《水浒传》的绰号隐喻翻译及其文化资本传播

《水浒传》的绰号隐喻翻译及其文化资本传播
《水浒传》的绰号隐喻翻译及其文化资本传播

《水浒传》的绰号隐喻翻译及其文化资本传播【摘要】翻译界对中国古典小说《水浒传》的英译研究已经很多,但从认知语言学隐喻方面来探讨《水浒传》绰号英译与文化资本传播之间关系的作品不多。翻译策略的选择影响原语和译语的文化契合或者背离,进而影响文化资本的传播和接受。通过实例分析和归纳演绎可见,无论是归化还是异化,只有变通地、“因地制宜”地进行恰当的选择,才能促进《水浒传》文化资本的流通和传播,反之,阻碍其流通和传播。

【关键词】《水浒传》;绰号隐喻;翻译策略;文化资本;传播中图分类号:h059 文献标识码:a

1.引言

中国古典小说的扛鼎之作——《水浒传》的英译研究一直备受关注,而绰号隐喻是《水浒传》独特的创作思维表现,它的英译与《水浒传》文化资本的传播密切相关。翻译文学不同于一般文体的翻译,它所进行的不仅仅是语言符号的转换,而是一种跨文化的交际行为。《水浒传》文化资本的运作,除了受其他因素的制约之外,还主要表现在翻译策略的选择上。不同民族间存在文化差异是必然的,而翻译策略的选择与译入语文化相契合还是相背离,都会影响到文化资本的传播与接受。虽然传统上的翻译标准是“忠实”(fidelity)或“准确”(accuracy),但从文化层面上讲,很多时候译者不得不采取变通的策略。本文以《水浒传》沙博理译本中英雄

建筑类外文文献及中文翻译

forced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance. Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency. 1、steel mechanical link 1.1 radial squeeze link Will be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linked Characteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.

跨文化交际与翻译

Intercultural communication and translation Intercultural communication mainly refers to the communication between the native speakers and non-native speakers, as well as the communication between people who differ in any aspect of language or culture background. Due to the differences in surroundings, societies and religions of different ethnic groups, each language community results in its own code of language, social culture, customs and practices and so on. Intercultural communication studies situations when people from different culture backgrounds interact. Aside from language, IC focuses on social attributes, thought patterns and the cultures of different groups of people. IC also involves understanding the different cultures, languages and customs of people from other countries. There are three formats of IC: interracial communication (when source and receiver are different races), interethnic communication (situation in which the parties are of the same race but of different ethnic origins) and intracultural communication (communication between members of the same culture including racial, ethnic and other co-cultures). The term translation itself has several meanings: it can refer to the general subject field, the product (the text that has been translated) or the process (the act of producing the translation, otherwise known as translating). The process of translating between two different written languages involves the translator changing an original written text (the source text) in the original verbal language (the source language) into a written text (the target text) in a different verbal language (the target language). This type corresponds to “interlingual translation” and is one of the three Roman Jakobson in his seminal paper. Jakobson’s categories are: 1. Intralingual translation, or “rewording”– an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language; 2. Interlingual translation, or “translation proper”–an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language; 3. Intersemiotic translation, or “transmutation”– an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbal sign systems. Intralingual translation would occur when we rephrase an expression or text in the same language to explain or clarify something we might have said or written. Intersemiotic translation would occur if a written text were translated, for example, into music, film or painting. It is interlingual translation which is the traditional, although by no means exclusive, focus of translation studies. It is easily seen that the three forms of intercultural communication and the three types of translation are partly corresponding to each other, especially interracial communication and interlingual translation which both attach attention on the communication between native and non-native, and where different cultures of different countries play more important role. To conduct effective intercultural communication, one has to understand the differences between the different nations and then to look for them and pay attention to in every cross-cultural communication situation. By doing this, the high-context communicators can learn to use and respond words, emotions, postures differently, and low-context communicators can learn to

