2014年同等学力英语语法—名词的格—学苑教育

2014年同等学力英语语法—名词的格—学苑教育
2014年同等学力英语语法—名词的格—学苑教育

2014年同等学力英语语法—名词的格

名词的格

英语名词有三个格:主格、宾格和所有格。主格和宾格在形式上是一样的,主要通过它在句中的作用和位置来确定,如同是student,当它在句中做主语时是主格(由主格的I,we,he,she,they等代词代表),做宾语时就是宾语(由宾格的me,us,him,her等代表)。所有格也叫属格(由my,our,her,his等代表)。这里只讲名词的所有格。

(一)名词所有格通常在名词后加“’s”构成,称为“’s所有格”

1. “’s所有格”的构成:一般是在词尾加’s(如:Mary’s room玛莉的房间,the hostess’living room女主人的起居室,my girlfriend’s telephone number我女朋友的电话号码)。如果原名词已有复数词尾-s或-es,则只加’(如:teachers’reading-room教师阅览室,students’dormitory学生宿舍)。但如果名词虽是复数,但不带-s词尾,则仍要加’s(如:the children’s grandmother孩子们的奶奶,the Working People’s Palace of Culture劳动人民文化宫)。

2.“’s所有格”主要用于表示有生命的东西的名词后面,(如:the Hunter’s Diary 《猎人日记》,the chairman’s seat主席的座位,the pig’s long mouth猪的长嘴),但也可用于下面几类名词:

(1)表示时间、距离、度量及金钱的名词,如:half an hour’s walk步行半小时的路程,two dollars’worth of stamps价值两美元的邮票,two tons’weight两吨的重量。

(2)表示由人组成的集体名词,如:the delegation’s visits代表团的访问,the nation’s youngsters我国青少年,government’s policy政府政策,the company’s director公司董事。

(3)表示国家、城市、机关团体的名词,如:the country’s five-year plan国家五年计划,Beijing’s population北京的人口,China’s future中国的前景,the station’s waiting- room 车站候车室,the school’s history学校的历史,the industry’s geographical distribution工业布局。

3. 所有格既可用来表示名词的所属关系或人们熟悉的建筑物、商店、理发店等名称,也可用人名或表示人的名词的所有格来表示某人的家。如:This is not Betty’s book,but Catherine’s.这不是贝蒂的书,而是凯瑟琳的。Have you been to St. Paul’s?你到过圣保罗教堂吗?又如:the doctor’s诊所,the Smiths’史密斯一家的住所。

4. 复合名词和并列名词一般也是在词尾加’s。

(1)当复合名词变所有格时,一般是直接在词尾加’s。如:the editor-in-chief’s office

总编辑室,the go-between’s words中间人的话,her daughter-in-law’s friend她儿媳的朋友等。

(2)用and连接的两个并列关系的名词,如果表示共有关系,则只在后一词尾加’s。如:During the competition of interior decoration designs,Tom and John’s incorporated design win the prize. 这一设计方法是两人合伙共同完成的,是一件设计方案,所以用Tom and John’s。

(3)当and连接的两个人名表示的不是共有关系,而是各人归各人的,则在两个人名后都要加’s。如:Whenever they meet,Bill’s and David’s wives are constantly boasting their own husbands. 在本句中,wife显然不应是共有的,因此要在两个人名后分别加’s。

(二)“of所有格”

1. 名词所有格的第二种表示方法是由介词of加名词构成名词短语。凡是不能加’s的名词都可以与of结成短语来表示所有关系。如:the title of the song歌名,the secret of success 成功秘诀,the advantage of mechanized farming机械化耕作的好处,the end of the road路的尽头。

2.“’s所有格”和“of所有格”是有区别的,我们通过对下列几个句子的比较来搞清楚二者的不同。

(1)当被修饰的名词后跟有以逗号分开的同位语时,应该用“’s所有格”结构,如:Old Flescle’s son,a vigorous Omaha leader,worked hard to make his nation a proud and progressive one。在本句中leader是son,而不是old Flescle,若用of所有格结构就刚好弄反了。

(2)当名词对后面一个表示事物的名称起分类作用时,通常要用“’s所有格”,如:Elizabeth Blackwell,the first woman who gained the medical doctor’s degree in the United States,founded the New York Infirmary,an institution that has always had a completely female medical staff. 又如:children’s books 儿童用书,summer’s day夏天的日子等。

(3)当定冠词加形容词或分词表示一类人时,要用“of所有格”。如:Certainly,the telephone has extended the scope of human conflicts,since it impartially disseminates the useful knowledge of scientists,and the nonsense of the ignorant,the affection of the affectionate and the malice of the malicious. 句中the ignorant,the affectionate,the malicious都是用定冠词加形容词表示某一类人,它们的意思分别是“无知者”、“仁者”和“歹徒”。全句的意思是:“电话,

它不偏不倚地传播科学家的真言、无知者的废话、仁者的爱心和歹徒的恶意,当然就扩大了人们之间冲突的范围。”

(4)当名词部分太长或跟有后置修饰语时,要用“of所有格”。如:No one knows the name of the girl in red standing at that gate for she never appeared around the neighbourhood. 本句所有格的意思是“站在门口身穿红衣的那位女孩的名字”。

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