2012高考英语语法复习(代词、名词、介词、冠词、数词)
代词(三课时)
代词的分类
1.人称代词：有主格、宾格、所有格（含形容词性和名词性两种所有格）
2.反身代词:myself ,yourself ,himself ,herself ,itself ,ourselves ,yourselves
themselves
3.指示代词:this ,that ,these ,those
4.疑问代词:who ,whom ,what ,which
5.相互代词:each other ,one another
6.不定代词:some ,any ,all ,both ,none ,one, each ,either ,neither ,other ,another, something ,anything ,nothing ,anyone ,anybody , someone ,somebody ,nobody
7.关系代词(用于定语从句):who ,whom ,whose，that ,which ,as
人称、物主、反身、指示代词
高考重点要求
1．掌握人称代词、物主代词、疑问代词、反身代词、指示代词的基本用法。2．重点掌握不定代词的指代含义及数的情况，能通过语境准确选取答案。3．掌握it的基本用法。
一．人称代词
1）分清主格和宾格形式。
eg：---I love you more than her，child ．/ ---Y ou mean more than ___love her or more than she loves____? A．you；me B．I；you C．you；you D．I；me
2)注意约定俗成的用法。
---Who is it ? ---It's me ．---I'd like to have a rest ．---Me，too．3）使用we 和you 泛指一般人
4)使用she代表国家、船只、月亮、大地等
China is a great country．She has a long history．
5)并列主语或宾语中顺序是：you，he(she) and I；we，you and they
二．物主代词：名词性物主代词――在句中做主语、宾语、表语、补足语，构成双重所有格：a friend of mine 。形容词性物主代词――只能起定语作用。
三．反身代词
1) 在句中作宾语、表语和同位语；2)单复数的确定；3)在一些语境中的特殊含义。
e.g. I'm not quite myself today．我今天不大舒服。/ Ｍake yourself at home．不要拘礼；请随便吧。/ Don't get nervous，help yourself to what you like．别紧张，喜欢吃什么就吃什么。/ Have you enjoyed yourself today? 你今天玩得愉快吗？
四．指示代词
（一）this，that，these those
1．在句子中作主语、宾语、表语和定语。
2．this(these)一般指时间和空间上较近的人或物，而that (those)常指时间和空间上较远的人或物。e.g. This is a novel and that is a magazine．
3．this(these)一般指后面要讲到的事物，而that(those)常指前面讲到的事物。
e.g. What he told me is this：he wanted to go to Beijing．/ He didn't come．That is why he didn't know．
4．that，those 常用来指代前面提到过的某个名词。e.g. The oil output in 1998 was higher than that of 1995．( that 代替oil output) / The cars made in Japan are better than those in Germany．
（二）such
such引起倒装句，谓语数取决于后面主语的数：e.g Such is my answer．/ Such are our people．
做定语，注意和so 的区别，尤其是在so …that，such…that 句型中。e.g. I have never seen such beautiful flowers．(复数名词前，so 不可) / I have never seen such a great film．(也可为so great a film) / We have such beautiful weather today that we should go out for an outing．(不可数词前，不可用so) / There are so many people in the hall that it's hard for me to find him．(在数量概念的many，much，little，few 之前，不可用such )
不定代词
不定代词种类较多，用法各异，在使用中一定要注意区别。
1、both，either ，neither都表两者范围，在句中作主语、宾语、定语，both 可用作同位语。both 意为"两者都"，either 表"两者中任一个"，neither表"两者都不"。
2、any，none ，all表三者或三者以上范围，any 表任何一个、一些(不可数或复数概念，用于否定句、疑问句或条件从句中)；none 表三者或三者以上中的哪一个都不；表示不可数物中的一点儿也没有；all 整个的；所有的(三者或三者以上)；所有的(不可数)。
e.g.This book is a good seller，so you can buy it at any shop in Beijing．/ None of us are/is perfect．/ All of the village was flooded．
3、no one，nobody，none，nothing：no one，nobody表没有人，nothing 指没有什么事物，none 兼指人和物。none 着眼于数量概念。"特指的人或物一个也没有，一点儿也没有"。
----How many people are there in the hall ? ----None．
----who wants to go with him ? ----No one(Nobody)．
----What can you see in the bottle ?----Nothing．
----Is there any water in it ?----None．
4、another，the other，the other+复数名词(或the others)，other (或other +复数名词)：another 表三者或三者以上范畴中的任一；与数词连用，表"再有"；the other 表两者中的另外那个，特指；the other+复数名词(或the others)，另外那些，表示其余所有的人或物，用于特指；others (或other+复数名词)另一些，表余下人或物中的另一些，泛指。
---I don't like this，show me another one．(NMET 2000，16)
If you want to change for a double room you'll have to pay_______$15．
A．another B．other C．more D．Each (A)
It 的用法
１．作人称代词
John likes playing Pingpong．/ He always does it in the afternoon．(指代上下文提到的事物)；/It's time we went home. / How far is it from here to your home ? / It is getting warmer and warmer．/ It's very quiet at the moment．(可指时间、天气、环境等)
２．引导词
Ａ．作形式主语，代替由不定式、动名词或从句表示的真正主语。
It's important for us to learn a second language．/ It's no use talking to him．/ It's known to all that the earth goes round the sun．
B．作形式宾语，代替由不定式、动名词或从句表示的真正宾语。
We feel it our duty to help others．/ He made it clear that he would leave the city．
C．强调结构：It is (was) +被强调部分＋that (或who)…
注意:在强调结构中，如被强调部分为时间状语或地点状语，其后的连接词也绝不能为when 或where，而应用that 。在复习中，一定要注意句式的不同。
It was in Shanghai that I bought the guitar．(that引起强调句)
It was Shanghai where I bought the guitar．(where引起定从)
It was twelve o'clock when we arrived there．(when引起时间状语从句）
It was at twelve o'clock that we arrived there．（that 引起强调句）
3.it，one，that 的区别：作为代词，这三个词的对比使用是高考的热点之一。
NMET2000，23．
---Why don't we take a little break? ---Didn't we just have __________?
A．it B．that C．one D．this
NMET2001，25．
The Parkers bought a new house but _________will need a lot of work before they can move in．
A．they B．it C．one D．which
one 用以指代同类事物中的任一，that 特指性强，指代可数与不可数词，而it指代上文提过的同一事物。
代词专练
1.—— Which of the two dictionaries will you borrow ?
——I?ll borrow _____ ,for the different uses.
A.all
B.both
C.either
D.neither
2._____ of them knew about the plan because it was kept a secret.
A.Each
B.Any
C.No one
D.None
3.We couldn?t eat in a restaurant because _____ of us had _____ money on us.
A.all ;no
B.any ;no
C.none ;any
D.no one ;any
4.They were all very tired ,but _____ of them would stop to take a rest.
A.neither
B.none
C.some
D.any
5.There is a No.2 trolleybus and a No.24 bus ;_____ will take you there.
A.both
B.either
C.all
D.any
6.As we were asleep ,_____ of us heard the sound.
A.both
B.none
C.either
D.any
7.—— Which of the five may I use ?
——Oh ,____.
A.any one
B.anyone
C.anything
D.nothing
8.——Are the two answers correct ?
——No ,_____ correct.
A.no one is
B.both are not
C.neither is
D.either is not
9.I asked him for some oil ,but he hadn?t _____.
A.any
B.some
C.no
D.anything
10.You have three English dictionaries ,but I have only two _____.
A.ones
B.不填
C.the one
D.the ones
11.I have a colour TV set.I want to sell ____.
A.one
B.the one
C.that
D.it
12.This film is not so good as _____ we saw last week.
A.that
B.it
C.the one
D.one
13._____ of us must go there and help him out.
A.One or other
B.One by one
C.One or the other
D.One or another
14.We all felt _____ to be the highest praise.
A.it
B.that
C.that one
D.the one
15.Haven?t you read _____ English storices ?Please tell us an interesting one.
A.any
B.all
C.either
D.some
16.—— Would you like _____ dumplings ?
—— No,thanks.
A.some
B.another
C.any
D.all
17.If there is _____ chance ,I will try another.
A.one
B.any
C.some
D.all
18.—— Are _____ here to take the college entrance exam ?
—— Yes ,we _____.
