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1.1地质学
1.1.1冰川类
1OG：Green Icebergs
2TPO 15：Glacier Formation
3TPO 19：Discovering The Ice Ages
1.1.2地质现象
1 OG：Geology and Landscape
2TPO 01：Groundwater
3TPO 02：Desert Formation
4TPO 03：Depletion of The Ogallala Aquifer 5TPO 07：The Geologic History of The Mediterranean
6TPO 12：Water in The Desert
7TPO 20：Fossil Preservation
8TPO 21：Geothermal Energy 9TPO 24：Lake Water
10TPO27：The Formation of Volcanic Islands
11TPO28：Groundwater
1.2天文学
1.2.1火星类
1 TPO 08：Running Water On Mars
2TPO 25：The Surface of Mars
1.2.2其他行星类
1TPO 16：Planets in Our Solar System
2TPO 22：The Allende Meteorite
2. 生物科学
2.1植物学
1Sample：Opportunity and Competitors
2TPO01：Timberline Vegetation on Mountains
3TPO 05：Minerals and Plants
4TPO 09：The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii 5TPO 22：Spartina
6TPO 25：The Evolutionary Origin of Plants 2.2动物学
2.2.1动物特点
1 OG：Swimming Machines
2OG：Feeding Habits of East African Herbivores
3TPO04：Deer Population of The Puget Sound
4TPO 13：Biological Clock
5TPO 15：A Warm-blooded Turtle
6TPO 17：Symbiotic Relationship
2.2.2动物变化
1Sample：Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur Extinction
2TPO 05：The Cambrian Explosion
3TPO 08：Extinction of The Dinosaurs
4TPO 15：Mass Extinctions
2.2.3动物行为
1TPO 02：The Origins of Cetaceans
2TPO 11：Begging by Nestlings
3TPO 11：Orientation and Navigation
4TPO 17：Animal Signals in The Rain Forest 5TPO27：Predator-Prey Cycles
6TPO28：Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes 2.3生态/环境学
2.3.1生态系统
1TPO 03：The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems
2TPO 19：Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems
3TPO 26：Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions
4TPO29：Competition
5TPO30：The Pace of Evolutionary Change 2.3.2环境特点
1Sample：Electricity from Wind
2TPO 04：Petroleum Resources
3TPO 10：Variations in The Climate
4TPO 18：Lightning
5TPO 23：Urban Climates
3. 社会科学
3.1艺术
3.1.1绘画/雕塑/陶瓷
1Sample：Lascaux Cave Paintings
2TPO04：Cave Art in Europe
3TPO 10：Chinese Pottery
4TPO 11：Ancient Egyptian Sculpture
5 TPO 23：Rock Art of the Australian Aborigines
6TPO27：Crafts in the Ancient near East
7TPO29：Characteristics of Roman Pottery 3.1.2建筑/戏剧/电影/摄影
1 OG：Applied Arts and Fine Arts
2TPO 01：The Origins of Theater
3TPO02：Early Cinema
4 TPO03：Architecture
5TPO 12：Transition to Sound in Film
6 TPO 22：The Birth of Photography
7TPO30：The Role of Play in Development 3.2历史/考古学
3.2.1工业化介绍
1 OG：Artisans and Industrialization
2TPO 06：Powering The Industrial Revolution
3TPO 18：Industrialization in The Netherlands and Scandinavia
4TPO 26：Energy and the Industrial Revolution
5TPO29：The History of waterpower
6TPO30：The Invention of the Mechanical Clock
3.2.2贸易/经济介绍
1TPO 10：Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth
2TPO14：Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia
3TPO 16：Trade and The Ancient Middle East
4TPO 17：Europe’s Early Sea Trade with Asia 5TPO 25：The Decline of Venetian Shipping 3.2.3农业发展介绍
1TPO 07：Agriculture, Iron, and The Bantu Peoples
2TPO21：The Origins of Agriculture
3TPO 23：Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture
3.2.4国家/城市特点
1OG：Nineteenth-Century Politics in The United States
2TPO 07：Ancient Rome and Greece
3TPO 08：The Rise of Teotihuacan 4TPO 14：Maya Water Problems
5TPO 19：The Roman Army’s Impact on Britain
6 TPO 26：Sumer and The First Cities of The Ancient Near East
3.2.5人口变化特点
1TPO 05：The Origins of The Pacific Island People
2TPO 09：Colonizing The Americas Via The Northwest Coast
3TPO 20：Westward Migration
4TPO 20：Early Settlement in The Southwest Asia
5TPO 24：Moving into Pueblos
6TPO28：Early Saharan Pastoralists
3.3心理/生理学
1 OG：Aggression
2 OG：The Expression of Emotion
3 TPO 06：Infantile Amnesia
4 TPO 13：Methods of Studying Infant Perception
5TPO 18：The Mystery of Yawning
6TPO 21：Autobiographical Memory
7 TPO 24：Breathing During Sleep
3.4社会学
1 TPO 09：Reflection in Teaching
2TPO 13：Types of Social Groups
3TPO 14：Children and Advertising
4. 其他学科类
1 OG：Loie Fuller
2 TPO 06：William Smith
3TPO 16：Development of The Periodic Table
4TPO 12：Which Hand Did They Use?