常见中国传统文化名词英语翻译

常见中国传统文化名词英语翻译 风水:Fengshui; geomantic omen 阳历:solar calendar 阴历:lunar calendar 闰年:leap year 十二生肖:zodiac 春节:the Spring Festival 元宵节:the Lantern Festival 清明节:the Tomb-sweeping Day 端午节:the Dragon-boat Festival 中秋节:the Mid-autumn Day 重阳节:the Double-ninth Day 七夕节:the Double-seventh Day 春联:spring couplets 春运:the Spring Festival travel 把中国的汉字“福”字倒贴在门上(听起来像是福到)预示新年有好运:turn the Chinese character for luck (fu) upside down to make “dao”(which sounds like arrival) and put it on your door to bring in good fortune for the new year 庙会:temple fair 爆竹:firecracker 年画:(traditional) New Year pictures 压岁钱:New Year gift-money 舞龙:dragon dance 舞狮:lion dance 元宵:sweet sticky rice dumplings 花灯:festival lantern 灯谜:lantern riddle 食物对于中国佳节来说至关重要,但甜食对于农历新年特别重要,因为他们能让新的一年更加甜蜜。Food is central to all Chines festivals, but sugary snacks are especially important for Lunar New Year, since they sweetne up prospects for the coming year. 传统的佳节食物包括年糕、八宝饭、饺子、果脯和瓜子。Traditional holiday treats include nian gao (rice pudding), ba bao fan (eight treasure rice), jiao zi (crispy dumplings), candied fruits and seeds. 四合院:Siheyuan/ Quadrangle 亭/阁:pavilion/attic 刺绣:Embroidery 剪纸:Paper Cutting 书法:Calligraphy 针灸:Acupuncture 象形文字:Pictograms/Pictographic Characters 偏旁:radical 战国:Warring States 人才流动:Brain Drain/Flow 铁饭碗:Iron Bowl 黄土高原:Loess Plateau 红白喜事:Weddings and Funerals ——仅供参考

转喻与隐喻

转喻与隐喻之相关概念剖析 转喻(Metonymy)是指当甲事物同乙事物不相类似,但有密切关系时,可以利用这种关系,以乙事物的名称来取代甲事物,这样的一种修辞手段。转喻的重点不是在“相似”;而是在“联想”。转喻是认知的一个基本特征,人们利用某事物熟知的或容易感知的方面来代替该事物整体或其他方面。一般我们都知道,人的大脑不是无限的认知数据库,对事物认识不是一对一的关系,一个事物用一个准确的术语或专有的解释去描述,而是通过大脑的创造性,把自己已有的认识与面临的新的认识对象结合起来,加以对照,找出公共的特性,用旧有的思想去解释、认识眼前的新事物,这种用一事物去指称另一相关的事物就叫做转喻。 凸显原则:我们在认识事物的过程中往往更加容易注意到事物的典型特征,也就是认知心理学中的凸显原则,而转喻就是在认识事物的过程中主要依赖于这一凸显原则。一个事物、一件事情往往都是复杂的,具有很多属性,而人在认识的过程中最容易被该物最突出的、明显的、容易记忆和理解的、留下深刻印象的属性所吸引,即凸显性。立足于这一突出的特性,我们就会以其为参照点,在该领域内(或同一认知模式里)激发另一成分。同时也可以说,,转喻是一个思维过程和投射过程,是一种描述事物的修辞方法,就是把抽象的思维概念具体化的过程,只是这一过程是前一事物对照引出后一事物,从原有的经验结构、认知思维到语言表达的结果。