A.all you ;are all
B.you all ;all are
C.all of you ;are all
D.you of all ;all are
19.Mr Green gave the textbooks to all the pupils except _____ who had already taken them.
A.one
B.the ones
C.some
D.the others
20.—— Have you ever seen a snake alive ?
—— Yes ,I?ve seen _____.
A.that
B.so
C.one
D.it
21.—— Lily ,do you have an umbrella ?It is raining outside.
—— Yes ,but it?s _____.
A.small one
B.small umbrella
C.only a small one
D.that one
22.Tom?s mother kept telling him that he should work hard ,but _____ didn?t help.
A.this
B.which
C.any
D.it
23.—— Have you got _____ red ink ?
—— Sorry ,I haven?t got _____.
A.some ;some
B.any ;many
C.some ;any
D.any ;some
24.I prefer a street in a small town to _____ in such a large city as Shanghai.
A.that
B.it
C.this
D.one
25.Sarad has read a lot of stories by American writers.Now she would like to read _____ stories by writers from _____ countries.
A.some ;any
B.other ;some
C.some ;other
D.other ;other
26.—— Is _____ here ?
—— No ,Bob and Tim have asked for leave.
A.anybody
B.somebody
C.everybody
D.nobody
27.Our headmaster advised us that in order to succeed in life ,one has to be honest with _____ friends.
A.their
B.her
C.one?s
D.our
28.I borrowed some books _____ myself ,but when I was going to read them ,the lamp went out _____ itself and I had to sit in the dark _____ myself.
A.不填;for;by
B.by;for;of
C.for;of;by
D.of;不填；by
29.When I first saw the old farmer ,I could hardly imagine _____ invented the machine to pick cotton.
A.himself
B.he himself
C.he for himself
D.he by himself
30.It is impossible for all the people to get the job ,because _____ of them are not fit for it.
A.all of
B.none of
C.each of
D.every one of
代词专练答案
1－5 B D C B B 6－10 B A C A B
11－15 D C A B D 16－20 A B B B C
21－25 C D C D C 26－30 C C C B A
冠词（三课时）
Ⅰ、冠词用法概述
一、冠词的分类
1、定冠词：the
2、不定冠词：a ，an
二、冠词的泛指和特指用法
泛指是指首次提到的，不限定的人或事物。特指是指在上文已提到的人或事物，或是被限制性修饰语在其后加以限定意义的人或事物，也可以是
指说话者双方心目中所默认的特指的人或事物。冠词的泛指和特指用法可
归纳为下表：
泛指单一，每一，任一事物
a(an)
单数可数名词指类指
一定要用冠词
特指上文题到过的人或物
the 被限定性修饰语所限定的人或事物
说话双方所默认的人或事物
世上独一无二的事物
指类别
上文提到的人或事物
不可数名词
the （特指） 被限制性修饰语所限定的人或事物
说话双方所默认的人或事物
复数可数名词
零冠词 泛指的人或事物
指类别
三、冠词的类指和专指用法
类指是指具有共同性质的、典型特征的事物的一个类别。
专指是指类别中的一员或一部分具体事物。
1. 可数名词表类指的例子:
A horse is a domestic animal.
= The horse is a domestic animal.
= Horses are domestic animals.
但是这三种类指方法各有侧重:
(1) the 指的是整个类别，这个类别是可以区别于另一个类别的。如：
The compass was invented in China ， but the computer was not.
罗盘是在中国发明的，但计算机不是。
(2) a(n) 侧重于指类别中任何一个的特点。如：
A tiger is a type of very large fierce wild cat that has yellow fur with black bands across.
老虎是个子很大而凶猛的野猫类动物，毛黄色，有黑色斑纹。
（3）不用冠词的复数名词侧重指类别中的许多个体。如：
Children usually start walking at around one year old.
小孩儿一般一岁左右开始走路。
Do you like horses? 你喜欢马吗？（不能说Do you like a horse?）
（4）在类指时如何使用冠词要根据所要表达内容的具体情况而定。
The tiger is in danger of becoming extinct. 虎有灭绝的危险。
（不能说A tiger is in danger of becoming extinct.濒临灭绝指的是整个虎类，
而不是任何一只老虎都面临灭绝的危险）
2. 不可数名词表类指的例子:
Water is a liquid.水是液体。
Music is an art. 音乐是艺术。
I love nature. 我喜欢大自然。
It isn ?t always easy to fit in with society. 适应社会，并非总是容易。
3. +形容词或分词有时也有类指的意义，如：
the blind 盲人 the rich 富人 the wounded 伤员
the new 新的（事物） the unknown 未知的（事物）
the learned 有学问的人 the dying 垂死的人
（二）普通名词使用冠词的专指用法概括如下：
例如：A tiger is sleeping in the cage.
一只老虎在笼子里睡觉。（泛指）
The tiger will be sold abroad.
那只老虎将被卖到国外。（特指）
I saw tigers in the cage.
我看见笼子里有（几只）老虎。（泛指）
I have water in my cup.
我的杯子里有水。（泛指）
(三)民族词汇的冠词类指用法
民族词汇的冠词类指用法是在复数民族词汇前加the，如：
The Chinese are hardworking. 中国人民是勤劳的。
The Americans are friendly. 美国人民是友好的。
有些民族词汇有两种复数形式，如English, Englishmen; French, Frenchmen等。在这种情况下，the English, the French是类指，the Englishmen, the Frenchmen
可以是类指，也可以是专指。例如：
The English use a knife and fork in their meals.英国人吃饭时用刀叉。（类指）
The Englishmen use a knife and fork in their meals.英国人吃饭时用刀叉。（类指）The Englishmen in the dining-room are having supper now.
在饭厅里的英国人正在吃晚饭。（专指）
Ⅱ. 冠词的惯用法
一、a(n) 的惯用法
1. 表示“同一”，相当于the same。如：
The two boys are of an age. 那两个男孩同岁。
Cotton of a kind was stored together in a house.
2. 用在某些物质名词或抽象名词前，表示“一种、一类、一份、一场、一阵…”如：That?s a green tea. 那是一种绿茶。
They were caught in a heavy rain. 他们淋了一场大雨。
It’s a great pleasure to have a talk with you.
3. 用于专有名词之前表示类似的一个或某一个。(some)
A Mr. Li is asking to see you at the school gate.一位李先生在校门口要见你。
4.用于某些固定词组中。如：
（1）have a swim/walk/talk/dance/look/quarrel=swim/walk/talk/dance/look/quarrel. （2）have a cold; have a good time; keep a diary; in a hurry; once in a while;
at a loss（不知所措）；for a while; once upon a time; all of a sudden; tell a lie;
do sb. a favour; get an education（受教育）；at a mouthful（一口）；
at a distance（隔离一段时间）
（3）what a/such a/quite a rather a+单数可数名词；
too/as/so/how/however+adj.+a+单数可数名词；
many a+单数可数名词：许多；
not a+单数可数名词：不止一个；
half a+单数可数名词：一半。
二、the的惯用法
1、用在姓氏复数形式前，表示一家人。如：
The Greens are at table. 格林一家正在吃饭。
The Chens will move to Nanjing. 陈的一家要搬到南京去。
2、用在年代、朝代、时代名词前。
the T ang dynasty, the Spring and Autumn Period, in the 1870?s 在19世纪70年代
3、用在作为课程或演奏等的乐器名称前。
He plays the violin but gives lessons on the piano.
他是拉小提琴的，但是他教钢琴课。
但W e have a piano in our house. 我们家有一架钢琴。
4、用在表示单位的名词前。如：
I have hired the car by the hour. 我已按小时租车。
Eggs are sold by the dozen. 鸡蛋论打卖
by the day (month) 按日（月）by the yard (foot) 按码（英尺）
5、用在方向名词和某些表示时间的名词前。如：
on the right/left 在右/左边in the east 在东边the other day几天前
in the daytime在白天in the end最后
6、用于表示物质环境—我们周围的世界和气候，或我们生活中其他常见的特点的词组。用the表示所谈之物是人人都熟悉的。如：
the country乡村the fog雾
the sea 海the seasid e海滨
the night 夜the sunshine阳关
the universe 宇宙the future未来
三、零冠词的惯用法
1、在季节、月份、星期、节假日、学科、三餐和球、棋类名词前。如：
Spring follows winter.冬去春来。
We have few classes on Saturday.
He studies biology at university.
