A facile template-free method for preparing bi-phase TiO2 nanowire arrays

A facile template-free method for preparing bi-phase TiO2 nanowire arrays
A facile template-free method for preparing bi-phase TiO2 nanowire arrays

A facile template-free method for preparing bi-phase TiO 2nanowire arrays with high photocatalytic activity

Ning Xiao a ,Zhonghua Li a ,b ,?,Jiawen Liu c ,Yuan Gao a

a Department of Chemistry,School of Science,Harbin Institute of Technology,92Xidazhi Street,Harbin 150001,People's Republic of China

b Micro/Nano Technology Research Center,Harbin Institute of Technology,Harbin 150001,People's Republi

c of China c

College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Harbin Normal University,Harbin 150025,People's Republic of China

a b s t r a c t

a r t i c l e i n f o Article history:

Received 11April 2010Accepted 20May 2010

Available online 26May 2010Keywords:

TiO 2nanowire arrays Thin ?lms

Two-step anodization Microstructure Mechanism

Photodegradation

Ordered bi-phase TiO 2nanowire arrays were simply obtained by heat treating TiO 2nanotube arrays prepared by a two-step anodization method.The nanowire arrays are composed of anatase and rutile phases with uniform diameters around 50nm.The photocatalysis activities of TiO 2nanowire arrays were characterized by quantifying the degradation of methyl orange solution.And the results indicated that the bi-phase nanowire arrays,especially obtained at 700°C,showed much higher activity than that of P25?lm or anatase TiO 2nanotube array.

?2010Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.

1.Introduction

Among many semiconductor photocatalysts,TiO 2has been proven to be the most suitable for widespread environmental applications due to its biological and chemical inertness,stability against photo corro-sion,and low cost [1,2].However,TiO 2powder is dif ?cult to reclaim and shows lower photocatalytic activity in the application of water puri ?cation.With the appearance and development of one-dimensional nanostructures [3,4],TiO 2nanotube and nanowire arrays have attracted considerable attention again due to their unique physical properties and their high-quantum ef ?ciency compared with the common particles.Up to now,many research works have been focused on the synthesis and decorations of TiO 2nanotube arrays [5–7],whereas the reports referring to the fabrication of TiO 2nanowire arrays are rare [8,9].This actuality is presumably caused by the dif ?cult preparation process rather than the poor properties of TiO 2nanowire arrays,because TiO 2nanowire arrays with superior thermal stability can offer a larger available surface area,which can improve the photocatalytic activity.Moreover,TiO 2nanowire arrays can also be used as electrodes [10]or gas sensing materials [11,12],etc.Therefore,the studies on the facile techniques for preparing TiO 2nanowire arrays are indispensable.Among many methods,the route with the assistance of an anodic alumina membrane template is one of the most common techniques used,such as sol –gel deposition [13,14],electrochemical synthesis [15–17],and

electrophoretic deposition [18,19].However,the template-assisted method has some potential limitations for preparing large-scale,highly-ordered,and low-cost TiO 2nanowire arrays,which are the great disadvantages to the preparation and utilization of TiO 2photocatalysts.

In this letter,a facile template-free method,combined two-step anod-ization technique with the heat-treatment process,was reported to prepare bi-phase TiO 2nanowire arrays on titanium substrate,which showed higher photocatalytic activity than that of P25?lm or anatase TiO 2nanotube array.

2.Experimental

To obtain highly ordered TiO 2nanotube arrays,a new technique called two-step anodization method was adopted,which was carried out as follows:?rstly,anodization of titanium ?ake in the organic electrolyte at 60V for 1h,followed by sonicating in dilute hydrochloric acid for 10min;secondly,anodization of specimen (obtained in step 1)in the same electrolyte as step 1for 1h,followed by sonicating in anhydrous ethanol for 5min.Finally,combining with heat-treatment process,the as-prepared samples were annealed in muf ?e furnace at 700and 800°C,respectively.

The morphologies of the samples were observed on Hitachi S-4700scanning electron microscope (SEM).X-ray diffraction (XRD)pattern was performed on Rigaku 2400diffractometer with Cu K αradiation (λ=1.5418?).The photocatalytic activity was evaluated using a home-made device,constituted by a 350W high-pressure Hg lamp,an open quartz reactor and a small air pump.

