高一英语必修一外研版教材各单元语法经典总结 绝对值得下

高一英语必修一外研版教材各单元语法经典总结  绝对值得下
高一英语必修一外研版教材各单元语法经典总结  绝对值得下

Module 1 My First Day at Senior High :

Grammar 2:分词形容词

英语中有些形容词是由动词的 ---ing 构成的(通常表示事物给人的感觉,意为?是令人感到…..的?),有些形容词是由动词的------ed 构成的(通常表示人对事物的感觉,意为?对……感到……的?)。前者表示主动的意义,后者表示被动的意义。由于他们的形式与现在分词和过去分词完全一样,故又称它们为?分词形容词?,在句中做表、定、状、补等成分。常见的有:

amazing ---- amazed amusing ---- amused astonishing---- astonished frighting-------frightened

boring- ---bored confusing-- confused disappointing—disappointed moving ------moved

disturbing - disturbed discouraging-- discouraged encouraging – encouraged tiring------tired

Module 2 My New Teachers

Grammar:后接V-ing的动词

(1)英语中有很多的动词后只跟动名词作宾语:如

advise, consider, admit, appreciate, mind , avoid, excuse, delay, imagine, deny, enjoy, keep(on), practice, resist, escape , risk , put off, explain, quit(停止), tolerate, pardon, allow, forbid, miss (错过), suggest, advise, recommend, finish, envy, can’t help

(2)有一类动词后直接跟动名词形式作宾语;如果后面跟名词、代词加宾补,则宾补用不定式‘这类常见的可记忆为?阿福的帽子?:FU’S CAP : allow, forbid, understand, suppose, consider, advise, permitted

eg: ① W e don’t allow using mobile phone here.

② W e don’t allow him to use mobile phone here.

③ He is not allowed to use mobile phone here.

(3)?动词+ 介词?构成的短语,其后往往跟动名词作宾语。尤其是含有介词?to ?的动名词短语;常见的有:be used to 习惯于, devote oneself to 致力于; lead to导致;see to注意,处理 pay attention to; get down to ; stick to; get accustomed to ; look forward to

(4)?what \ how about + v-ing?常用来征询意见,意为?。。。怎么样?

eg: What about going on a picnic?

(5)有些动词后跟不定式与动名词的意义差别较大,高考出现频率较大:

forget to do sth remember to do sth

doing sth doing sth

regret to do sth stop to do sth

doing sth doing sth

mean to do sth try to do sth (努力\ 试图做sth)

doing sth doing sth (尝试做某事)

go on to do sth can’t help to do sth

doing sth (with sth) doing sth

【注】:remember, forget, regret 后跟 doing 与跟having done 的意思一样。

(6)动名词的复合结构:动名词的前面可以有自己的逻辑主语构成动名词的复合结构。其结构由物主代词或人称代词(宾语)、名词所有格或普通格加动名词构成, 在句子开头必须用名词所有格或物主代词。

eg:①Tom’s doing sth 可作主、宾、表

His doing sth

② Tom doing sth 可作主、表

Him doing sth

Module 3 My First Ride on a Train

Grammar 1:

动词的过去分词

①及物动词的过去分词作定语表示被动或完成,或两者兼而有之 eg: a respected teacher a broken cup

②不及物动词的过去分词作定语只表示完成的含义 eg :He is a retired worker.

③V-ed 形式的分词形容词作定语说明所修饰的名词的状态,无被动的含义,是一个形容词 (1)作定语 eg :a surprised look disapointed children

④过去分词可以和形容词或副词一起构成合成形容词一起做前置定语 eg: a highly-developed industry a widely-used language

⑤过去分词短语作后置定语放在所修饰词的后面,逻辑上相当于一个被动的定语从句 eg:→It is a book (which is )recommended by the teacher.

→Many people (who were)invited to the party were famous scientists. (2)作表语:表示主语的特点或所处的状态 eg:The door remained locked.

(3)作补语:过去分词(一般是及物动词的)表示被动或完成,有时兼而有之,作宾补得过去分词与宾语之间有逻辑上的动宾关系,即

宾语是过去分词动作的承受者或对象。

eg:She found the door broken when she came in.

(4)作状语:修饰谓语动词分词动作与主语之间常构成逻辑上的动宾关系,即被动关系。过去分词作状语,意义上相当于状语从句,表示

原因、时间、条件、伴随、让步、方式等。

①表条件:eg :Given more attention , the trees could have grown better.

②表时间:eg:Asked many times , I told him the secret.

③表伴随:eg:The teacher came in, followed by his students.

④表让步; eg:Shown many times , he couldn ’t operate the machine on his own.

⑤表方式:eg :She was in tears as if deeply moved by the film.