比较：They came to Beijing in the winter of 1997.
This happened on a Sunday toward the end of June.
这件是发生在六月末的一个星期天。
We had a wonderful lunch in the home of Mr Wang.
2、称呼语或表头衔的名词（作表语、同位语、补足语）前。如：
Comrade Li was chairman of the meeting.
We elected him president of our university.
3、表抽象意义或一般意义的时间名词前。如：
at daybreak; at sunrise; at sunset; at noon; at midday; at night; at midnight;
before (after) dark; from dawn until dark; from morning till night
4、表乘交通工具的短语中。如：
by bike; by car; by boat; by plane (air); by train; on foot; on horseback
比较：on a bike; in a car; in (on) a (the) train (a carriage, a bus); on a (the) ship;
take a bus; catch the train; ride in a bus.
5、单数可数名词前不用a (n) 的情况：
（1）连系动词turn后的单数可数名词作表语时。
After graduation from college he turned teacher (became a teacher).
大学毕业后，他成了一名教师。
（2）Child as/though he is, he knows a lot.
但：Though he is a child, he knows a lot. 尽管他是个小孩，但却懂得很多。
（3）man意为“人类…，word意为”消息“时，其前不用冠词。例：
Word came that the Chinese Women Football T eam won the second prize in
World Cup.
6、在下列表示行为、状态、特征、原因以及说明方式、目的等的固定习语中。
at breakfast（吃早饭时）/at table（吃饭）/at dinner（吃饭）/in class（在课堂上）/in court （出庭作证）/in debt（欠债）/in danger（处境危险）/in good (poor)health身体健康（不健康）/in good condition（状态好）/in great demand/in great need/in motion（在运动中）/in time of danger/in office（就职）/in trouble (difficulty)/in surprise/in honour of/in favor of/with anger/in colour/in general/in size/in length/in character（在性格上）/in sight/in (out of) order/in fact/on business/on holiday/on leave（休假）/on strike/on watch/on fire/on time. 四、有定冠词与无定冠词的区别
?吃饭sit at table
坐在桌旁sit at the table
?在海边at the sea
?茫然at sea
?负责……in charge of
?由……负责in the charge of
?在白天by day
?按日计算by the day
?发生take place
?代替take the place of
?拥有in possession of
?为……所有in the possession of
?能看见in sight of
?据……的见解in the sight of
?代替in place of
?在……的地方in the place of
?成年be of age
?同龄be of an age
四、有定冠词与无定冠词的区别
?征求意见take advice
?听从劝告take the advice
?他仍在执政He is still in office.
?他仍在办公室He is still in the office.
?那是毫无疑问的. It is out of question.
?(=beyond question)
?
?那是根本不可能的. It is out of the question
?(=impossible)
?
in bed / church / prison / town睡觉/做礼拜/蹲监狱/进城
in the bed / church / prison / town在床上/在教堂/在监狱里/在城里
go to class / hospital / school / college 上课/ 住院/ 上学/ 上大学
go to the class / hospital / school / college 到课堂/ 医院/ 学校/ 大学去
命题趋势:
未来的高考测试将继续把惯用法和冠词的最基本用法为考查重点
突破方法:
1、备考过程中，应充分重视对最基本的冠词知识的掌握和理解。
2、学习时要把握要害：
可数名词和不可数名词；具体名词和抽象名词；泛指和特指；类指和专指
冠词练习
1.As is known，good knowledge of basic physics helps us better understand natural phenomena.
A.a;a
B.a;the
C./;/
D.a;/
答案D
2.All the organizations involved have sent urgent to the government，asking for extra
funding.
A.appeals
B.replies
C.consultations
D.contracts
答案 A
3.Tibet regional government said 105 people had surrendered themselves to police by 11 p.m. on Tuesday for involvement in Lhasa riot that killed more than ten innocent civilians.
A.the;/
B.a;a
C.a;the
D./;the
答案 D
4. With more than 40 percent of Chinese people suffering from some form of sleep disorder，health experts greater public to sleep health on Thursday，as Friday，March 21st is World Day Of Sleep.
A.acquired;focus
B.demanded;devotion
C.centered;awareness
D.urged;attention
答案 D
5.Ms.Michelle Kwan(关颖珊)，26-year-old athlete returned to Guangzhou for
second-time visit
A.the;a
B.the;the
C./;/
D.a;a
答案 A
6.Stand at the top of the mountain，and then you’ll get a better of the town.
A.sight
B.view
C.scene
D.scenery
答案 B
7. snow disaster of 2008 came as total surprise to us，which caused millions of people to delay the journey home.
A.A;the
B.The;a
C./;the
D.The;/
答案 B
8.—How was your trip to Changbai Mountain?
—Fantastic!One splendid mountain followed another on our journey.
A.view
B.glimpse
C.glance
D.scenery
答案 A
9. Having received training of the General Motor Company，he was offered
important position in management.
A.the;an
B./;an
C.the;/
D.a;an
答案 A
10.As is known to us，life in the modern world is easier in some ways than life our
grandparents lived.
A.the;the
B.a;the
C./;the
D.the;a
答案 C
11.Pets need a lot of care and ;you can not leave them alone for a long time.
A.patience
B.attention
C.courage
D.responsibility
答案 B
12.The police said that thief was a young man with brown hair.
A.the;a
B.the;/
C.a;/
D.a;a
答案B
13. Premier Wen Jiabao delivered annual Government Report at the opening meeting of National People’s Congress on March 5th，07.
A.The;the;the
B.The;/;the
C./;the;the
D./;/;the
答案 C
14.I saw Mary dancing at Kate’s birthday party and on that she was really excellent.
A.scene
B.situation
C.position
D.occasion
答案 D
15.—I am at loss at the moment.Can you help me?
—That’s out of question.What can I do for you?
A.a;/
B.a;the
C./;a
D./;the
答案 A
16.Mr.White was made general manager of the company last week.Look，new
manager is coming!
A.the;/
B.a;the
C./;the
D.the;the
答案 C
17.Airlines and hotels often offer to avoid the expense and lost money of an empty seat or
hotel bed.
A.service
B.gifts
C.food
D.discounts
答案 D
18.These two swimming pools are of size.But another two are twice size of them.
A.the;the
B.a;the
C.a;a
D.the;a
答案 B
19.My older brother Steve，helped me grow into an adult.Steve taught me to face the of
my behavior.
A.reasons
B.realities
C.advantages
D.results
答案 D
20.Because unemployment is very high at present，it’s not easy for a fresh graduate fo find
satisfying job as he wishes.
A.the;/
B./;a
C.the;a D，an;the
答案 B
21.I like the color of the tie.It will be a good for my shirt.
A.match
B.access
https://www.360docs.net/doc/7a17071358.html,pany
D.partner
答案 A
22.Beyond stars，Fei Junlong，the Chinese astronaut，saw nothing but space.
A./;the
B.the;/
C./;/
D.the;the
答案 B
23.According to announcement by Guangzhou Prices Bureau，new
measures which have been taken recently are expected to cut the price of consumer durables.
A.the;/
B.an;the
C./;the
D.an;/
答案 B
24.At the meeting，many speakers urged immediate against the illegal trade.
A.condition
B.action
C.decision
D.ways
答案B
介词(二课时)
介词又叫前置词，是一种虚词。介词分为三种，一种是简单介词，如at, in, on, beside, to , for等；另一种是短语介词，即由两个以上的词组组成的短语，如in front of, because of, out of, instead of等；还有一种叫二重介词，如until after, from behind等。
（一）介词的句法功能
介词不能独立在句中做成份，介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成份，表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。
1、作定语：The book on the table is mine.
2、作状语：We have breakfast at seven.（表时间）；They were late for meeting because of the heavy rain.（表原因）；They started the machine by pressing the button.（表方法）
3、作表语：My dictionary is in the bag.
4、作宾语补足语：I found him in the office.
（二）主要介词区别
1、表示时间的at, in, on：at表示片刻的时间，如：at 8 o’clock，常用词组有：at noon, at night, at midnight, at the end of, at that time, at the beginning of, at the age of, at Christmas, at New Y ear等。in表示一段的时间，如：in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, in October, in 1998, in summer, in the past, in the future等。on总是跟日子有关，on Monday, on Christmas morning, on the following, on May Day, on a warm morning等。
2、表示时间的since和from：since表示从过去到现在的一段时间的过程，常与现在完成时连用。from表示从时间的某一点开始，不涉及与现在的关系。一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。如：I hope to do morning exercises from today./ We have not seen each other since 1995.
