2014年医学考博英语写作常用核心词汇

1.下降、减少 reduction，decrease，decline，diminution, drop，descend，go / come down，fall;上升、增加rise; go up; ascend;increase;

2.禽流感 H1N1 flu bird flu/avian flu;食品安全 food safety;

3.公共卫生突发事件public health emergencies; 应急反应 immediate response to;

4.关注民生concern(focus on, pay attention to) people’s livelihood/well-being;

5.城乡卫生体系urban-rural medical and health system

6.预防保健Disease Prevention and Health care，服务体系service system;

7.讲究卫生pay attention to hygiene;个人和环境卫生personal and environmental hygiene

8.lite清淡的;protein-complemented diet蛋白添加饮食;

9.preventive initiatives=preventive measures预防的措施

10.人畜共患病zoonosis=anthropozoonosis.人兽共患病，

11.虫媒insect pollination;虫媒传染病insect-borne /arthropod-borne infectious disease：

12.肾病综合征：nephrotic/renal syndrome;

13.epidemic hemorrhagic fever 流行性出血热;

14.爆发流行：break out, explode; an epidemic outbreak of,explosion

15.传染：infect/infection/infectious,communicate/communicable, contagion/ contagious, transmission/transmittable;

communicable可传达的, 会传染的, 爱说话的[医] 有传染性的;

communicative a. 健谈的, 爱说话的, 交际的

16.传播途径route of transmission, bird flu transmits by air/wind;person to person transmission

17.传播,散布：diffuse，prevalence，spread，transmit，disseminate，propagate/ propagation

18.污染pollution/ pollute，contamination/contaminate

19.福祉 well-being, happiness;

20.衰老grow old;aging;consenescence;senility;senile

21.from bad to worse每况愈下;akin to=similar to 相似的;Purulent脓的,化脓的

22.脂肪肝fatty liver; 血压 hypertension

23.肠癌Cancer of Rectum and Colon;亚健康 sub-health

24.过劳死 karoshi; death from overwork

25.长期以来 for a long time ; over the years

26.养生preserve one's health; nourishing of life; keep in good health

27.分类 be divided into=fall into three categories=be grouped according to their origin, into three classes.=be categorized according to/be roughly classified into three kinds.

28.基本职责=basic/ fundamental/essential/elementary duties/responsibilities/obligations;

基本原则fundamental principle/ rule,basic rule or principle;

29.morals,morality,ethics均含“道德”之意。morals多用于实践方面，指按习惯或社会公认的道德标准，尤指男女之间关系的道德。morality指符合道德标准的行为，或用道德标准衡量某事，既指社会的又指个人的道德。ethics多用于伦理方面，指符合于伦理学中所指的好的行为，常指公平正真地对人对事的品德。

30.民众the (general) public，the masses of the people，the common people;合作者co-worker; collaborator; copartner; coagent;

31.死亡人数death toll，deaths，the number of people killed in/dying from

The death toll is expected to rise. The death toll continues to rise.

There have been more deaths from drowning.

How much is the death toll? 死亡人数是多少?

32.归结为 boil down to;come down to;

归因为/归功于 be attributable to、be attributed to、ascribe or attribute… to、owe…to;

归咎于lay or put the blame on sb、blame…on、ascribe or attribute… to、impute… to。

33.大规模on a large scale，extensive，large-scale，massive;大规模流行 large-scale transmission，become a pandemic，massive attack/outbreak

34.表面上on the surface, apparently, ostensibly, superficial, seemingly;

因果关系 cause-and-effect relationship, causal relationship/relations;

孤立现象an isolated phenomenon;

复杂的complicated，complex，sophisticated，intricate;

极端复杂性extreme/ exceeding complexity/complicacy。

35.低保basic living allowances/subsistence allowances;

养老保险 endowment insurance;

退休养老金retirement pension;

Health Care Reform医疗改革

36.激烈运动strenuous exercise;vigorous activity;