Materials Letters 64(2010)1776–1778

?Corresponding author.Micro/Nano Technology Research Center,Harbin Institute of Technology,Harbin 150001,People's Republic of China.Tel.:+8645186403195.

E-mail address:lizh@https://www.360docs.net/doc/8f6215744.html, (Z.

Li).0167-577X/$–see front matter ?2010Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.doi:

10.1016/j.matlet.2010.05.035

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Materials Letters

j ou r n a l h o m e pa ge :ww w.e l s e v i e r.c o m/l o c a t e /m a t l e t

3.Results and discussion

Fig.1(a)shows the SEM image of as-prepared TiO2nanotube arrays via a two-step anodization method.The nanotubes with a uniform diameter of100nm are highly ordered in a larger area,almost in the whole titanium substrate,which are propitious to the formation of well-aligned nanowire arrays in the next calcination process.In this experiment,the formation mechanism of TiO2nanowire array can be illustrated as that the nanotubes become unstable during annealing process and then gradually split open into strips along the axis of the nanotube,as shown in Fig.1(b).Finally the disordered strips turn into vertically aligned nanowires in order to reduce the free energy of the system,as shown in Fig.1(c)~(d).Moreover,we noticed that TiO2 nanowire arrays inclined to be better aligned with the calcination temperature increased from700to800°C,which was involved with crystallization improvement and phase changes of the TiO2nanowire arrays.

XRD patterns of as-prepared nanotube arrays and vertically aligned nanowire arrays are shown in Fig.2.It can be seen that the as-prepared nanotube arrays are amorphous while the nanowire arrays are both composed of anatase and rutile phases.Moreover,the increase in the peak intensity with increasing calcination temperature from700to 800°C indicates the improvement of crystallization of anatase and

rutile phases.With increasing calcination temperature,rutile phase gradually dominates the composition of the nanowire arrays.So it is feasible to control the ratio of anatase and rutile phases in nanowire arrays by varying the calcination temperatures.

To evaluate the photocatalytic activity of the nanowire arrays [20,21],the methyl orange(MO)solution(usually25ml,20mg/L) was selected as the model contamination.And the TiO2nanowire array,with a size of2×2.5cm2,is11cm far from the light source.For better comparison,we prepared a P25?lm on the titanium substrate by coating method,which had the same photocatalytic area as the nanowire array.The concentration of MO solution was monitored by colorimetry with a visible spectrometer every thirty minutes in the testing process.Fig.3shows the testing results.It can be seen that the as-prepared TiO2nanotube arrays hardly present activity for decomposi-tion of MO,while the TiO2nanowire arrays show great photocatalytic activity,which is much higher than that of P25?lm or anatase TiO

2 Fig.1.SEM images of TiO2nanotube arrays(a)as-prepared;(b)calcined at500°C;and TiO2nanowire arrays obtained at(c)700°C;(d)800

°C.

Fig.2.XRD patterns of TiO2nanotube arrays(a)as-prepared;and TiO2nanowire arrays

obtained at(b)700°C;(c)800°C.Legend:Ti=Titanium;A=Anatase;R=Rutile.

1777

N.Xiao et al./Materials Letters64(2010)1776–1778

nanotube arrays.In addition,the TiO 2nanowire arrays obtained at 700°C present the highest photocatalytic activity,which can completely mineralize the MO solution in 90min.However,as an excellent catalyst,it should not only show higher activity but also present stability in recycle process.As shown in Fig.4,the catalyst does not exhibit an obvious loss of activity after four recycles for the photodegradation of MO,which con ?rms that TiO 2nanowire arrays are not photocorroded during the photocatalytic oxidation of pollutant molecules.Moreover,unlike the suspended powder photocatalyst in water puri ?cation,the TiO 2nanowire arrays formed directly on the Ti plate can be simply recycled.4.Conclusions

In conclusion,bi-phase TiO 2nanowire arrays,which showed higher photocatalytic activity and stability for decomposing MO solution,were successfully prepared by a facile method.Based on the SEM images,the process of bi-phase TiO 2nanowire arrays which evolved from TiO 2nanotube arrays with the increasing calcination tempera-ture is clearly seen.Moreover,the synthesis of bi-phase TiO 2nanowire array and the controllable ratio of its phase composition provide the basis for studying the heterojunctions.Acknowledgements

This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (50802021,50902040),Natural Scienti ?c Research Innovation

Fundation in Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT.NSRIF.28),Heilong-jiang Province Science Foundation for Young Scholar (QC07C18).