3、表示时间的in和after：两者都表示“在（某个时间）之后，区别在于in表示“在（一段时间）之后”，而after则表示“在（某一具体时间点之后）”，in短语和将来时态连用，after短语和过去时态或将来时态连用。如：We’ll be back in three days./ After seven the rain began to fall./ What shall we do after graduation?
注意：after有时也可以表示在一段时间之后（常用在过去时里）。如：After two months he returned.
4、表示地理位置的in, on, to：in表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外。如：Changchun is in the northeast of China./ Mongolia is on the north of China./ Japan is to the east of China.
5、表示“在……上”的on和in：on只表示在某物的表面上，而用in表示占去某物一部分。如：There is a book on the piece of paper./ There is an interesting article in the newspaper./ He dug a hole in the wall.
6、表示“穿过……”的through和across：through表示从内部通过，与in 有关；across 则表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过，与on有关。如：Water flows through the pipe./ The old man walked across the street.
7、in the corner, on the corner, at the corner：in the corner 表示在角落里，in指角的内
面；on the corner表示“在角上”，on指的不是内面，也不是外面，而含内外兼有之意；at the corner指“在拐角处”，at指的是拐角外附近的外面。如：The lamp stands in the corner of the room./ I met with him at the street corner./ He sat on the corner of the table.
8、in the end, at the end of, by the end of：in the end作“最后”、“终于”解，可单独使用，后不接介词of；at the end of 表示“在……末梢”，“到……尽头”，既可指时间，也可以指地上或物体。不可单独使用；by the end of 作“在……结束时”，“到……末为止”解，只能指时间。不可单独使用。如：In the end they reached a place of safety./ At the end of the road stands a beautiful garden./ They decided to have an English evening at the end of this week./ by the end of last month he had finished the novel.
9、表示“关于”的about 和on：两者都有“关于”的意思，不过前者为一般用词，而后者为较正式的“论述”。如：He came to tell me about something important./ He wrote a book on science.
10、between, among：一般说来，between表示两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间。如：Y ou are to sit between your father and me./ He is always happy among his classmates.
注意：但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西，如果强调的是两两相互间接关系，适用于between。如：Agreements were made between the different countries. 在谈到一些事物或一组事物，而把它们视为分居两边时用between。如：The little valley lies between high mountains.。在谈事物间的差别时，总是用between。如：They don’t know the difference between wheat, oats and barley.
11、besides, except, but, except for：besides指“除了……还有，再加上”。如：All went out besides me.；except指“除了，减去什么”，不能放在句首。如：All went out except me.；but 与except意思近似，表示“除了……外”经常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything 等和其他疑问词后面。如：I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.；except for表示“如无……就，只是”表明理由细节。如：His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.。
12、表示“用”的in和with：表示工具的“用”，用with，而表示材料、方式、方法、度量、单位、语言、声音等的“用”，用in。如：He is writing a letter with a pen./ He wrote the letter in pencil./ We measured it in pounds./ Read the text in a loud voice./ Tell me the story in English.
13、in charge of和in the charge of：两者都表示“由谁负责、照顾、管理”。区别在于：in charge of后接被照管的人或物，而in the charge of后面则跟照管的人。如：Who is in charge of the project?/ The project is in the charge of an engineer.。
14、as, like：as作“作为”、“以……地位或身份”解。如：Let me speak to you as a father.（事实是父亲）；like作“象……一样”解。如：Let me speak to you like a father.（事实上不是父亲）。
15、in front of 和in the front of：in front of = before，是“在……前面”的意思（不在某物内）；in the front of则是“在……前部”的意思（在某物内）。如：There is a desk in front of the blackboard./ The boy sat in the front of the car.。
16、in, into：into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置。如：We walked into the park.；in通常表
示位置。如：We walked in the park；in和drop, fall, put, throw, break等终止性动词连用时，也可以表示动向。如：I have put the coin in (into) my pocket.我把硬币放进衣袋。
（三）特殊用法
学习介词用法除要掌握一般常规用法外,还须注意一些特殊用法,固定搭配等。
一、表示时间介词注意点：
1．in＋一段时间＝in＋一段时间's time(与将来时连用)
in three days
如：We'll meet我们三天后碰头。
' time
within＋一段时间（用于各种时态）
如：You must finish reading the book within a week.你必须在一周内读完这本书。 2．on Christmas Day在圣诞节；at Christmas在圣诞节的几天中
3．up to now＝until now, from morning till night, for the time being暂时，
at times有时，day by day一天天地，in no time立刻。
4．during是介词，不能引导从句。
二、注意一些表示地点场所介词短语的引伸、比喻含义
in the mud在泥中，beyond hope绝望, in freezing在严寒天气中，in danger在危险中，in trouble在困境中，in public在公共场合中，under construction在建设中，on business出差，in the same boat处境一样，on sale在出售
三、表示方式、手段、工具等介词（by,with,on,in）
1.by: The blind men thought they could learn what the elephant looked like by touching it./ make a living by teaching/ by hand手工地，靠手工地，by letter, by post, by electricity, learn sth. by heart, struck by the beauty因美丽而着迷 He was paid by the hour/ the day/ month/…他按时/日/月/…被付给工钱。 by plane/ train/ ship/ air/ water/ sea/…,by means of用…手段，方式；by way of经由，取道于… learn English by/ over/ through/ on the radio
2.on: live on food, kneel on one's knees, lie/ sleep on one's back / side / face
仰/侧/俯卧（睡）
3.in: in English, in ink, in silence, in one voice异口同声地，in a hurry匆忙
地，in surprise惊讶地
4．with: write with a pen, work with one's hands, smell with one's nose, beat the horse with a whip(鞭子)
四、相近介词（短语）辨析
1. on“关于”，学术性强：a lecture on computer
about“关于”，知识性或随便谈论：a discussion about the plan
2. go/come/walk/run后只能用into, put/sit down/throw/jump/fall后可用in/into
3. over在…正上方，under在…正下方
above在…上面（不一定垂直上方），below在…下面
4. in an hour一小时后，用于将来时
after an hour一小时后，用于过去时
5. beside在…旁边
besides除…之外（还有）
except除…之外
except for除（非同类事物）之外
6. on/in the street
at 50 Dongfeng Road 在东风路50号
7. a hole in the wall
a picture on the wall
a piece of news in the newspaper
the words in the envelop
the monkey in the tree
the apples on the tree(树上的苹果。表示长在树“上”的果实要用介词“on”)
8. the tallest boy of(in) the class/school/…(象class这类群体单位名词前可用 of或in)
象boys这类非群体名词前，只能用of)
9. with the help / the permission of…在…帮助/允诺下
under the leadership / the care of…在…领导/关心下
10. be familiar with sb./sth. 熟悉某人/某物
…为某人所熟悉
11. be absent from meeting/class开会/上课缺席
be sbsent in sp. 不在某处
12. be strict with sb. 对某人严格要求
be strict in sth. 严格对待某事
13. Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国的东部(在中国境内)
Korea lies on the east of China. 朝鲜与中国的东部接壤。
Japan lies to the east of China. 日本位于中国的东部（不接壤）。
14. at least 至少
in the least 丝毫，一点
15. in the air 空中，在流传
on the air播出
16. shout to 呼喊，向…喊
shout at对…吼，责骂
17. in the way挡路，障碍，妨碍
in a way在某点上，在某种程度上
by the way顺便问一下
on one s way(to) 在…路上
18. at the corner在拐角处（外角）
in the corner在拐角里，在角落里（内角）
在角落上（外角）
19. on fire着火，失火
on the fire在火上
at the fire在炉边
20. in the end＝at last＝finally
by the end of到…末止
在…结束时，在…末端，at the end最后。
21. after a time＝after some time过一段时间后
behind time迟到，过期
ahead of time提前，超前
sometime某时
some time某段时间，某一时期
sometimes有时
at a time＝each time每次
at one time＝once曾经
22. for a moment＝for a while/minute一会儿
for the moment暂时
in a moment立刻
at the moment当时
the moment/minute/second/instance…＝as soon as 一…就 23. be tired of…讨厌…
be tired with…因…而疲倦
24. be popular with sb. 受某人的欢迎
be popular for因…而流行
be popular in sp. 在某处流行
25. be pleased with＋名词/what从句对…满意
be pleased at＋抽象名词听/看到…而高兴
26. be known to sb.为某人所知
be known as 作为…而出名，被叫作…
因…而出名
27. be busy with sth.忙于某事
be busy(in) doing sth.忙着做某事
28. be late for…迟于参加（某项活动）： She was late for supper.她吃晚饭去迟了。 be late with…某事办迟了： She was late with the supper.她晚饭烧迟了。
介词练习
1. The teacher is writing ____ a piece of chalk on the blackboard while the students are writing ____ink in exercise books.
