(n.1)). Cf.epistle.

The current form of the word, predominant since 16c., is influenced by Old French apostle(12c.), from the same Late Latin source. Figurative sense of "chief advocate of a new principle or system" is from 1810.Apostles, short for "The Acts and Epistles of the Apostles," is attested from c.1400.

Amen：Old English, from Late Latin amen, from Ecclesiastical Greek amen, from Hebrew amen"truth," used adverbially as an expression of agreement (e.g. Deut. xxvii:26, I Kings i:36; cf. Modern English verily,surely,absolutely in the same sense), from Semitic root a-m-n"to be trustworthy, confirm, support." Used in Old English only at the end of Gospels, otherwise translated as Soelic!or Swa hit ys, or Sy!As an expression of concurrence after prayers, it is recorded from early 13c.

Altar（祭坛，圣坛；圣餐台）：Old English alter,altar, from Latin altare(plural altaria) "high altar, altar for sacrifice to the great gods," perhaps originally meaning "burnt offerings" (cf. Latin adolere"to worship, to offer sacrifice, to honor by burning sacrifices to"), but influenced by Latin altus"high." In Middle English, often auter, from Old French auter. Reintroduced from Latin 1500s. As a symbol of marriage, by 1820.

alt = high 高的

来源于拉丁文altus，“high”.altar高的地方-->祭坛.特洛伊战争中希腊联军的统帅阿伽门农为了联军的胜利把女儿送到了the altar of gods 的上面.

Candle（蜡烛；烛光；烛形物）：Old English candel"lamp, lantern, candle," an early ecclesiastical borrowing from Latin candela"a light, torch, candle made of tallow or wax," from candere"to shine," from PIE root*kand-"to glow, to shine, to shoot out light" (cf. Sanskrit cand-"to give light, shine,"candra-"shining, glowing, moon;" Greek kandaros"coal;" Welsh cann"white;" Middle Irish condud"fuel").

Candles were unknown in ancient Greece (where oil lamps sufficed), but common from early times among Romans and Etruscans. Candles on birthday cakes seems to have been originally a German custom. To hold a candle to originally meant "to help in a subordinate capacity,"

from the notion of an assistant or apprentice holding a candle for light while the master works. To burn the candle at both ends is recorded from 1730.

Abbot（男修道院院长；大寺院男住持）：Old English abbod"abbot," from Latin abbatem(nominative abbas), from Greek abbas, from Aramaic abba, title of honor, literally "the father, my father," emphatic state of abh"father." The Latin fem.abbatissa is root of abbess.

Lunar（月亮的，月球的；阴历的；银的；微亮的）："crescent-shaped," early 15c.; "pertaining to the moon," 1620s, from Old French lunaire(15c.), from Latin lunaris"of the moon," from luna"moon," (with capital L-"moon goddess"); see Luna.

Solar：mid-15c., from Latin solaris"of the sun," from sol"sun" (see sol). Meaning "living room on an upper story" is from Old English, from Latin solarium(see solarium)

Solar power is attested from 1915.Solar system is attested from c.1704.Solar plexus(1771) "complex of nerves in the pit of the stomach," apparently so called from its central position in the body.Solar cell attested from 1955.Solar panel is from 1964.Solar wind is from 1958.

Coat：late 14c., "to provide with a coat," from coat(n.). Meaning "to cover with a substance" is from 1753.

Dress：c.1600, originally any clothing, especially that appropriate to rank or to some ceremony; sense of "woman's garment" is first recorded 1630s, with overtones of "made not merely to clothe but to adorn."Dress rehearsal first recorded 1828.