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(完整版)托福听力场景学科分类词汇大全
新托福IBT听力场景词汇 对话场景 选课 学科 major主修mi nor畐寸修scie nee 理科,arts 文科,engin eeri ng 工科Mathematics 数学physics 物理chemistry 化学biology生物学geography地理学electr onics 电子学computer scie nee计算机科学astr onomy天文学electr onics engin eeri ng 电子工程学bota ny植物学psychology 心理学zoology动物学architecture 建筑学ocea no graphy 海洋学ecology生态学medical scie nee 医学archaeology 考古学history历史学linguistics 语言学pedagogies教育学，教学法an thropology 人类学econo mics经济学statistics 统计学acco un ti ng 会计学philosophy 哲学类型required、compulsory course 必修课selective/opti onal course选修课elective course 选修课lecture 讲座semi nar高级研讨性课colloquium n.报告课tutorial个人辅导课程 workshop专题课程 级别 Introductory 入门级eleme ntary, fun dame ntal 初级 In termediate, sec on dary 中级Adva need 高级 Prerequisite先修课程 上课： Atte nd class 上课 Miss class 缺课 Skip class 逃课 Syllabus教学大纲 Required textbook 要求的课本 Atte ndance 出勤 Gradi ng system 打分体系Class participati on 课堂参与杂 semester/term 学期quarter小学期course guideli ne 课程纲要major主修mi nor畐寸修exempti on 免修syllabus 教学大纲 Professor ' siatgre教授的签字（用于 注册课程） Course cap课程容量（可以招收的学生数）， openings （可供注册的名额） Take选（课）,drop 退（课） Late registrati on 晚注册 Deregistrati on 注￥肖 教师称号 professor 教授 lecturer = in structor 讲师teach ing assista nt = TA 助教research assista nt = RA 助研coun selor, adviser 咨询者，顾问preside nt大学校长 teacher/faculty 教师stude nt's advisor 学生顾问physicist物理学家mathematicia n 数学家chemist化学家historia n历史学家statisticia n统计学 家 作业、论文 assig nment 作业homework = coursework = schoolwork =studies 作业lab report实验报告book report读书报告project 作业prese ntati on 发言term paper 学期论文（research pap》thesis/essay/dissertatio n 论文journal 学术期干刊social inv estigati on 社会调查survey调查questionnaire n调查表,问卷observati on n 观察in terview vt. n.采访collect data收集数据broad （论文等）内容宽泛n arrow dow n
托福阅读技巧
托福阅读技巧 托福阅读技巧 做阅读时的要求 1.每一篇文章第一次做时，尽量按照考试速度要求做。 2.做完后，接下来就要认真把文章读一遍，划出把文章里不懂的单词和长难句，查出单词意思，(借助语法知识)认真分析长难句， 同时还要把错题(包括碰巧猜对的题目)认真分析，特别是OG和汉客 笔记的题目(还有北极星最后几套ETS出的题目)，一定要把题目涉 及的文章内容仔细看，甚至在文章中划出涉及考题的内容，培养对 易出题的考点的感觉，甚至揣摩ETS的出题思路。等到这些工作都 做完，这篇文章也就基本吃透了，这时再重新把文章读一遍，最好 多读两遍。这个过程其实就是精读了。只要时间允许，做过一次的 阅读文章最好都尽量精读，吃透它。光作对题只是一个浅显的要求，就像只顾吃饭，对材料认真分析、精读才是真正消化吸收。 3.等过了三五天，或者两三周以后，有空的话再把这篇文章看(做)一遍，作为巩固，复习，而且有时还会温故知新。 P.S如果时间不足，OG的文章是一定要精读的，而且题目也要仔细研究，这是出题思路和考试最为接近的资料。这些原则在新托福 阅读其实也是同样适用的，只要文章中出现如下内容，都要引起注意：举例证明，罗列式例举，转折(否定)，因果，下定义，比较级(最高级)，同位语(插入语)，数字年代，特殊标点(引号，破折号等)。 阅读具体的做题顺序 阅读最基本的做题顺序有两种： 先读(全篇)文章再做题
先读题目再读文章(相应部分)然后做题 它们又能衍生变化出两种做题顺序：读一段文章，做相应的题目，然后再读一段，再做相应的题目;读文章各段首句，然后看题目，再 找文章内相应部分做题 对于广大非牛来说，可能“读文章各段首句，然后看题目，再找文章内相应部分做题”会比较合适，读各段首句可以粗略掌握文章 大意和结构，做题再看内容再做能大大降低“工作量”，但是这种 做法不利于对全文的消化吸收，从而不利于做总结题，也可能会遗 漏文章内的一些细节而导致做错细节题。而新托福目前反馈大都是 顺序出题的，所以建议练习时就尽量往“读一段做相应题目，再读 一段再做相应题目”这一顺序去靠拢，可以对文章有全面的把握， 虽然总量上还是要读完全文，但是对大脑的短期记忆的负担要比通 读全文再做题目小很多。 托福阅读题型破解 阅读一般来说是中国人的强项了，也是拿分的主力。如果你口语不牛，作文一般，还想考到100分，那么阅读应该保证在28分以上。 在IBT阅读中，甚至可以扩展到ETS所有考试的阅读题目中，如果要用一个词来概括的话，那就是paraphrase，意译。 无论是题干还是正确选项，大都能在原文中找出一句话来与之相对应。即题目是原文的意译。这种意译是通过同义词来完成的。即 题干中多用近义词来对原文中的句子进行替换，来达到提出问题或 者提出正确答案的意思。准确把握意译，是多数题目中准确在原文 中定位信息、或者在迷惑选项中选出正确的那个，都有着重要的作用。在后面的文章里我会结合实例解释这一点。 关于先看题目还是先看文章的问题。也就是做题时间安排的问题。小站君个人习惯是先用5—7分钟的时间通读全文，然后平均每个问 题有1分钟的时间来回答。由于对问题的回答建立在了熟悉全文的 基础上，每个问题又有足够的时间返回全文，每个选项都一一进行 斟酌。我认为这样准确率比较高。但有的朋友本着居家过日子的心，认为1000多字的文章只出十几个题，必然有一些信息是没用的。这