关联原则:转喻作为一种认知语用现象,其实质上是一种联想认知,遵循关联原则,也就是要理解转喻就必须依靠语用推理。例如:He is fond of the bottle.他喜欢喝酒。用bottle装酒的瓶子,表示wine酒,二者之间有相关联性,用容器代表了所装的物体。这种例子是相当多的,如:head头代指动物的数量,刀剑代指战争等等。这种关联性往往能帮助我们表述认识的更多的事物,但人的认识又是不断进步和发展的,事物之间是普遍联系的,所以就会有从A→B→C的关联渐递过程。因此我们可以说,转喻具有临时性(对突然间面临的事物即刻做出解释)、创造性(思维的创造)、转借性(用A的特征指代B)、开放性(认知领域很广泛)、和多维性(所选择的属性方面)。 转喻的类型:①以部分代整体,如:The company needs more creative heads.②以地点代替机构,如:The White House’s current occupant is Barack Obama.③以地点代替事件,如:Watergate(水门事件) changed our politics.④以机构代替负责人,如:China and America attended the meeting.⑤以产品出品人代替产品,如:李宁代指“李宁”体育名牌⑥使用物体代替使用者,如:The buser are on strike.⑦控制者代替被控制者,如:Nixon bombed Hanoi.⑧容器代替物体,如:I’ll have a glass.(再来一杯)。 转喻作为一种语言创新运用的重要方式,它大大的提高了语言现有词汇的使用效率,增加了语言的内涵,丰富了语言的表达形式,使语言富有趣味性、审美性、形象性、简洁性和经济性,同时,也扩大了我们的认识领域,促进了对新事物的有效了解。

英文文献及翻译(计算机专业)

NET-BASED TASK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Hector Garcia-Molina, Jeffrey D. Ullman, Jennifer Wisdom ABSTRACT In net-based collaborative design environment, design resources become more and more varied and complex. Besides com mon in formatio n man ageme nt systems, desig n resources can be orga ni zed in connection with desig n activities. A set of activities and resources linked by logic relations can form a task. A task has at least one objective and can be broken down into smaller ones. So a design project can be separated in to many subtasks formi ng a hierarchical structure. Task Management System (TMS) is designed to break down these tasks and assig n certa in resources to its task no des. As a result of decompositi on. al1 desig n resources and activities could be man aged via this system. KEY WORDS : Collaborative Design, Task Management System (TMS), Task Decompositi on, In formati on Man ageme nt System 1 Introduction Along with the rapid upgrade of request for adva need desig n methods, more and more desig n tool appeared to support new desig n methods and forms. Desig n in a web en vir onment with multi-part ners being invo Ived requires a more powerful and efficie nt man ageme nt system .Desig n part ners can be located everywhere over the n et with their own organizations. They could be mutually independent experts or teams of tens of employees. This article discussesa task man ageme nt system (TMS) which man ages desig n activities and resources by break ing dow n desig n objectives and re-orga nizing desig n resources in conn ecti on with the activities. Compari ng with com mon information management systems (IMS) like product data management system and docume nt man ageme nt system, TMS can man age the whole desig n process. It has two tiers which make it much more flexible in structure. The lower tier con sists of traditi onal com mon IMSS and the upper one fulfills logic activity management through controlling a tree-like structure, allocating design resources and

(完整版)新编跨文化交际英语教程翻译1-10单元

1 Translation 纵观历史,我们可以清楚地看到,人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异,而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下,跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是,人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折,既是个人的,又是全球性的;人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突,大大小小争端不绝。 很显然,文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了,这迫切要求我们共同努力,去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们,并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解,我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处;这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定,也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 2 Translation 文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序,我们“头脑的软件”。但是,我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比,把文化看作是支持运行的操作环境。文化就像电脑使用的DOS或者Unix或者“视窗”(Windows)等操作系统一样,使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。文化就是我们心灵的视窗,透过它我们审视生活的方方面面。一个社会中不同个体的视窗是不大一样的,但都有着一些重要的共同特征。 文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般,人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实,因而很少去研究它。文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中,文化对于我们了解我们自身之为何物是必不可少的,就正如生命离不开空气一样。文化是特定群体的共有财产,而不单是个体的特征。社会按照文化设定的程序运作,这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之含义的相似阐释。 如果文化是一种心智程序,那么它也是现实的心灵地图。从我们很小的时候开始,文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么和做些什么,文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样。文化为我们提供超越个体经验可能的理想典范,帮助我们决定应该优先考虑的人或事。文化为我们建立起行为准则,并视遵守这些准则的行为为正当、合法。 3 Translation 43