Module 4 A social Survey —My neighbourhood

Module 5 A Lesson in a Lab

Grammar:形容词和副词的比较级

英语中的形容词和副词常有三种形式来表达事物的等级差别,分别是原级、比较级和最高级。大部分的形容词和副词的比较级和最高级是通过变化词尾来实现的,属于规则变化,但也有少数是不规则变化。

(一)规则变化

1.单音节词在词尾加--er 构成比较级,加--est构成最高级。以---e 结尾的单音节词直接加--r 和--st ;以辅音字母结尾且前边只有一个元音字母的,双写最后一个辅音字母,再加-- er 和 ---est

hard --- harder ----hardest late --- later --- latest hot ---- hotter ---- hottest

2.双音节词和多音节词的比较级和最高级

(1)以辅音字母+ y 结尾的双音节形容词,把y变为i ;再加--er 和---est

happy ---- happier ---- happiest

(2)其他的双音节词和多音节词大都在前边加 more 和 most 构成比较级和最高级

exact --- more exact --- most exact warmly ---more warmly -----most warmly

【注】:以--ly结尾的副词,除了early 外,其他均使用more / most 构成比较级和最高级

(3)有少数几个双音节词以及以--er 及--le 结尾的词,可以有两种比较级和最高级形式

common --- commoner / more common ---- commonest / most common

often ---oftener / more often ---- oftenest / more often

clever- ---cleverer / more clever ---- cleverest / most clever

simple ---- simpler / more simple ---- simplest / most simple

【注】:像unhappy这样的以--y结尾的双音节形容词的反义词,其比较级和最高级形式有两种:unhappier /more

unhappy --- unhappiest / most unhappy

【注】:older, oldest 指年龄的大小关系,而elder , eldest 指兄妹之间的长幼关系。older, oldest 既可以作定语还以作表语,而elder , eldest只可用来作定语。 farther ,farthest多指具体的距离;而further,furthest 多指程度上?进一步?等抽象意义。

(三)形容词和副词等级的用法

1. 原级比较的用法

(1)在肯定句中用?as + 原级 +as?的结构

eg: My handwriting is as good as yours .

She could do as well as a man .

(2)在否定句中,用?not so / as +原级+ as ?的结构

eg: I didn't do my homework so /as carefully as you .

I am not so / as busy as i used to be .

【注】:如果第一个as后的形容词作定语修饰名词,应该将形容词和名词一起放在第一个as的后面

eg: We have produced as many computers as we did last year .

I don't make as much money as you do.

2.比较级的用法

(1)当甲大于乙时,用?比较级+than?表示;当甲小于乙时,用?not + 比较级 + than?或?less + 原级+than ?表示eg: Robert jumps higher than any of the others .

She doesn't work harder than you( do ).

I look less young than you (do)。

【注】:①在此类表示比较的结构中应该注意避免和包括自身的对象进行比较

any other + 单数名词

all the other + 复数名词

比较级 + than + anyone else

any of the other +复数名词

②注意在使用比较等级时被比较内容的对等性

Her voice is as sweet as a bird .(错误)

Her voice is as sweet as that (=the voice )of a bird .(正确)

(2)比较级的一些特殊用法

①?比较级 + and + 比较级?表示事物本身程度的逐渐增长,意为?越来越。。。。?。

The city is becoming more and more beautiful .

②? the + 比较级。。。。。, the +比较级。。。。?。表示一方的程度随着另一方程度的平行增长,意为

?越。。。。。就越。。。。?。

The more you learn , the more you know .

③ the + 比较级 + of the two + n.(复数)

The taller of the two boys is my brother .

④?more + 原级 + than ?表示?与其说。。。。倒不如说。。。。?。

She is more shy than cold .

⑤ no more than 与not more than 的用法

She spent no more than (=only:不过,仅仅,表示少的意思)50 dollars on the coat.

She spent not more than (不超过,表示客观的数量)50 dollars on the coat .

⑥?can / could not + 比较级?表示最高级的意义

I couldn't agree more . The idea sounds great to me .

⑦?can / could not (never , hardly ....)+ .....+ too / enough ?表示?再。。。。。也不过分;越。。。越好?。

You can't be too careful .(你越仔细越好。)

I can't thank you enough .(我感激不尽。)

⑧倍数的表达法

Your school is four times the size of ours .

Your school is four times as big as ours .

Your school is three times bigger than ours .

Your school is four times what our school is .

(你们学校是我们学校的4倍大。)

【注】:①比较的范围:如果比较的范围不一样,表达方式也不一样

China is larger than any other country in Asia。(比较的范围一致)

China is larger than any country in African .(比较的范围不一致)

②注意比较结构中的省略现象:由于日常交际的需要,在彼此都明了的场合中,比较对象往往省略。

I had never spent a more worrying day . (后面省略了 than that )

The piano in the other shop will be cheaper , but not as good .(省略了 as the one in this shop)

【注】:这种省略现象的比较级结构是历年高考常考的内容,应加以注意。

3.最高级的用法:最高级表示在三者或三者以上中程度最高的比较方式

(1)the + 最高级 + (名词) + 比较范围的短语或从句

China is the largest country in Asia .(在一定的地域空间内用?in?)

