Zaghfh新东方托福强化班讲义之阅读(金鑫)
生命是永恒不断的创造，因为在它内部蕴含着过剩的精力，它不断流溢，越出时间和空间的界限，它不停地追求，以形形色色的自我表现的形式表现出来。
－－泰戈尔
Pm 4th Feb 阅读
一、托福阅读文章三种类型
解释说明型/立论性/历史题材的文章
托福阅读文章的结构
分类/比较对比/原因结果/问题解决方法
二、平时练习过程中不限时,不查字典,标出不认识的单词,总结文章结构,主要讲的什么观点,之后对完答案后再查生次,分析长难句,总结错题,判断题型.
三、快速阅读第一阶段:
1,N1,N2,N3…..并列复合转折（有转折词）递进顺逞
2, N1 of N2 核心词是N1,意思就是N2的N1。
N1of N2of N3……also….同上
3,N1 or N2 N1and N2 是顺逞关系N1和N2一样重要。
4,A such as B,C,D Such A as B,C,D
5,in addition to/in addition/It is not just…../rather than/)whi le/though 遇到此类联系词,直接空过去，读“，”以后的内容。
Example: Cooperation rather than evoking characteristic at the opposite extreme of human nature from competition ,is in reality a necessary factor in competition.
只读逗号后面的,表示层次上顺成补充说明.
否定的地方一般不会出题.
四、more A than B “than” 之后的不读。核心是A。
五、also/therefore/and/as well很重要
Other/this n….表示前面肯定出现过同类名词。
As well as=and
Tips:
1,平时背单词不仅仅是抱着词汇书背,平时做练习的时候遇到的生单词要注意积累.
2,”also”之类的小词不能轻视.
3,按照以上的快速阅读法则,阅读会变的简单无比.
Reading
这部分老师就具体分析讲义上具有代表性文章,他带着我们一起读这篇文章,根据他的句子结构法读文章,才发现阅读文章是这样读,并且巨简单.而且考试的时候千万不要先通读文章,直接看着题目进去找答案.下面这写东西全是讲义上的东西,他是分好几节课讲的.我现在在这边全部发出来,以后的阅读笔记会少很多.
题型分析和讲解
TYPE1: FACTUAL INFORMATION QUESTIONS 讲义P.7
题型特征四个选项中一般只有一个被原文提及，被提及的那个就是正确答案。
解题方法题干中的关键词回原文定位，读该句即可，一般是题干中的名词或形容词。
提问方式OG P.20 ACCORDING……
TYPE2: NEGATIVE FACTAL INFORMATION QUESTIONS P.8
题型特征四个选项中一般有三个被原文提及，只有一个未被原文提及。
解题方法未被原文提及的是正确答案
提问方式OG P.22 NOT/EXCEPT
TYPE3: INFERENCE QUESTIONS P.11
题型特征四个选项中在原文中均没有被明显提及
解题方法key words 找本句再读前一句与后一句
原文涉及到哪个方面，就向哪个方面推论，其他方面全错。
提问方式OG P.23 INFERENCE……
TYPE4: RHETORICAL PURPOSE QUESTIONS P.13
题型特征Provide examples to explain/illustrate “A”
解题方法(1)Sentence A,???? p.15 sentence B. B是进一步说明A,并且A的范围比B的宽。提问方式OG P.24 …mention/example/in order to…
(1) .For example, SVO
(2) .S. for example vo.