A. with, in
B. in, with
C. in, in
D. with, with
2. Does John know any other foreign languages ____ French?
A. except
B. but
C. besides
D. beside
3. Mary dropped in ____ Mr Smith, but he wasn' t at home, so she went to drop in ____ Mr Smith's office.
A. on, on
B. at, at
C. on. at
D. at. on
4. His teacher was angry ____ him ____ his being late.
A.at,with
B.at,for
C.with,for
D.with,about
5. Taiwan is ____ the east of Fujian.
A. in
B.at
C.to
D.on
6. My father was disappointed ____ the news.
A. by
B. about
C. at
D. on
7. This is a common mistake ____ students.
A. between
B.over
C. among
D. about
8. My father began to work ____ a bus driver when he was twenty years old.
A.for
B.to
C.at
D.as
9. _____ hearing the news, I was wild ____ joy.
A. At, in
B. On, with
C. After, by
D. /, over
10. I know nothing about the young lady ___she is from Beijing.
A. except
B. except for
C. except that
D. besides
11. Nobody knows it ____ me.
A. except for
B. except that
C. besides
D. but
12. _____ defeated, they didn't lose heart.
A. In spite of
B. Except for
C. Though
D. Until
13. It happened ____ the Long March.
A. during
B.in
C.at
D.for
14. We go to school ____ a bike.
A.in
B.on
C.by
D.over
15. It's very kind____ you to repair the bike ____ me.
A.for.for
B.of,of
C.of,for
D.for,of
16. Fresh air is good ____ your health.
A.at
B.for
C.of
D.to
17.The boy is waiting ____ his sister and they will go to the hospital to wait ____ their sick
mother.
A.for,on
B.on,for
C.for,for
D.on.on
18.The group is made up____five students. And they are studying hard to make up____ the lost time.
A.of,of
B.for,for
C.of,for
D.for,of
19. He went to Beijing and returned ____ three days.
A. in
B. before
C. later
D. after
20. He will come ____ three days.
A.before
B.after
C. in
D. later
名词（三课时）
（一）考纲要求
名词应掌握以下内容：分清名词的可数性与不可数性；可数名词有单复数，有些名词只有复数；物质名词、抽象名词不可数但可以具体量化使用；名词所有格和of格的语言现象；名词直接作定语；国家名词的正确使用；名词词义的区分和搭配；单位名词的搭配；名词前的修饰语so, as, quite等；time及常考点。
（二）命题导向
名词的“可数”与“不可数”是高考命题的热点之一。不可数名词前不能与不定冠词连用，之后不能加-s。有些抽象名词却有复数形式，但意义与原来词不同。有些可数名词复数有两个意思，一个与单数意义相同，另一个和单数含义不同，高考中这些含义很可能成为考查的内容。词语的固定搭配及名词作定语也是高考命题的注意点。
（三）知识概要
英语的名词分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。专有名词是指个人、团体、地方、机构或事物等所专有的名称，它的第一个字母必须大写。如：Einstain, Beijing, Asia等。普通名词是指一类人、一类事物、某种物质抽象概念的名称，可分为：个体名词（可数，如：worker, father, book, tree, school等）；集体名词（可数，如：people, family, class, team等）；物质名词（不可数，如：iron, paper, snow, water, chalk, gold等）；抽象名词（不可数，如：life, thought, idea, strength等）。
注意：可数、不可数是英文名词和中文名词的一个重要差异——即学习的重点。而很多英语名词具有双重性。即，名词的类别不是固定不变的，它们会根据词义的变化和场合的不同而相互转换，其名词类别的转换可归纳如下：
1、个体名词转抽象名词或抽象名词转个体名词
e.g. Our school is not far from my home.（个体）我们学校离我家不远。
School is over at six.（抽象）六点钟放学。
2、物质名词转个体名词或个体名词转物质名词
e.g. He broke a piece of glass.（物质）他打破了一块玻璃。
He broke a glass.（个体）他打破了一个杯子。
3、个体名词转专有名词
e.g. His father is a teacher.（个体）他父亲是个教师。
―What are you doing there?‖ Father asked.（专有）“你在那儿干什么？”父亲问道。
（四）名词的数
名词分为可数（有单、复数形式）和不可数名词（只有单数形式）。
1、可数名词单数变复数：
①一般加s ：lesson → lessons, pen → pens
②以s, x, ss, ch, sh, o结尾的加es ：buses, boxes, classes, watches, brushes, hero → heroes
但有些以o结尾的名词，是加s构成复数：kilo → kilos, piano → pianos, radio → radios, photo → photos, zoo → zoos
③以辅音字母+ y 结尾的改y为i，再加es ：city → cities, story → stories
④以f 或fe结尾的，一般将f或fe改为v，再加es ：knife → knives, leaf → leaves
但有些以f 结尾的名词，是在f后加s，构成复数形式：belief → beliefs, roof → roofs, safe （保险箱）→ safes, pr oof（证据）→ proofs, chief → chiefs, handkerchief → handkerchiefs
2、有些名词，不按上述规则构成其复数形式，有以下几种情况：
①单复数形式相同：Chinese, Japanese, deer, sheep
②不规则变化：man → men, woman → women, goose → geese, foot → feet, tooth → teeth, child → children, mouse → mice, ox → oxen。但是，German → Germans
③复合名词的复数形式：editor-in-chief → editors-in-chief, daughter-in-law → daughters-in-law, grown-up → grown-ups, woman teacher → women teachers, man driver → men drivers
3、注意以下几个名词单复数问题
①物质名词一般不用复数形式,但有些物质名词要用复数形式来表示不同的类别,如：fishes各种鱼，fruits各种水果，steels各种钢材。
②物质名词表示数量时，一般用表示数量的短语来表示。如：a cup of tea, three bags of apples, four pieces of bread。
③有些抽象名词的复数形式表示不同的含义。如：work（工作）→ works（著作），arm （手臂）→ arms（军火），glass（玻璃）→ glasses（眼镜），cloth（布）→ clothes（衣服）。
④定冠词加上姓氏的复数形式，表示全家人或夫妇二人；姓氏的复数形式前不加冠词，则表示若干个姓…的人。如：the Wangs王家，three Wangs三个姓王的。
⑤只用作单数的复数形式的名词。如：physics, mathematics, news, the United States
⑥有些名词形似单数，但实为复数。如：police, people, cattle
⑦有些名词如被看作整体时就作单数用，如被看作组成该集体的各个成员时就作复数用。如：class, family, couple, audience, government, public
⑧有些抽象名词在具体化时，可以复数形式出现。表示特指时，可和定冠词连用；表示“某种”或“一次”意义时，可和不定冠词连用。如：How did you smooth away the difficulties?（指各种具体困难）；It is a great pleasure to talk with you.；What a surprise!
