Compact Ladder Type SAW Resonator Filter

Compact Ladder Type SAW Resonator Filter
Compact Ladder Type SAW Resonator Filter

Compact Ladder Type SAW Resonator Filter

Anatoly Rusakov, Jidong Dai

RFM, Dallas, TX, USA

Abstract—A SAW ladder filter can consist u p to 10 resonators. To avoid the interaction between resonators, they are placed in separate acou stic tracks and that increased the sizes and makes interconnection between resonators long and complex. This paper introduces a method to place 2 or more resonators in one acoustic track with common reflectors and connect them parallel or serial electrically. Ladder filter becomes small and interconnections become short and easy. The results of simulation are presented along with experimental data. The example is a ladder filter with 8 resonators placed in 4 acou stic tracks that allowed size reduction and insertion loss improvement.

Keywords- ladder filter; SAW; surface acoustic waves; resonator

I.I NTRODUCTION

One of the few disadvantages of ladder filter in comparison with its longitudinally coupled rival is relatively big size and layout complexity.

There are two methods to achieve good out of band rejection of a ladder filter. The first is to increase the number of sections, but the insertion loss rise very fast with the increase of the number of sections. Therefore it is not practical to use more than two T- or Π- sections in order to keep the insertion loss reasonable. The second method is to increase the Cp/Cs ratio, where Cp is the capacity of the parallel arm of a section of ladder filter and Cs is the series arm capacity. In order to keep the number of electrodes and aperture of each resonator close to optimal values, it is common to use serial or parallel connected resonators in each ladder arm [1], so the number of resonators can be up to 10. To avoid the interaction between these resonators, they are placed in separate acoustic tracks and that increases the sizes and makes the interconnection between the resonators long and complex.

II.O PTIMAL A PERTURE AND L ENGTH OF R ESONATOR A.Aperture

Small aperture causes loss due to diffraction and big aperture causes loss due to resistivity of electrodes. Also long electrodes can affect power handling capability of ladder filter. Therefore the aperture cannot be too small or too big, for example, in case of ladder filter on 42°-LiTaO3 substrate the best results are achieved with the aperture in 15-20 wavelength range.

B.Number of Electrodes

Constrains on the number of electrodes are as follows: Ladder filters on the substrates supporting leaky SAW, such as certain cuts of lithium tantalite, have the best performances if they consist of resonators with long IDT and short reflectors and these IDT and reflectors have identical or almost identical period (Fig.1 (a)).

Figure 1. (a) Common resonator for ladder filter with long IDT and short reflectors ; (b) transduction coefficient of IDT T=a/N, where N is the number of electrodes; (C) reflection coefficient of reflector R=c/a; (D) attenuation coefficient for propagation through IDT A=a/b.

Because reflectors are shorter, their reflection band (where reflection coefficient from reflectors ~1) is slightly wider than IDT’s stop band (where transmission coefficient through IDT ~0) and transduction coefficient of IDT has maximum within reflection band of reflectors (Fig.2). By choosing the right length of reflector or/and slightly changing periods and/or gaps we can make the resonance to occur close to the maximum of

the IDT’s transduction.

Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/ULTSYM.2008.0388

Figure 2. Reflection coefficient of reflector (gray line), transduction

coefficient of IDT (dotted line), admittance of resonator (thin solid line) and

real part of admittance (thick solid line).

Outside the reflection band of reflectors, long IDT works better because it is narrower and its side lopes decrease steeper, so the resonator would have less unwanted additional resonances (Fig.3).

Figure 3. Transduction of IDT with small number of electrodes (gray line)

and big number of electrodes (black line).

Inside the reflection band of reflectors, the maximum of the IDT transduction occurs close to the first minimum of the IDT attenuation (Fig.4 and 5). Because LSAW has significant propagation loss, the first minimum of attenuation degrades with increasing the number of electrodes and the maximum of the transduction decrease, causing a smaller Q for the resonator. Therefore for higher Q, the number of electrodes should not exceed certain number. For example, in case of ladder filter on 42°-LiTaO3 substrate that number lies in the range of 150 to 200.

Figure 4. Propagation attenuation through IDT (Fig.1 (d)) and transduction

of IDT for different number of electrodes.

Figure 5. Propagation attenuation through IDT and transduction of IDT for different number of electrodes inside of the rectangle on Fig.4. The number of

electrodes increases from line #1 to line #7.

III.

P ROPOSED

S OLUTION

If we place 2 or more resonator in one acoustic track with common reflectors and connect them parallel or serial electrically (Fig.6):

Figure 6. Two resonators placed in one acoistic track with common reflectors and connected in parallel (a) or serial (b) electrically.

?