37.月经期menstrual period

38.生活的节奏the tempo/the pace of life; a life of quick /fast pace

39.婴幼儿保健the infant health care

40.安乐死euthanasia;

41.得绝症的terminally ill;

42.临终关怀=Hospice Care=end-of-life care

濒临死亡的病人：dying patients，terminally ill patients，incurable patient

43.Secondhand Smoking ，also called “involuntary smoking” or “passive smoking”

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2. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents are the best teachers. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Obviously, the earliest teachers we have in our lives in most cases are our parents, and they are generally the most involved in the development and education of their children. Yet neither are all parents good teachers nor are those good parents the best teachers. First of all, not all parents are good teachers. As normal individuals, some parents more or less have bad habits. Even though parents almost instinctively devote themselves to cultivating their offspring, the outcome might turn out to be disappointment, for all children tend to unconsciously or subconsciously copy every thing from their parents. Another deficiency of parents as teachers is the fact that most parents are lack of common senses of education. All too often we observe some parents tend to pursue their cherished but failed dream by forcing their children to develop in a prearranged direction. Ironically, if their children did not follow the instructions, the children would be regarded as disobedient or allegedly rebellious. In fact, it is parents rather than their children that virtually disobey common senses. Moreover, some parents are qualified as good teachers, but not all of them are the best ones. When children are in the preliminary school, it is not surprising that parents are capable of teaching their children almost every subject even better than professional teachers in the school. But the situation will not last long. We live in a world where knowledge is accumulated by multiplying and at the same time becomes more and more specialized. Therefore, to be a professional in a certain field today takes much longer time than ever before. No parent is able to be professional in all fields, though they might be experts in one or more fields. Wise parents often release rather than charge their children as early as possible. They are aware of the possibility outside the family. Parents may, nevertheless, help their children much more than do good teachers. Most parts of children education are virtually beyond teachers' reaches. It is parents that supplement. Psychology studies have shown us that parents' love sometimes has astonishingly magic power to their children. Albert Einstein's mother and Forest Gump's mother are both good examples. On the other hand, parents might do their children harm more than do bad teachers as well. The natures of those children whose parents have divorced are often severely distorted. In a word, it is rather superficial to simply say that parents are the best teachers. [404 words] 4. It has been said, "Not everything that is learned is contained in books." Compare and contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why? Both experiences and books are very essential resources, and both of them have relevant merits. Experiences are the most direct resources we ever have. Almost our every basic skill came from experiences, such as walking, articulating, reading even thinking. Without experiences, some natural born abilities even might lose. Studies have shown that a baby who was robbed by animals into forest for 12 years lost his ability to talk in human language. Furthermore, it is generally accepted that each and every skill develops by experiences, and that's why people always say practice makes perfect. Books are valuable when knowledge is beyond the scope of our experiences. Perhaps the most obvious examples are those fluent writers. They write various stories, the scopes of which are far beyond any individual's experiences. Take Joyce Carol Oates for example, her productivity has been prodigious, accumulating in less than two decades to nearly thirty titles, including novels, collections of short stories and verse, plays and literary criticism. Although some of them appear to come from her own direct observations, her dreams, and her fears, much more is clearly from the experiences of others. Her fictive world remains strikingly akin to that real one reflected in the daily newspapers, the television news and talk shows, and the popular magazines of our day. Yet either experiences or books may give us wrong information. Our direct observations always are subject to our beliefs, hopes, fears, expectations, and our bias, which might make observations unreliable. People vary in their powers of observation, and the reliability of our observations is no better than the reliability of our memories, which as we know can be deceptive. Information printed in papers sometimes is unreliable either, it may be misprinted, or even deliberately distorted. For example, Definitions such as Marxism, Capitalism, Zionism are totally different in the Oxford Learner's Dictionary of Current English between the original edition and the sanctioned Russian edition. 1

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