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Fig.3.Photocatalytic degradation of MO solution by TiO 2nanowire arrays obtained at 700°C and 800°C.Legend:P25=P25?lms;As-NT=as-prepared TiO 2nanotube arrays;A-NT =anatase TiO 2nanotube

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1778N.Xiao et al./Materials Letters 64(2010)1776–1778

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新目标英语七年级下册课文Unit04 Coverstion1 A: What does your father do? B: He's a reporter. A:Really?That sounds interesting. Coverstion2 A:What does your mother do,Ken? B:She's a doctor. A:Really?I want to be a doctor. Coverstion3 A:What does your cousin do? B:You mean my cousin,Mike? A:Yeah,Mike.What does he do? B:He is as shop assistant. 2a,2b Coverstion1 A: Anna,doesyour mother work? B:Yes,she does .She has a new job. A:what does she do? B: Well ,she is as bank clerk,but she wants to be a policewoman. Coverstion2 A:Is that your father here ,Tony?

B:No,he isn't .He's working. B:But it's Saturday night.What does he do? B:He's a waiter Saturday is busy for him. A:Does he like it? B:Yes ,but he really wants to be an actor. Coverstion3 A:Susan,Is that your brother? B:Yes.it is A:What does he do? B:He's a student.He wants to be a doctor. section B , 2a,2b Jenny:So,Betty.what does yor father do? Betty: He's a policeman. Jenny:Do you want to be a policewoman? Betty:Oh,yes.Sometimes it's a little dangerous ,but it's also an exciting job.Jenny, your father is a bank clerk ,right? Jenny:Yes ,he is . Sam:Do you want to be a bank clerk,too? Jenny:No,not really.I want to be a reporter. Sam: Oh,yeah?Why? Jenny:It's very busy,but it's also fun.You meet so many interesting people.What about your father ,Sam. Sam: He's a reporter at the TV station.It's an exciting job,but it's also very difficult.He always has a lot of new things to learn.Iwant to be a reporter ,too

高中英语_An exciting job教学设计学情分析教材分析课后反思

人教版选修Unit 5 The power of nature阅读课教学设计 Learning aims Knowledge aims: Master the useful words and expressions related to the text. Ability aims: Learn about some disasters that are caused by natural forces, how people feel in dangerous situations. Emotion aims: Learn the ways in which humans protect themselves from natural disasters. Step1 Leading-in 1.Where would you like to spend your holiday? 2.What about a volcano? 3.What about doing such dangerous work as part of your job ? https://www.360docs.net/doc/8f6215744.html, every part of a volcano. Ash cloud/volcanic ash/ Crater/ Lava /Magma chamber 【设计意图】通过图片激发学生兴趣,引出本单元的话题,要求学生通过讨论, 了解火山基本信息,引出火山文化背景,为后面的阅读做铺垫。利用头脑风暴法收集学生对课文内容的预测并板书下来。文内容进行预测,培养学生预测阅读内容的能力。同时通过预测激起进一步探究 Step2. Skimming What’s the main topic of the article?

新目标英语七年级下课文原文unit1-6

Unit1 SectionA 1a Canada, France ,Japan ,the United States ,Australia, Singapore ,the United Kingdom,China 1b Boy1:Where is you pen pal from,Mike? Boy2:He's from Canada. Boy1:Really?My pen pal's from Australia.How about you,Lily?Where's your pen pal from? Girl1:She's from Japan.Where is Tony's pen pal from? Gril2:I think she's from Singapore. 2b 2c Conversation1 A: Where's you pen pal from, John? B: He's from Japan, A:Oh,really?Where does he live? B: Tokyo. Conversation2 A: Where's your pen pal from, Jodie? B: She's from France. A: Oh, she lives in Pairs. Conversation3 A: Andrew, where's your pen pal from? B: She's from France. A: Uh-huh. Where does she live? B: Oh, She lives in Paris.

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