第二种模式，托福考试中经常用。
解题方法(2) Sentence A Topic1→Topic2 … A承上启下的作用
提问方式OG P.24
TYPE5: VOCABULARY QUESTIONS P.16
题型特征P.16, 17
解题方法(1)句内处理，填空式做法
提问方式OG P.25
解题方法(2)句间处理，寻找逻辑关系
提问方式OG P.25
TYPE6: REFERENCE QUESTIONS P.19-22
解题方法(1)带入翻译
(2)接力现象，连续指代
(3)一些特殊结构
(4)排除法
TYPE7: SENTENCE SIMPLIFICATION QUESTIONS P.23两道题
题型特征主从句关系一致性，范围一致性
解题方法逻辑关系一致性
提问方式OG P.28
TYPE8: INSER TEXT QUESTIONS P.26
解题方法(1)代词因为代词，前面应该有相应的名词，代词指名词
位于段落开头的位置，几乎必然错
此代词要指代前一句中的名词性成份，若不能指代错
所以做此题时，先找前一句的名词性成份
(2)指示代词this+n.+vo
先找出n. 再找出n.在原文中出现的位置
(3)找出关联词，按逻辑关系对应
(4)句子主干
TYPE9: PROSE SUMMARY P.29
解题方法细节性内容不选
原文没有的内容不选
原文相反的内容不选
TYPE10: FILL IN A TABLE P.31
解题方法只读选项中的核心词即名词或名词结构
下午是阅读.笔记也不多,也是带着大家分析文章中的段子
从句的总结
名词性从句 1. 引+svo+VO 2. SV+引+svo
3. S,引+svo,+VO
4.SVO, 引+svo
形容词性从句 1. S,引+svo,+VO 2.SVO,引+svo
副词此行从句 1.引+svo,+SVO 2. SVO,引+svo徐
综合上述的形式，很多形式一样，只是引导词不同而已。
从句在实际中的应用
综上所述，一个复杂句应该如下：
prep.+n,S, 同位语从句,VO,定语从句,状语从句,And/but…
定语从句，分词，
注：给作文准备2-3个复杂句，并且要注意单词的多样性。
Tips:
1,否定的地方一般不出考题.(他是这么讲,我却不这么觉得啊,大家还是小心点好了)
2,定语从句中,which或as引导的定语从句时,也指代前面的一整句话.
按道理讲今天应该是第十天的听力和阅读,但是我实在没记什么笔记,大多是做练习讲练习,有的笔记也是一些小的tips,我也已经编辑到前面各部分的tips当中.我现在就把讲义里的一些东西整理上来.(其中可能也包括笔记,也就是说在我没拿到我同学的笔记之前,今天发的是我手头所有关于这次课程的东西了).按照4个section来发.
阅读部分在整个课程当中主要是分析句子类型和结构.
一英语句子结构的原则
1 谓动单一性原则在一个句子里，有且只有一个谓语动词。
2 主句单一性原则在一个句子中，有且只有一个主句。（从句可以有若干个）
二三大从句
1 名词性从句主语从句宾语从句同位语从句
引导词(what/how/that/why/whether)
结构主语从句
what+VO=n. for eg.???????
what+SV=n. What you said is right.
形式宾语Make it possible for sb.to do ?
that/how/why/whether+SVO=n.
That the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs is known.It is known that the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs.(形式主语居多)
**形式主语和强调句的区别
形式主语It + v + (that +SVO)=n.
n.=it
强调句 It is/was + A + that + B
SVO=A+B
而且通常情况下It is/was……是强调句
同位语从句
同位语的实质 n1,n2—n1=n2
S,n,VO.=S,引+svo,VO
前面的成分不应当在后面充当成分。
The fact, that the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs, is known.
可接同位语的名词多为抽象名词，例如：view/idea/suggestion/fact/reason/conclusion……
**同位语和定语从句的区别
同位语的句子中，前面的成分不应当在后面充当成分。
The fact, that the sun is round.
定语从句中，引导词充当成分。
The book, that you bought for me. “that”充当宾语。
Example
It is generally accepted that the single super continent known as Pangaea indeed existed, that Pangaea subsequently broke apart into two giant pieces, Gondwanaland in the south and Laurasia in the north, and that the continents attached to the various crustal plates separated and drifted in various directions.
人们普遍接受，Pangaea 以一个特别大的陆地形式存在，后来他被分为两个大块，在南边的Gondwanaland 和在北边的Laurasia，他和那些在不同地壳上的大陆分开了并且向不同方向上漂移。
**如何找出复杂句中的谓语？
先找引导词，然后去掉随后的动词，还有动词的话，这个动词就是谓语。
2 形容词性从句=定语从句
引导词（1）that/which/who(whom)（代词性）
（2）whose/when/where(非代词性)
结构（1）that/which/who(whom)=S+VO=a.
This is pig that/which is very fat.
（1）that/which/who(whom)=O+SV=a.