Outside the reflection band the reflection coefficient of the reflectors is small and these resonators work as a resonator with long IDT, which is optimal there. ?

Within the reflection band the reflection is strong and the resonators work as several separated resonators with optimal number of electrodes for high Q.

The reflectors between the resonators can be very effectively utilized for electrical connecting which allows reducing chip size, and insertion loss by shorter interconnection. For example, a common Π-section of a ladder filter shown in Fig.7 has very compact and simple layout shown in Fig.8.

Figure 7. Π-section of a ladder filter.

Figure 8. Layout of the filter from Fig.7.

IV. E XPERIMENTAL R ESULTS

The described approach was implemented for the design of Tx filter for CDMA450 (Fig.9). Despite the low center frequency, this filter can fit the standard chip and wire 3x3 mm SMD package, using the design approach described in this

paper.

Figure 9. Measured response of the Tx filter for CDMA450.

V.C ONCLUSIONS

It is possible to significantly reduce the size of ladder filter and simplify the layout without sacrificing any filter performances by placing 2 or more resonators on one acoustic track with common reflectors. Even in the case of high frequency RF filter when chip size is not so critical, this approach is also very useful. Because thin metal of electrodes at high frequencies, the shorter interconnection between resonators result in better insertion loss.

[1]S.N. Kondratiev and T. Thorvaldsson,”High rejection impedance

element SAW filters realised on quartz and 42-LiTaO3 substrates,” Proc.

IEEE Ultrason. Symp., 2000, pp.109-112.

(易错题精选)初中英语词汇辨析的单元汇编含答案解析

一、选择题 1.I’d like to________the mall because it’s crowded and noisy. A.visit B.hang out C.walk D.go off 2.That path ________ directly to my house.You won't miss it. A.leads B.forms C.repairs D.controls 3.I don’t want to go. __________, I am too tired. A.However B.And C.Besides D.But 4.Some animals carry seeds from one place to another, ________ plants can spread to new places. A.so B.or C.but D.for 5.When I as well as my cousins __________ as a volunteer in Beijing, I saw the Water Cube twice. A.were treated B.treated C.was served D.served 6.He is wearing his sunglasses to himself from the strong sunlight. A.prevent B.stop C.keep D.protect 7.When you are________, you should listen to music to cheer you up. A.shy B.afraid C.strict D.down 8.Mr. Smith gave us some________on how to improve our speaking skills. A.advice B.news C.knowledge D.information 9.World Book Day takes place ________ April 23rd every year. A.at B.in C.on 10.More and more people have realized that clear waters and green mountains are as ________ as mountain of gold and silver. A.central B.harmful C.valuable D.careful 11.We loved the food so much, ________the fish dishes. A.special B.especial C.specially D.especially 12.—Oh, my God! I have ________ five pounds after the Spring Festival. —All of the girls want to lose weight, but easier said than done. A.given up B.put on C.got on D.grown up 13.—What do you think of the performance today? —Great! ________ but a musical genius could perform so successfully. A.All B.None C.Anybody D.Everybody 14.He ________ his homework________the morning of Sunday. A.doesn’t do; on B.doesn’t do; in C.doesn’t; on 15.Maria ________ speaks Chinese because she doesn’t know much Chinese. A.seldom B.always C.often D.usually 16.In 2018, trade between China and Hungary rose by 7.5 percent, and recently on Friday companies from China and Hungary________ several cooperation (合作) agreements under the

中国姓氏英文翻译大全S-Z

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范/樊--Fan/Van 房/方--Fang 费--Fei 冯/凤/封--Fung/Fong 符/傅--Fu/Foo G: 盖--Kai 甘--Kan 高/郜--Gao/Kao 葛--Keh 耿--Keng 弓/宫/龚/恭--Kung 勾--Kou 古/谷/顾--Ku/Koo 桂--Kwei 管/关--Kuan/Kwan 郭/国--Kwok/Kuo 公孙--Kung-sun 公羊--Kung-yang 公冶--Kung-yeh 谷梁--Ku-liang H: 海--Hay 韩--Hon/Han 杭--Hang 郝--Hoa/Howe 何/贺--Ho 桓--Won 侯--Hou 洪--Hung 胡/扈--Hu/Hoo 花/华--Hua 宦--Huan 黄--Wong/Hwang 霍--Huo 皇甫--Hwang-fu 呼延--Hu-yen I: J: 纪/翼/季/吉/嵇/汲/籍/姬--Chi 居--Chu 贾--Chia 翦/简--Jen/Jane/Chieh 蒋/姜/江/--Chiang/Kwong 焦--Chiao 金/靳--Jin/King 景/荆--King/Ching