托福阅读题型十大技巧锦囊(精美图文版)
托福阅读题型十大技巧锦囊 “得阅读者，得天下。”托福阅读向来是考生提分必争之地，也是中国考生的传统强项。基本考生考前会采取题海战术，将自己武装成十万个我都知道。 于是，你背完了英文化学周期表；你了解了九大行星排列；你知道了最前沿的科技发展和美国经济新政；你是颗移动的the big bang 云硬盘。你只祈祷考前记住所有的这些信息量，考后再统统delete 。 如果考到一个你事先复习过的知识点，你欣喜若狂。 如果考到一个你似曾相识却扫视而过，你追悔莫及。 如果考到一个全新的知识点，恭喜你，你顿时挂机。 事实上，托福阅读的单词量是浩瀚星尘，无论你猜或不猜它都在哪里，不离不弃。所以，TPO 小站为冒星星眼的考生们编织了以下十个托福阅读答题锦囊，当你埋首题海两眼泪茫茫时，不妨看过来。 Reading Skills Top 10 1 Factual Information 2 Vocabulary 3 Negative Factual Information 4 Inference 5 Organization 6 Paraphrasing 7 Purpose 8 Insertion 9 Main Idea 10 Categorizing
十大技巧锦囊? 之一 小单词，大线索 Factual information【事实信息题】 “真相，永远只有一个！”20分钟一篇托福阅读，平均到800字篇幅的文章中去，再排除那些判断全文的主旨题，这是火眼晶晶的节奏啊。 所以事实信息题不是考你细工出慢活的时候，而是靠你抓Key words paraphrasing and location（关键词替换定位）。 如何最有效的锁定答案，这里小站针对事实信息题给出的第一条锦囊——小单词，大线索。 多年来，被应试题海战术训练的极其有素的考生们，早就学会了巧妙抓关键词了，但往往是我认识这个单词，但我还是选错了。就像你参加一个世界咖啡评选比赛，你觉得认为是白咖啡或巴西咖啡吧，但你未必知道土耳其咖啡才是咖啡之王。分析事实信息题的特点是：范围小，正确率极高。 题型表现最多形式是：因果关系和表比较级关系的长难句。 表因果关系的词： Cause：frontality/since/in that/on account of Effect：so that/therefore/as a result/consequently 表比较级的词： unlike…from /prior to/ more than 所以，在获取key words之后，我们要做的才是重点。你有看过柯南在发现一丝线索后就停止推理吗？不，所谓的大线索，就是将关键词放回原句，让案件重现，理顺关键句的因果关系，让正确选项浮出水面。 纸上谈兵终不靠谱，绝知此事要做真题！ 小伙伴们快来小站托福板块，阅读区实践吧。
(完整版)托福TPO阅读话题分类-更新
托福阅读文章分类 本分类为四大类：自然科学、生物科学、社会科学、其他学科自然科学包括：地质学、天文学 生物科学：植物学、动物学、生态\环境学 社会科学：艺术、历史\考古学、心理\生理学、社会学 自然科学 一、地质学 冰川类 1.OG：Green Icebergs 2.TPO 15：Glacier Formation 3.TPO 19：Discovering the Ice Ages 地质类 1.OG：Desert Formation 2.OG：Geology and Landscape 3.TPO 01：Groundwater 4.TPO 03：Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer 5.TPO 07：The Geologic History of the Mediterranean 6.TPO 12：Water in the Desert 7.TPO 20：Fossil Preservation 8.TPO 21：Geothermal Energy 9.TPO 24：Lake Water 10. TPO 27: The Formation of Volcanic Islands 11. TPO 29: The History of Waterpower 二、天文学 火星类 1.TPO 08：Running Water on Mars 2.TPO 25：The Surface of Mars 其他行星类 1.TPO 16：Planets in Our Solar System 2.TPO 22：The Allende Meteorite 生物科学 一、植物学 1.Sample：Opportunity and Competitors 2. TPO 01: Timberline Vegetation on Mountains 3.TPO 05：Minerals and Plants 4.TPO 09：The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii 5.TPO 25：The Evolutionary Origin of Plants 6.TPO 22：Spartina 7. TPO 29: Competition 二、动物学
18年托福阅读真题附答案
The Extinction of the Dinosaurs million years ago) and the Paleocene period (65..C55 million years ago) in part by the types and amounts of rocks and fossils they contain or lack. Before the limit of 65 million years ago，marine 2.strata are rich in calcium carbonate due to accumulations of fossils of microscopic algae deposited on the sea floor. Above the 65-million-year limit，sea-floor sediments contain much less calcium carbonate ，and fossils of several families of mollusks are no longer found. In continental sediments ，dinosaur fossils ，though frequent before 65 million years ago ，are totally absent. By 3.contrast，new