（五）名词的所有格
名词的所有格在句中表示所有关系，作定语用。
名词、冠词、代词的用法
定义：表示某一事物，有具体的和抽象的之分。分为可数名词和不可数名词。 强调：不可数名词都默认为单数，动词用is或者was；不能根据some、any、a lot of等词来判断。 1、可数名词如何变“复数形式”： ①．一般情况下，直接加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds ； 读音：清辅音后读[s]，浊辅音和元音后读[z]。 ②．以s. x. sh. ch结尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches ； ③“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries ； “元音字母+y”结尾，直接加-s，如：boys，toys ④．以“f或fe”结尾，变f或fe为v, 再加-es，如：knife-knives ，thief-thieves；读音：[z]。 顺口溜：妻子持刀去宰狼，小偷吓得发了慌；躲在架后保己命，半片树叶遮目光。 （贼的妻子一生用两把刀、三片叶杀死两只狼，一半放在架子上，自己吃面包loaf）wife（妻子），knife（刀子），wolf（狼）thief（小偷），shelf（架子），self（自己），life （生命）half（一半），leaf（树叶）。这9个名词变复数时，都要改“f(e)”为“ve”再加“s”。 特殊情况是直接加-s的： 顺口溜：海湾边、屋顶上，首领农仆相望；谁说他们无信仰，语气定在手帕上。 gulf, roof, chief, serf, belief, proof, handkerchief。这些词是直接加-s的。 ⑤．以“o”结尾的词，分两种情况： 1）有生命的+es 读音：[z] 如：mango-mangoes，tomato-tomatoes，hero-heroes， negro—negroes (袋鼠除外cangro-cangros) 顺口溜：两人两菜一火山(黑人英雄在火山上吃土豆，西红柿，芒果和河马) 2）无生命的+s 读音：[z] 如：zoo-zoos, radio-radios, photo-photos, piano-pianos, (袋鼠除外cangro-cangros)zero-zeros, bamboo（竹竿）-bamboos, tobacco（烟丝）-tobaccos 顺口溜：动物园里挂着一张照片，照片上是一片竹林前的钢琴上放着一台收音机 ⑥. 部分单词的单复数同形 顺口溜：中日警察来聚会，鹿、羊、鱼、牛把家回。（中日瑞不变，英法都要变，其他国人加S）（中国人，日本人赶着绵羊、梅花鹿去河边看鱼） 解释：Chinese,Japanese,police， deer, sheep, fish，cattle ，people， Swiss--Swiss Englishman--Englishmen, American—Americans，German--Germans. 除人民币的元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。 如：one yuan，two yuan；a dollar, two dollars; ⑦. 不规则名词复数：（鹅身上的牙和脚复数oo变ee、） 顺口溜：男士女士a变e；鹅牙双脚o变e；孩子后面加ren；老鼠虱子爱公牛， mouse, louse和ox. 解释：man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen,snowman-snowmen。 goose- geese； tooth-teeth, foot-feet。child-children。mouse-mice, louse-lice，ox-oxen。 2、不可数名词没有复数。如果要计算不可数名词所表达的数量，就用“量词+of”。 例如：a glass of water, a piece of paper, a bottle of juice，a bottle of，a pair of 3、复合名词的复数变化：（顺口溜：属性不变、性别变）解释：three apple trees；three men teachers
名词、数词、冠词
名词、数词、冠词预习方案 中山实验学校黄金霞 名词的预习 一、可数名词复数的规则变化 1.一般词尾加s; 2.以s，x，ch，sh结尾的名词词尾加-es; 3.以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加-es; 4.以o结尾的词加-s或-es（词尾加-es口诀:黑人,英雄喜欢吃土豆和西红柿. Negroes, heroes, potatoes, tomatoes）; 5.以f或fe结尾的变f或fe为v再加-es; 注意：scarf-scarfs / scarves, giraffe- giraffes; roof –roofs 二、可数名词复数的不规则变化 ①，改变字母变复数 man- men, woman -women, child-children, foot- feet, mouse-mice, tooth- teeth （男女孩子的脚踩住老鼠的牙） ②，表示“某国人”的名词变复数 中日瑞士不变英法变(变a为e)，其他直接加-s （Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, Englishmen, Frenchmen, Americans, Germans，Italians, Australians） 三、可数名词复数的特殊形式 1.单复数同型：fish, deer, sheep; 2.复数名词clothes，socks, pants, glasses, shoes 等； 3.集体名词:class, family, team, group等作单数表示整体，作复数强调成员； 4.形式上是复数，意义上是单数的名词，news，math， physics 等 5.复合名词的复数通常变后面中心名词为复数：a bus driver-two bus drivers; 由man, woman修饰的复合名词都变复数:a man teacher -three men teachers 四、不可数名词量的表达: 1.“基数词+量词（单位名词）+of短语” 量词可数,数词大于1时,要用复数形式:3 cups of tea，2 pieces of bread 2.不可数名词可用，some，any a little，a lot of, lots of, much等修饰 五、名词所有格的构成:
名词冠词数词代词介词
名词名词的数 1、可数名词与不可数名词 A、不可数名词，初中阶段常见的不可数名词有：water ; meat ; rice ; bread ; milk ; tea ; orange(桔汁) ; fruit ; air ; snow ; chalk; work ; paper(纸) ; time(时间); music ; weather ; grass ; news ; food ; fish(鱼肉); coke ; porridge ; cake(可数或不可数). 不可数名词应注意以下几点： 1)前无数、冠，后无复数；作主语为三单. 2)表量用约数some /any ; much ; a lot of 或用of短语 eg. There is ____ bread on the table. [C] A. a B. one C. a piece of D. many There is some_______ on the plate. [B] A. apple B. fish C. milks D. deer 2、可数名词的复数 A、不规则变化： man—men ; woman—women ;child—children policeman—policemen Englishman—Englishmen Frenchman—Frenchmen foot—feet ; tooth—teeth mouse(鼠)—mice B、规则变化 1）s; sh; ch; x 结尾加 es 读 [iz] 2) ce; se; ze; (d)ge 结尾加 s eg. boxes [b ksiz] blouses [blauziz] 3)f (fe) 结尾则变f(fe)为v加es---读[vz] eg. knives [naivz] 4) “辅+y”结尾变y为i加es 清就清[s] 5)一般加s 浊就浊[z] eg. books[buks] pens[penz] babies[beibiz] 但注意以下几点： ① potato—potatoes ; tomato—tomatoes ②单复同形: fish ; sheep ; deer ; Chinese ; Japanese ③由man , woman在词首构成的复合名词应将两部分都变成复数 man doctor — men doctors ④ reef—reefs ⑤“某国人”的复数：中日不变英法变，其余s加后面. eg. German—Germans ⑥ people , police 常用单数形式表示复数概念 The police are looking for the missing boy. 3、名词所有格：名词’s (意思是“……的”) A.有生命的名词所有格，一般在后加“’s”但注意： 1)表两者共有则在后者加“’s” Lucy and Lily’s father 露西和莉莉的父亲 Lucy’s and Lily’s fathers露西的父亲和莉莉的父亲.