图像处理中值滤波器中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文资料对照外文翻译 一、英文原文 A NEW CONTENT BASED MEDIAN FILTER ABSTRACT In this paper the hardware implementation of a contentbased median filter suitabl e for real-time impulse noise suppression is presented. The function of the proposed ci rcuitry is adaptive; it detects the existence of impulse noise in an image neighborhood and applies the median filter operator only when necessary. In this way, the blurring o f the imagein process is avoided and the integrity of edge and detail information is pre served. The proposed digital hardware structure is capable of processing gray-scale im ages of 8-bit resolution and is fully pipelined, whereas parallel processing is used to m inimize computational time. The architecturepresented was implemented in FPGA an d it can be used in industrial imaging applications, where fast processing is of the utm ost importance. The typical system clock frequency is 55 MHz. 1. INTRODUCTION Two applications of great importance in the area of image processing are noise filtering and image enhancement [1].These tasks are an essential part of any image pro cessor,whether the final image is utilized for visual interpretation or for automatic an alysis. The aim of noise filtering is to eliminate noise and its effects on the original im age, while corrupting the image as little as possible. To this end, nonlinear techniques (like the median and, in general, order statistics filters) have been found to provide mo re satisfactory results in comparison to linear methods. Impulse noise exists in many p ractical applications and can be generated by various sources, including a number of man made phenomena, such as unprotected switches, industrial machines and car ign ition systems. Images are often corrupted by impulse noise due to a noisy sensor or ch annel transmission errors. The most common method used for impulse noise suppressi on n forgray-scale and color images is the median filter (MF) [2].The basic drawback o f the application of the MF is the blurringof the image in process. In the general case,t he filter is applied uniformly across an image, modifying pixels that arenot contamina ted by noise. In this way, the effective elimination of impulse noise is often at the exp ense of an overalldegradation of the image and blurred or distorted features[3].In this paper an intelligent hardware structure of a content based median filter (CBMF) suita ble for impulse noise suppression is presented. The function of the proposed circuit is to detect the existence of noise in the image window and apply the corresponding MF

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中国姓氏英语翻译大全

中国姓氏英语翻译大全 A: 艾--Ai 安--Ann/An 敖--Ao B: 巴--Pa 白--Pai 包/鲍--Paul/Pao 班--Pan 贝--Pei 毕--Pih 卞--Bein 卜/薄--Po/Pu 步--Poo 百里--Pai-li C: 蔡/柴--Tsia/Choi/Tsai 曹/晁/巢--Chao/Chiao/Tsao 岑--Cheng 崔--Tsui 查--Cha

常--Chiong 车--Che 陈--Chen/Chan/Tan 成/程--Cheng 池--Chi 褚/楚--Chu 淳于--Chwen-yu D: 戴/代--Day/Tai 邓--Teng/Tang/Tung 狄--Ti 刁--Tiao 丁--Ting/T 董/东--Tung/Tong 窦--Tou 杜--To/Du/Too 段--Tuan 端木--Duan-mu 东郭--Tung-kuo 东方--Tung-fang E: F:

范/樊--Fan/Van 房/方--Fang 费--Fei 冯/凤/封--Fung/Fong 符/傅--Fu/Foo G: 盖--Kai 甘--Kan 高/郜--Gao/Kao 葛--Keh 耿--Keng 弓/宫/龚/恭--Kung 勾--Kou 古/谷/顾--Ku/Koo 桂--Kwei 管/关--Kuan/Kwan 郭/国--Kwok/Kuo 公孙--Kung-sun 公羊--Kung-yang 公冶--Kung-yeh 谷梁--Ku-liang H:

韩--Hon/Han 杭--Hang 郝--Hoa/Howe 何/贺--Ho 桓--Won 侯--Hou 洪--Hung 胡/扈--Hu/Hoo 花/华--Hua 宦--Huan 黄--Wong/Hwang 霍--Huo 皇甫--Hwang-fu 呼延--Hu-yen I: J: 纪/翼/季/吉/嵇/汲/籍/姬--Chi 居--Chu 贾--Chia 翦/简--Jen/Jane/Chieh 蒋/姜/江/--Chiang/Kwong

图像处理外文翻译 (2)