因为代词性的引导词可以充当主语或宾语
This is the pig that/which I ate.(作宾语可省略引)
This is the pig from which I make fun.
引导词前的介词取决于后面的动词
this is the pig,which is very fast
this is the pig, (which)I ate.
This is the pig, from which I make fun.
（2）whose/when/where(非代词性)+SVO=a.
The book, whose cover is red, is quite interesting.
This is the place where(=in which 定语从句) I grew up. When 用在后面也可能是状从,也有可能是定从。
**具体分析举例
In his hypothesis that he developed based on it……
看上去该句的based 是一个n-ed的形式，但是她又是修饰谁呢？In his hypothesis() he developed that based on it….
因此可以看出，based 修饰that，而在此句中，that指代hypothesis.
**形容词性从句的省略
当that/which在定语从句中充当宾语时，可将其省略。
This is the pig that/which I ate.
This is the pig I ate.
当that/which在定语从句中充当主语时，且从句的谓语动词为be动词时，可将其同时省略。
The house, which was built in 1919,was destroyed.
The house, built in 1919,was destroyed.
**个别情况下，which/as在引导定语从句时，也指代前面整个一句话。
As the plates drifted, they may have diverged, which(指代前面一句话) was associated with the spread of the seafloor, or they may have converged, which（指代前面一句话）resulted in collision, subduction, and mountain building.
**系表倒装
主系表结构变成表系主结构成为系表倒装只限于介词词组在句首时
1 My hometown lies in Jilin province.
In Jilin province lies my hometown.
2 A,B,C….are among the species of seabirds.
Among the species of seabird are A,B,C….
3 副词性从句 =状语从句
引导词when/though/while/although……
结构when+s’+v’+adj/v-ing/v-ed,SVO.
When he was young, Jack was always beaten by his father.
省略的条件s’=S v’=be
省略When young, Jack was always beaten by his father.
省略Other(联系同一类的名词，也就是说前面提到了chemical defenses) possible chemical defenses, while (they are 省略) not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycolproteins in plant cell walls may inactivate enzymes the degrade cell walls.
reading：
1.句型题：逻辑关系一致（原句中有转折、并列、因果等关系，正确选项中也该有），范围一致，主干层次一致。
2.插入题：1）插入句开头为代词：不在段首，找四个方块前面的名词成分能不能在插入句中形成指代。2）this/that+S+V+O，先找S对位，再V，O3）与上文有明显关联词关系。4）找出插入句的主干核心意思，再回原文对位。
3.总结题：细节不选，有fact一般不选，与原文矛盾的不选，原文中没有的不选。
杜昶旭阅读讲义
新托福阅读讲义 杜昶旭
一.准备知识 1.iBT托福阅读理解的形式特点 (1)文章数量:3-5篇(和听力相对应:3篇阅读,9个听力段子或5篇阅读,6个听力段子) (2)文章长度:650-750词/篇 (3)题目数量:12-14个/篇(每篇有一个多选,形式为6选3,7选5或9选7) (4)测试时间:20分钟/篇 (5)测试分数:0-30分(由原始分42分换算到标准分30分) 2.iBT托福阅读的考察重点 (1)主题:辨析文章的主要观点,并与局部小观点区分;辨析段落主题.(注:所有文章都有标题) (2)细节:概括性信息的把握并判别具体信息的真伪----TRUE? FALSE?NOT GIVEN? General statement ideas Some details (3)词汇:辨析词汇和短语的含义,并通过上下文推断某些词汇和短语的含义:认知(一词多义);词汇推断 (4)推断:根据上下文推断出隐藏的信息 (5)态度:根据文章描述判断作者意图和态度:WHY目的;HOW手段. (6)结构:判断句子和句子之间的逻辑关系,并确定段落的结构 托福阅读是以句子为核心的