families of mammals appear，including large mammals for the first time. Scientists wondered for many years about what could have caused the dinosaurs' rapid disappearance at the end of the Cretaceous period，coming up with a great variety of theories and scenarios. For some, it could have been due to unfavorable genetic changes triggered by a dramatic increaseby a factor of 10，100，1，000 in cosmic-ray particles reaching the Earth after a supernova explosion somewhere in the neighborhood of the solar system. For these high-energy particles to affect life，they would have to get through the protective barrier of the Earth's magnetosphere ，the region of the upper atmosphere controlled by Earth's magnetic field. That could have happened if the cloud of particles from the supernova explosion reached the Earth during a period when the magnetosphere was weakened ， something that may happen when the Earth's magnetic field changes direction. And we know that the magnetic north and south poles of the Earth switch on the average twice every million years. However，this is not the only possible explanation for dinosaur destruction . 4.Other theories have raised the possibility of strong climate changes in the tropics (but they then must be explained) . Certainly，if climate changes，the changed distributions of temperature and rainfall modify the conditions that favor one ecosystem over another. The extinction of a particular family，genus，or species may result from a complicated chain of indirect causes and effects. Over thirty years ago ，scientist Carl Sagan quoted one suggestion that the demise of the dinosaurs resulted from the disappearance of a species of fern plant that was important for dinosaur digestion. Other theories involved a worldwide cold wave following the spread of a layer of cold but not very salty water in the world's oceans ，which floated on the surface because，with its low salinity，the water was less dense. 5.Proponents of another theory that remains under consideration today postulate that the extinction of the dinosaurs corresponds to a period of intense volcanic activity. It's not a question of just one or even of a thousand eruptions comparable to the explosion of Krakatoa in 1883，one of the largest volcanic events in modern times ，but rather of a prolonged period of activity. On the Deccan plateau in India，basalt (volcanic) rocks cover more than 500，000 square kilometers (nearly 200，000 square miles)，and correspond to massive lava outflows occurring precisely at the end of the Cretaceous. This sort of outflow could correspond to volcanic activity similar to the activity that drives sea-floor spreading ，with lava emerging from elongated fractures in the crust rather than from craters. 6.The volcanic convulsion that buried the Deccan plateau in lava must also have changed the composition of the atmosphere and severely affected climate. Initially，there must have been strong sudden cooling resulting from the blocking of sunlight by sulfate aerosol veils in the