名词、代词、冠词、数词综合练习题
名词、代词、冠词、数词综合练习题 1 There are ___ days in a year. A. three hundreds sixty-five B. three hundreds and sixty-five C. three hundred and sixty-five D. three hundred and sixty five 2 There are____ students in this school. A. eight hundreds and forty-six B. eight hundred and forty six C. eight hundred and forty-six D. eight hundred forty-six 3.______people visit this museum every day. A. Hundred B. Hundreds C. Hundred of D. Hundreds of 4.There are two___ people in the meeting room. A. hundred B. hundreds C. hundreds of D. hundred of 5.Every year ___ watch NBA on TV. A. million people B. millions of people C. millions people D. million of people 6.____ trees have been planted in our school in the past 10 years. A. Thousands of B. Two thousands C. Thousand of D. Two thousand of 7.Look! There are ___ in the sky. A. thousand stars B. thousand of stars C. thousands of stars D. thousands of star 8. My brother is in____. A. Three Class, One Grade B. Class Three, Grade One C. Grade One, Class Three D. class three, grade one 9. We are going to learn___ this term. A. book six B. six book C. the book six D. Book Six 10. Please turn to___. Let's read the text aloud. A. Page Two B. the page two C. second page D. page second 11. We can say the number 78, 645 in English like this____. A. seventy-eight thousand and six hundred and forty-five B. seventy-eight thousand six hundred and forty five C. seventy-eight thousand six hundred and forty-five
名词、冠词、代词知识点
名词 一、名词的复数： 1.名词变复数的规则形式 1).一般情况下直接加s book------books cup-----cups 2).以辅音字母+y结尾的，先变y为i再加es . city-------cities family-----families 3).以s、x、sh、ch结尾的加es . bus-----buses wish------wishes watch------wathes 4).以o结尾的多数加S 初中阶段只有三个单词加es . tomato-----tomatoes potato------potatoes hero-----heroes 5).以f、fe 结尾的，先把f、fe变v 再加es leaf----leaves self---selves shelf----shelves life----lives thief---thieves 2.少数名词的复数形式是不规则的 man----men woman---women child----childre foot-----feet tooth----teeth mouse---mice 3.单数和复数形式相同。deer---deer fish----fish sheep----sheep Chinese ----Chinese Japanese---Japanese 4.某国人的复数。 1). 中、日不变。Chinese----Chinese Japanese---Japanese 2). 英、法变。Englishman----Englishmen Frenchman----Frenchmen 3). 其余s加后面。American -----Americans German----Germans Australian---Australians 二、不可数名词： 1.不可数名词：1).不能直接用数字表数量2).不能直接加a或an 3).没有复数形式 4).可用some、any 、lots of、plenty of 、much 修饰5).可用“量词短语”表示 2.不可数名词的数量的表示方法：a / 数字+ 量词+ of + 不可数名词 a piece of paper a cup of tea a glass of milk 三、名词的所有格： 1. ’s 所有格。 1).用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系时，这时只在最后一个名词后加“’s.”This is ____________________(Mary and Lily) bedroom . 2). 1).用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示各有关系时，这时分别在每个名词后加“’s.”These are ________________(Tom and Jack ) school bags . 3).以s结尾的名词，变所有格时在s后加“’”,不以s 结尾的复数名词，仍加“’s” Teachers’Day Children’s Day 4).表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时，常在名词后加’s 代表全称。at the doctor’s at the Bob’s 5).由some、any、no、every与one、body 结合的复合不定代词something 、anything 等和else 连用时，所有格应加在else的后面。This is _________________(somebody else ) pencil . 6).表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词，也可在词尾加’s 来构成所有格。 an hour’s ride two weeks’ time China’s capital 2.of 所有格： 1).of 用来表示无生命的名词所有格。the map of China the door of the room 2).双重所有格：of + 名词所有格of + 名词性的物住代词 He is a friend of my _________(brother ) . Is she a daughter of __________(you)? 四、名词作句子成分： 1.名词作主语
名词、冠词、数词
名词、冠词、数词 (一)名词 名词有可数与不可数之分，有数和所有格的变化。名词在句中可以做主语、宾语、 表语、同位语和定语等。 考点1 :名词的数 考向一：可数名词单数变复数的规则变化 考向二：可数名词单数变复数的不规则变化 第一条，a 变 e (man — men,woman —women ) 第二条，oo 变成两只 e (goose —geese, tooth —teeth,foot —feet ) 第三条，看见孩子长大成ren (child —children ) 第四条，老鼠爱大米(mouse —mice ) 第五条，绵羊和鱼都一样(sheep —sheep,fish —fish ) 第六条，各国人，都好记：中日不变英法变，其他后面加 -s (Japa nes —Japa nese,Chi nes —Chi nese,E nglishmar —E nglishme n,Fre nchmar — Fre n chme n, Germar —Germa ns ) 考向三：不可数名词量的表达
考点2:名词的所有格 1. 一般情况下，在词尾直接加“ ’s”。 Eg: Lilyspare nts莉莉的父母 2. 以-s结尾的复数名词在s后加 Eg: the twins'room 双胞胎的房间 3. 表示非生命物体的所有格经常用of短语。 Eg: a map of Chi na —张中国地图 〖典例〗 The sec ond Sun day in May is ______________ Day母亲节） 冠词 冠词分不定冠词a/an和定冠词the两种 考点1 :不定冠词 不定冠词有a和an两种形式，a用于辅音音素开头的单词前，an用于以元音音素开头的
英语之中名词 代词 动词 形容词 冠词 数词 副词 介词 连词 感叹词
（一） 1、名词名词(Nouns）是词性的一种，也是实词的一种，是指待人、物、事、时、地、情感、概念等实体或抽象事物的词。名词可以独立成句。在短语或句子中通常可以用代词来替代。 2、代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、自身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。 3、动词，就是用来形容或表示各类动作的词汇。基本上每个完整的子句都有一个动词，要表示第二个动作时可使用不定词、动名词、对等连接词、从属连接词或增加子句等方法连结。根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类。 4、形容词 形容词【adjective】很多语言中均有的主要词类中的一种。主要用来修饰名词的词,表示事物的特征 5、冠词的定义冠词是置于名词之前，对名词起限制作用的一种虚词。冠词可以说是名词的一种标志，它不能离开名词而独立存在。冠词的分类冠词分为不定冠词"a，an"、定冠词"the"和零冠词三种 6、数词表示"多少"和"第几"的词,叫数词。其用法相当于名词或者形容词。数词分为基数词和序数词两种。表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。 7、副词(Adverb)副词的定义: 副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念。
8、介词的定义和特征介词是一种用来表示词与词, 词与句之间的关系的词。在句中不能单独作句字成分。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。 （二） 1、名词，人或事物的名称 3、代词，代替名词或者数词（比如some就是代替数目） 3、动词，动作或状态 4、数词，表示数目或顺序（比如序数词，5th就是表示顺序） 5、形容词，人或事物的性质或状态（因为形容词一般修饰名词） 6、副词，动作的特征或性状特征（因为副词一般修饰动词或形容词） 7、冠词，表示名词的泛指或特指 8、介词，表示名词或代词与其他词的关系（因为介词后面一半紧跟 名词，代词或其他名词性结构） 9、连词，连接词与词，短语与短语，句子与句子 10、感叹词，表示说话时的感情或语气
初一冠词、名词和代词专项练习题
七年级冠词、名词和代词专项练习题 一.写出下列单词的复数形式： action movie life knife fry leaf photo r adio piano zoo tomato potato bus watch box book map cat film door month horse picture class boy tooth woman eye tooth German Chinese man football child classroom monkey tree egg coat Frenchman is this that 二.将下列词组译成汉语： [1]三杯牛奶[2] 一袋大米[3]三篮子苹果 [4]一碗面条[5]四盒子书[6]七本英语书 [7]五袋子大米[8]三杯橘汁 [9]八条新闻10]一箱香蕉 三.用a\an填空: apple pear banana ship boat student teacher hour sheep orange tree tree orange pencil 四选择填空： [1]. They are________ A:man doctor B:men doctors C:men doctor D:man doctor s [2] There are five_____ in the hill. A:sheep B:sheeps C: goose D:deers [3] Those white socks____small. A:are B:is C: am D:do [4] We have many_____in our school. A:woman teacher B:women teachers C: woman teachers D:women teacher [5] Do you like _____? A:vegetable B: vegetables C:an vegetable [6] How many_____do they have? A:picture B: pictures C:a picture [7] There are six ____in the room. A:volleyball B:volleyballs C:a volleyball D:volleyballs [8] Are these ____teachers? A:woman B:women C:womans [9] It is ____. A:milk B:a milk C:an milk D:milks [10] It’s a ____.It isn’t an ____. A、apple, egg B、cake,egg C、egg,orange, D,e gg,cake
高考题名词代词 冠词介词集锦
1.(2010全国卷一) I’ll spend half of my holiday practicing English and _____ half learning drawing. A another B the other C other’s D other 2. (2010北京卷) Would you mind not picking the flowers in the garden? They are ____ everyone’s enjoyment. A in B at C for D to 3. (2010北京卷) First impressions are the most lasting. After all, you never get ____ second chance to make _____ first impression. A a ; the B the ;the C a ; a D the ; a 4. (2010 重庆卷) The dictionary is what I want, but I don’t have enough money ____ me. A by B for C in D with 5. (2010 重庆卷) He had lost his temper and his health in the war and never found _____ of them again. A neither B either C each D all 6. (2010 重庆卷) Everything comes with _____ price; there is no such ____ thing as a free lunch in the world. A a, a B the , / C the , a D a , / 7. (2010 湖北卷) This restaurant has become popular for its wide _____ of foods that suit all tastes and pockets. A division B area C range D circle 8. (2010 湖北卷) After the earthquake, the first thing the local government did was to provide _____ for the homeless families. A accommodation B occupation C equipment D furniture 9. (2010 湖北卷) It is illegal for a public official to ask people for gifts or money ______ favors to them. A in preference to B in place of C in agreement with D in exchange for 10. (2010 天津卷) He telephones the travel agency to ____ three air tickets to London. A order B arrange C take D book 11. (2010 天津卷) James took the magazines off the little table to make _____ for the television. A room B area C field D position 12. (2010 天津卷) ______ in my life impressed my so deeply as my first visit to the Palace Museum. A Anything B Nothing C Everything D Something 13. (2010 天津卷) My father warned me _____ going to the West Coast because it was crowded with tourists. A by B on C for D against 14. (2010 四川卷) In ____ most countries, a university degree can give you ______ flying start in life. A the; a B the; 不填 C 不填; 不填 D 不填; a 15. (2010 四川卷) On my desk is a photo that my father took of _____ when I was a baby. A him B his C me D mine 16. (2010 山东卷) If we sit near _____ front of the bus, we’ll have _____ better view. A / ; the B / ; a C the ; a D the ; the 17 . (2010 山东卷) Those who suffer from headache will find they get _____ from this medicine.