3.阅读的本质: (1)获取有效信息 (2)消除阅读障碍 4.文章结构特点 (1)文章主体分为结构主体和细节主体. ?结构主体(支撑):主题段(文章的前几段)和主题句(每段的前几句). ?细节主体(填充) (2)文章具体结构如下: ?Intro:background(细节)&topic(结构) ?Body:sub-topic(结构),analysis(细节)&evidence(细节)?Conclusion:topic(结构) 5.快速笔记方法 (1)快速笔记的意义: ?辅助思维框架形成 ?索引功能 (2)快速笔记的内容 ?结构主体的核心词 ?时间和数字:同步记录时间及相应的事件;一律记录为数字 ?人名\地名\专有名词:使用首字母标记 ?举例主体 ?新概念和核心概念
新东方托福资料
北京新东方全部托福资料（词汇，听力，阅读，写作，口语还有对应软件免费版）都给你总结好了，附带全部链接，分享的同学一定是100分以上。有了它，就不用花钱去书店了。就不用花钱买软件了！！！ 词汇类 李笑来TOEFL核心词21天excel版 下载链接：(https://www.360docs.net/doc/7515910152.html,/HorseUpfiles/month_0712/20071211_bf54b359 d01f5087df89XWGMBWh8L1rd.rar) 文件大小：84.95KB 李笑来TOEFL核心词21天MP3 下载链接：(https://www.360docs.net/doc/7515910152.html,/HorseUpfiles/month_0709/20070911_0554b919 aaf1d0107749XwfVpzof7oVr.rar) 文件大小：23.92MB 熟词偏义词汇列表 下载链接：(https://www.360docs.net/doc/7515910152.html,/HorseUpfiles/month_0710/20071016_de4fa883 10782460e1e4tiFlsNuX7uLi.zip) 文件大小：12.42 KB 老俞托福词汇串讲（网络课堂） 帖子链接：https://www.360docs.net/doc/7515910152.html,/bbs/thread-2571-1-1.html 俞敏洪Tofel单词串讲（非网络课堂） 下载链接：(https://www.360docs.net/doc/7515910152.html,/HorseUpfiles/month_0709/20070911_ef4045d5 846bcbbe1a77lCURXvPKRmAe.rar) 文件大小：48.79 MB
托福基础写作讲义
托福基础写作 一、托福写作概述 二、英汉两种语言的区别 （一）、美国人与中国人思维方式的不同。 linear way of thinking （二）、英汉句子结构的特点。英语重形和，重结构，汉语重意和, 重语义。英语中常用复合句；汉语则常用短句，简单句。 10 Linking words cohesion 1. conj.: 1) and. but, or, so, while 2) if, because, although, That, who, which, what, as---as more than, so--- that 2. in this reason, in conclusion, for example 3. however, unfortunately, Undeniably 4. to make things worse 5. generally speaking 6. 同义词 7. repetition 8. this, it, that, those 9. interesting to see 10. what is more （三）英语多变化variety(diversity)，汉语多重复。 （四）英语被动句多。汉语中主动句多。 三、中国学生写作最易犯的十大错误 1. Nowadays, college student should learn competition and cooperation. 2. The problem that is created by computers attract (draw, spark, captivate, intrigue, arouse, yield, give rise to) much attention. 3. In present-day society, there are a great many young people go abroad. 4. In my opinion, I think that smoking should be banned in public places. 5. The computer can not instead the pivotal role played by teachers in education. 6. Some people welcome raising pets, others hold different opinions.