“头” 转喻、隐喻与一词多义现象

“头” 转喻、隐喻与一词多义现象 【摘要】本文主要对《外语教学》2006年第3期上刊载的李瑛、文旭教授《从“头”认知——转喻、隐喻与一词多义现象研究》一文中的一些结论提出商榷。通过对该文中一些立论的辩驳,进一步讨论隐喻和转喻的本质区别, 隐喻和转喻在多义词词义扩展中的作用以及多义词词义的扩展方式,强调从历时的角度探讨多义词词义扩展机制以及词义演变认知过程的必要性。 【关键词】多义词;转喻;隐喻;历时;认知 一、引言 李瑛、文旭教授在《外语教学》2006年第3期上发表了《从“头”认知——转喻、隐喻与一词多义现象研究》一文(以下简称李文)。该文以英汉head(头)的词义为语料,从认知语言学的角度对比分析了英汉多义词词义延伸的思维结构和呈现方式,并得出了四点结论。笔者对文中两位作者的一些结论持有不同的看法,不揣愚陋,提出几点质疑求教于读者并与两位教授商榷。 二、隐喻和转喻在词义延伸中发挥的作用 李文选取Cambridge Advanced Learners? Dictionary词典中所列的12 个“head”的名词义项为语料,通过分析发现,在12个义项中,本义1项,转喻3项,隐喻与转喻交叉的2项,隐喻6项,由此得出结论:“隐喻性义项多于转喻性义项。以隐喻思维为基础所产生的词义多于以转喻为基础所产生的词义,即在词义延伸中隐喻的作用大于转喻”。 我们对李文的这一结论及其推理过程有三点质疑。首先我们不能完全赞同李文对这些义项的划分。例如,李文认为义项“智力,思维”属于隐喻和转喻的交叉,而我们认为这是转喻的义项。首先我们有必要来看看国内外学者是如何区分隐喻和转喻的。完形心理学依据知觉过程中信息的组织原则来区别隐喻和转喻。其中相似原则和顺接原则为隐喻的认知原则,接近原则和突显原则则是转喻的认知原则(赵艳芳,2001:97-99)。沈家煊(2004:243)认为,转喻是从一个概念过渡到另一相关的概念,是重新分析;隐喻是从一个概念投射到另一相似的概念,是类推。林正军(2005:366)通过总结Lakoff,Johnson,和Gibbs等认知语言学家的观点认为,“转喻建立在邻近性(contiguity)原则基础之上,体现同一认知域中两个元素的相关性;而隐喻建立在相似性(resemblance/similarity)原则基础之上,涉及到两个认知域,强调从源域向目标域的映射。”因此,我们认为,隐喻和转喻的本质区别在于相似性还是相关性。就“头”的原义与义项“智力,思维”之间的关系而论,两者之间并无相似性可言,而是以“头”这一事物指代其“思维”属性,其语义延伸是从一个概念过渡到另一个相关的概念,并非李文所说的“从一个域投射到另一个域”。赵艳芳(2001:119)也认为从“头部”到“智力,思维”的词义演变是转喻的思维方式。 其次,李文仅依据对“head”的12个名词义项的分析就得出这一结论,显然是失之偏颇的。我们认为,研究认知思维在词义延伸中的作用,必须尽可能地从历时的角度考察所有的义项。尽管我们无法穷尽多义词的所有义项,尽管多义词的某些义项已经废弃或过时不用了,但仅选取其中某些义项进行分析就轻易下结论,是不够严谨的。有鉴于此,我们利用Shorter Oxford English Dictionary中head的所有义项作进一步的分析。据统计,该词典共收录了head 名词义项32个,形容词义项2个,动词义项14个,并且按照语法和语义特征把所有的名词义项分成三部分,第一部分共7义项,与本义的关系基本上为部分与整体、事物与其属性之间的关系,为转喻义项;第二部分共18义项,其语义基本上表示与“人体的头部”形状或所处的位置相似,以隐喻为主,也有隐喻和转喻交叉的义项;第三部分共7义项,为“头”的功能意义上的延伸,前2项为转喻,其余为隐喻和转喻交叉的义项。可见,单从名词义项来考察,隐喻性义项确实多于转喻性义项,但是如果加上形容词和动词义项,情况就不一样了。“不同词性之间的转化是转移思维的结果,因为同义而不同词性是突显事物不同的方面而已”。

商业建筑外文文献翻译)

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