冠词-名词-代词
冠词有两种，一是不定冠词a／an，另外一种是定冠词the 一、不定冠词及其用法 二、定冠词的用法 1. 一般来说，普通名词有特指和泛指，如果特指，就要加定冠词；如果泛指，可数名词前加不定冠词，或用其复数形式 2. 定冠词the主要和名词连用，表示某些特定的人或事物 3. 由of引起的限定性短语(作定语)所修饰的词前加the 4. 表示身体的某一部位，用the代替物主代词my, our, your, his, her等 5. 表示江河海洋，海峡海湾，山脉和群岛及有些湖泊之前用the 6. 定冠词the加姓氏的复数，表示某某一家人，如果做主语，谓语动词要用复数 7. 当一个抽象名词，不表示一般的概念而是表示某一特定的内容时加定冠词the 8. 由普通名词和一些其他词构成的专有名词前加the: the People's Republic of China 三、同步练习 1. ____rose is____beautiful flower. 2. Mr. Smith always smokes____cigarette with ____cup of coffee. 3.____door of____garage is broken. 4.____donkeys are ____ stupid animals. 5.____bread is made from ____ flour,and ____flour is made from ____wheat. 6. She is ____good musician;she plays ____piano beautifully. 7. Thousands of ____visitors go to ____Great Wall every ____day. 8. When he was enghteen,he joined ____navy. 9. He sent me ____letter and ____postcard;____letter didn't arrive. 10. Li is not at ____office;I think he's gone____home. 11. Is there ____telephone here? 12. She is studying ____English and ____French. 13. I bought ____pen and some paper,but I left____pen in ____shop. 14. ____machine is made of ____steel and ____copper. 15. ____honesty is ____best policy. 16. ____coal is 60 dollars ____ton at the moment. 17. I stay at ____home last night and listened to ____radio. 18. We went to Paris and saw ____Palace of Versailles. 19. He goes back to ____ country to see his people once ____year. 20. ____Liu's are going to ____cinema. 语法系列复习专题-----名词 1. 名词的分类 专有名词：指某人，某地，某机构等专有的名称，其首字母要大写。如HongKong, China, Bill Clinton, Red Cross 个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如student, book 可数名词 集体名词：表示若干个体组成的集合体，如：family, school, group, people 不可数名词 物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：cotton, air, tea 抽象名词：表示抽象概念，work，happiness, news
冠词名词。代词形容词副词、介词的知识点
冠词 不定冠词的用法及语法说明 1. 用a 还是用an： 一般说来，在辅音或半元音开头的词前用a, 而在元音开头的词前用an。 注意： 有些以元音字母开头的单词，由于第一个音不是元音而是辅音，其前仍用a而不用an： a one-eyed man 一个独眼人 a European country 一个欧洲国家 2. 单数可数名词若泛指，其前需加a ，an, 不要从汉语习惯出发，漏掉此不定冠词： He is a famous film star. 他是着名影星。 3. 专有名词转化为普通名词，其前可用a (an)，表示某某人或某某人的一部作品、艺术品等： a Mr Smith 一位名叫史密斯先生的人 4. 物质名词转化为普通名词，其前可以使用a (an)，有时表示相应产品或种类，有时表示数量关系： a good wine 一种好酒 5. 在序数词之前使用a (an)，可以表示数量或序数的增加： Soon I saw a second plane. 不久我又看到了一架飞机。 6. 与形容词的最高级连用，表示“非常”、“很”等： This is a almost interesting story. 这是一个非常有趣的故事。 7. 用于修饰名词的定语前，表示某种状态。此时的不定冠词含有类似a kind of 的意思：climate 气候→a mild climate 温和的气候 have breakfast 吃早餐→have a quick breakfast吃快餐 8. 不定冠词a (an) 与数词one 都可表示“一”，但是两者有差别： 不定冠词a (an) 表示“类别”概念，而数词one 表示“数量”概念 9. 两个单数可数名词连用表示一个整体时，只用一个冠词： He is a teacher and poet. 他既是老师又是诗人。 10. 与副词quite / rather 连用时，a (an) 一般要后置，但若其后的名词前有形容词修饰，则a (an) 放在quite rather 之前或之后均可以： He is rather a fool. 他是个大傻瓜。 It is quite a good book. 那是本很好的书。 It is a quite good book. 那是本很好的书。 11. 当too, so, as, how 等词之后接有“形容词＋单数可数名词”时，不定冠词a (an) 应放在形容词和单数可数名词之间 It is too difficult a book for us beginners. She is as good a cook as her mother. 12. 不定冠词可用来表示“类属”，这是其基本用法，它表明的是某一类属中的每一个人和东西都能说明该类属的整体情况。此时也可用定冠词或名词复数形式来表示。 正：A horse is a useful animal. 正：Horses are useful animals.
中考代词数词动词副词冠词名词连词形容词介词专项练习及答案
中考代词数词动词副词冠词名词连词形容词介词专项练习 ( ) 1. Students are usually interested in sports. Some like running, some like swimming, _______ like ball games. A. the others B. others C. the other D. other ( ) 2. _______ of the two girls is from Beijing. A. All B. Both C. None D. Neither ( ) 3. The weather in summer here is like _______ in Beijing. A. this B. that C. it D. its ( ) 4. The room on the right is _______. A. her B. she C. Lucy’s D. Lucy ( ) 5. Where are the students? Are they in _______? A. the Room 406 B. Room 406 C. the 406 Room D. 406 Room ( ) 6. There are ________ people in the factory now. A. thousand of B. two thousands C. thousands of D. thousand ( ) 7. The man over there is my brother. _______ is a doctor. A. She B. He C. Hers D. His ( ) 8. I have two cats. One is black, and _______ is white. A. another B. some C. other D. the other ( ) 9. I’m looking for a babysister (保姆). She must be ________ too old ________ too young. A. neither; nor B. both; and C. either; or D. not only; but also ( ) 10. –What’s in your car? -- _______. A. No one B. Nothing C. Nobody D. None ( ) 11. There are quite a few old books on the shelf, but _______ of them is useful to him. A. both B. all C. neither D. none ( ) 12. –I’ve had enough bread. Would you like ________? --No, thanks. A. a few more B. one more C. another more D. some more ( ) 13. The film star is going to spend ________ dollars on a new dress for the coming party. A. three thousands B. thousands of C. thousand of D. three thousands of ( ) 14. –Did Eric buy any vegetables in the market? -- No, he didn’t, but he thought _______ fish. A. no B. any C. some D. both ( ) 15. It is said that SARS has killed more than ________ people worldwide. A. three hundreds B. three hundreds’ C. three hundred’s D. three hundred ( ) 16. If you want a ticket for a round-trip, sir, you’ll have to pay ________ $8o. A. another B. other C. each D. more ( ) 17. The place is not interesting at all. ________ of us wants to go there. A. Neither B. Both C. All D. Some ( ) 18. Both of the two rulers are broken. I want to buy a ________one. A. three B. third C. forth D. / ( ) 19. I heard the sports meeting has been put off until _______, hasn’t it? A. the 3 and 4 B. the 3th and 4th C. the 3 rd and 4th D. four and five ( ) 20. _______ of the earth _______ made up of oceans. A. Two-third; is B. Two-thirds; is C. Two-third; are D. Two-thirds; are ( ) 21. Most of us don’t know _______ about how life is formed. A. many B. little C. few D. much ( ) 22. –Is this short-wave radio _______? --No. it belongs to _______. A. yours; me B. yours; his C. her; him D. yours; her ( ) 23. –Have you got any books on music? I want to borrow _______. --Yes. You can find them on the top shelf of the second bookcase. A. it B. any C. one D. them ( ) 24. –Have you read the paper?