精品—新托福强化听力讲义
新托福强化听力讲义 新托福考试听力部分介绍 1. 新托福和旧托福的对比 考试形式预读题目笔记题型 PBT旧托福Paper Yes No 1/4 choice multiple IBT新托福Internet No Yes New types 2. 题量，时间，分数 文章类型题量题目数时间CONVERSATION 2-3 5 / conversation 2-3 min / conversation LECTURE 4-6 6 / lecture 4-6 min / lecture min TOTAL 6-9（加试）34 60-90 SCALE SCORE: 30 见OG185评分标准 3. 题目的考查形式 考场环境：独立电脑，耳机，铅笔，草稿本 电脑环境：图片，视频，声音，板书 新题型：双选题，重听题，表格配对题 答题时间：总时间限制，每题分配时间不限 答题流程：永不悔改 4. 文章材料的考查形式 文章结构：删除了旧托福的PART A 部分，更加注重于对于能力的考查 文章长度：比旧托福长 文章语速：无所谓快慢，比旧托福更加贴近真实的学习生活 文章类型：对话，独白，讨论 CONVERSATION文章思路 LECTURE文章思路
5. 新托福考试题型概述 IBT listening comprehension Basic comprehension Gist question Detail question Pragmatic understanding Purpose question Attitude question Connecting information Organization question Inference question 题号问题题型1 Why does the student go to see the professor? Gist question 2 According to the professor, what information should the student include in her statement of purpose? Detail Question 3 What does the professor consider unusual about the student’s background? Detail Question 4 Why does the professor tell a story about his friend who went ot medical school? Detail Question 5 What does the professor imply about the people who admit students to graduate school? Inference question 6 What are the students mainly discussing? Gist question 7 Listen again and then answer the question: Why does the woman say this? Purpose question 8 According to the conversation, why are transposes sometimes called “jumping genes”? Detail Question 9 According to the conversation, what are two ways in which bacteria cells get resistance genes? Detail Question 10 What can be inferred about the resistance genes discussed in the conversation? Inference question 11 What is the talk mainly about? Gist question 12 What is the professor’s point of view concerning the method of “safe yield”? Detail Question 13 According to the professor, what are two problems associated with removing wter from an underground system? Detail Question 14 Listen again and then answer the question: Why does the professor say this? Purpose question
托福阅读技巧
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托福考试改革后阅读部分基础入门常识介绍
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托福阅读分类题型练习
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Table of Contents Ⅰ.Basic Reading Requirements (2) 1.1. Material Reference (2) 1.2. V ocabulary (2) 1.3 Sentence (7) 1.3.1 Parallel Constructions (12) 1.3.2Parenthetical sentence (13) 1.3.3Phrases (13) 1.3.4Appositons (16) 1.3.5Attributive clauses (16) 1.3.6Complex sentences (17) Ⅱ.Effective Reading Practice (20) 2.1 Coherence (20) 2.2. Structure (23) Ⅲ.Critical Reading Practice (24) 3.1Distinguish fact from opinion (24) 3.2Topic (generalization) and main idea (25) 3.3. Purpose and inference (26) Table of words with various meanings: (28) Table of Correlative words (29) Complex sentences for practice (30) V ocabulary with Contexts (34)
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3.阅读的本质: (1) 获取有效信息 (2) 消除阅读障碍 4.文章结构特点 (1) 文章主体分为结构主体和细节主体. 结构主体(支撑): 主题段(文章的前几段)和主题句(每段的前几句). 细节主体(填充) (2) 文章具体结构如下: Intro: background(细节) & topic(结构) Body: sub-topic(结构), analysis(细节) & evidence(细节) Conclusion: topic(结构) 5.快速笔记方法 (1) 快速笔记的意义: 辅助思维框架形成 索引功能 (2) 快速笔记的内容 结构主体的核心词 时间和数字:同步记录时间及相应的事件;一律记录为数字 人名\地名\专有名词:使用首字母标记 举例主体 新概念和核心概念
【小站教育】托福阅读分类题型练习
TOEFL阅读讲义 1. 句子简化题 The Great Red Spot One distinctive feature of the planet Jupiter is the Great Red Spot, a massive oval of swirling reddish-brown clouds. Were Earth to be juxtaposed with the Great Red Spot, our planet would be dwarfed in comparison, with a diameter less than half that of the Great Red Spot. The Spot’s clouds, most likely tinted red as a result of the phosphorus that they contain, circulate in a counterclockwise direction. The outer winds require six Earth days to complete the circumference of the Great Red Spot, a length of time indicative of vastness of the Great Red Spot. 1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A. The density of the Great Red spot is much higher than that the Earth. B. If the diameter of the Great Red Spot were doubled, it would equal that of the Earth. C. By placing the Earth next to the Great Red Spot, one could see the Earth has a much smaller diameter. D. Because the Earth is close to the Great Red Spot, Earth is influenced by its huge size. 答案：C 2.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A. The Earth’s outer winds move a distance equal to the circumference of the Great Red Spot. B. The outer winds of the Great Red Spot move more quickly than do those on Earth. C. The Winds moving across the Great Red Spot finally change direction every six Earth days. D. The fact that the winds take so long to move around the Great Red Spot proves how big it is.