附录一英文原文 Illustrator software and Photoshop software difference Photoshop and Illustrator is by Adobe product of our company, but as everyone more familiar Photoshop software, set scanning images, editing modification, image production, advertising creative, image input and output in one of the image processing software, favored by the vast number of graphic design personnel and computer art lovers alike. Photoshop expertise in image processing, and not graphics creation. Its application field, also very extensive, images, graphics, text, video, publishing various aspects have involved. Look from the function, Photoshop can be divided into image editing, image synthesis, school tonal color and special effects production parts. Image editing is image processing based on the image, can do all kinds of transform such as amplifier, reducing, rotation, lean, mirror, clairvoyant, etc. Also can copy, remove stain, repair damaged image, to modify etc. This in wedding photography, portrait processing production is very useful, and remove the part of the portrait, not satisfied with beautification processing, get let a person very satisfactory results. Image synthesis is will a few image through layer operation, tools application of intact, transmit definite synthesis of meaning images, which is a sure way of fine arts design. Photoshop provide drawing tools let foreign image and creative good fusion, the synthesis of possible make the image is perfect. School colour in photoshop with power is one of the functions of deep, the image can be quickly on the color rendition, color slants adjustment and correction, also can be in different colors to switch to meet in different areas such as web image design, printing and multimedia application. Special effects production in photoshop mainly by filter, passage of comprehensive application tools and finish. Including image effects of creative and special effects words such as paintings, making relief, gypsum paintings, drawings, etc commonly used traditional arts skills can be completed by photoshop effects. And all sorts of effects of production are

boring 和bored的区别

不能片面说人做主语用ed,物做主语ing ing形式是修饰引起这种感觉的人或物;ed形式是描写人或物的感受。(当然物一般是动物) 翻译的话 ing形式的词译为“令人……的”;ed形式译为“……的” boring是令人感到厌烦的;bored是厌烦的。 a boring person 能够指一个了无情趣的人,让人觉得无趣的人 a bored person 则是说这个人自己感到很无趣 1.bore 1)vt.使厌烦;挖 e.g. I'm bored with this job. 这件工作厌烦了。 The oldier bore the sharp pain in the wound with great courage. 这士兵以巨大的勇气忍受着伤口的剧烈疼痛。 2)n.令人讨厌的人(或事) e.g. It's a bore having to go out again. 外出真是讨厌。 boredom n.厌倦,无趣 e.g. in infinite boredom 极其无趣 boring n. 钻(孔) adj. 令人厌烦的(事或物) e.g. The play was boring. 这部短剧很一点意思都没有。 bored adj. 无聊的, 无趣的, 烦人的 e.g. Jack is so bored. 杰克是个没有趣的人。 2.surprising 是针对事或物感到惊奇。 surprised 则是针对人。 3.pleasant adj. 愉快的, 快乐的, 舒适的, 合意的可爱的, 举止文雅的, 活泼的滑稽的, 有趣的 (天气)晴朗的, 美好的容易相处的, 友爱的 e.g. a pleasant voice 悦耳的声音 a pleasant companion 可爱的伴侣 a pleasant time 愉快地度过时光 pleasing adj. 舒适的, 使人愉快的; 满意的; 惹人喜欢的, 可爱的 e.g. a pleasing look 使人愉快的神情 a very well mannered and pleasing young man 彬彬有礼而令人喜爱的年轻人

双语:中国姓氏英文翻译对照大合集

[ ]

步Poo 百里Pai-li C: 蔡/柴Tsia/Choi/Tsai 曹/晁/巢Chao/Chiao/Tsao 岑Cheng 崔Tsui 查Cha 常Chiong 车Che 陈Chen/Chan/Tan 成/程Cheng 池Chi 褚/楚Chu 淳于Chwen-yu

D: 戴/代Day/Tai 邓Teng/Tang/Tung 狄Ti 刁Tiao 丁Ting/T 董/东Tung/Tong 窦Tou 杜To/Du/Too 段Tuan 端木Duan-mu 东郭Tung-kuo 东方Tung-fang F: 范/樊Fan/Van

房/方Fang 费Fei 冯/凤/封Fung/Fong 符/傅Fu/Foo G: 盖Kai 甘Kan 高/郜Gao/Kao 葛Keh 耿Keng 弓/宫/龚/恭Kung 勾Kou 古/谷/顾Ku/Koo 桂Kwei 管/关Kuan/Kwan

郭/国Kwok/Kuo 公孙Kung-sun 公羊Kung-yang 公冶Kung-yeh 谷梁Ku-liang H: 海Hay 韩Hon/Han 杭Hang 郝Hoa/Howe 何/贺Ho 桓Won 侯Hou 洪Hung 胡/扈Hu/Hoo

花/华Hua 宦Huan 黄Wong/Hwang 霍Huo 皇甫Hwang-fu 呼延Hu-yen J: 纪/翼/季/吉/嵇/汲/籍/姬Chi 居Chu 贾Chia 翦/简Jen/Jane/Chieh 蒋/姜/江/ Chiang/Kwong 焦Chiao 金/靳Jin/King 景/荆King/Ching

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