China is the largest one of all the Asian countries .(在同一类事物范围内进行比较用?of?)

【注】:the most ....为最高级,意为?最。。。。?,而(a)most .....不是最高级,其中的most 意为?十分,非常?,表示程度,相当于very,修饰其后的名词。

Last week we had a most heated discussion on this topic . They are most handsome boys .

(2)运用比较级表达最高级

① She is taller than any other girl in her class .

She is taller than the other girls in her class.

She is taller than the rest of the girls in her class.

=She is the tallest girl in her class.

②I have never heard a better voice than yours .

=Your voice is the best voice that i have ever heard .

4.比较等级的修饰语:在比较结构中,为了强调形容词、副词的程度,在比较级前可以用以下副词修饰:

(1)表示?比。。。。。。多 / 强/ 好得多?的词有:a lot , a great deal , much , far, by far, far and away等。

She is much cleverer than me .

The boy bought far more books than i .

I feel much / a great deal better today .

This is (by)far the best article i have ever read .

=This is the best article by far that i have ever read .

(2)表示?比。。。。。多/ 少/ 好/ 强一点儿?的词有:a bit , a little ,slightly 等。

The task is a bit harder than that one .

(3)表示加强语气的词有:even , still , yet , rather 等。

(4)表示具体的?多/ 长/ 高/ 强/ 多少?的词有:twice , five times, many times, two fifths, 20%等。

She is a head taller than i .

The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.

(5)在疑问句中多用any 修饰比较级

Are you feeling any better today ?

---Yes , i feel much / a great deal better today .

四.无比较等级的形容词和副词

1.本身就有比较级含义的词:senior(年长的,较高的); junior(年少的,较低的) ;prior(在先的); anterior(前面的) ; inferior (次于,下等的); superior(优于,上等的); major(主要的); minor (次要的,较小的);

posterior(以后的)

在使用这些词时无须加more,也不能和than连用,而要用介词to引出比较对象

He is senior to me by several years.(他比我大好几岁。)

2.表示?绝对?意义的形容词和副词

absolutely entirely excellently perfectly totally thoroughly utterly wholly faultlessly completely

3.表示状态的形容词

afraid asleep alive ashamed awake alone aware alike

4.表示时间、方位、处所的形容词和副词

now present today ahead east there

5.表示独一无二的形容词

only mere unique single

6.表示国籍的形容词及有人名派生而成的形容词

Japanese American Indian Leninist (列宁主义的)

7.表示强调的词

right very just

8.表示大小、极限、先后顺序、是非的词

maximum minimum extremely first true false right wrong

Module 6 The Internet and Telecommunications Grammar 1: 合成词

(1)合成名词①名词+名词: football; classroom

②形容词+名词: blackboard ; shorthand (速记法)

③动词+名词: pickpocket

④副词+名词 : outbreak ; downfalls(垮台)

⑤V-ing+名词 : sleeping pills ; waiting room

⑥动词+副词 : get-together ; breakthrough

(2)合成形容词①形容词+名词-ed: good-tempered

②形容词+过去分词 :ready-made(现成的)

③形容词+V-ing :good-looking ; easy-going

④副词+过去分词: well-known ; newly-built

⑤副词+V-ing : hard-working

⑥名词+过去分词: man-made

⑦名词+V-ing :peace-loving ; english-speaking

⑧名词+形容词: duty-free

⑨数词+名词:first-class

(3) 合成动词①名词+动词:brainwash

②副词+动词:overcome

③形容词+动词:safeguard

Grammar 2:冠词

第一章、定冠词

1. 定冠词特指某个(某些)人或某个(某些)事物

Many people came here to visit the old castle.

很多人来这里参观这座古城堡。

The man in black is a magician.

穿黑色衣服的那个人是个魔术师。

2. 定冠词用于第二次提到或复述上文提过的人或事物

He was given a pen and a form. He is going to use the pen to fill out the form.

他拿到一支笔和一张表。他要用这支笔填这张表。

They went into a small pub. The pub was crowded with people.

他们进了一家小餐馆,那个餐馆里挤满了人。

3. 定冠词用于交际环境中各方彼此熟悉的人或事物

The car is badly damaged.

这辆车损坏严重。(交际各方都知道是哪辆车)

Please close the door.

请关上门。(交际各方都知道是哪个门)

4. 定冠词用于可数名词前表示某一类人或事物

The wheel is said to be the first invention of man.

据说,轮子是人类的第一项发明。

The horse is a useful animal.

马是一种有用的动物。

5. 定冠词用于某些名词或形容词前,表示一类人、一个民族、阶级或阶层

the Chinese 中国人the poor 穷人

the nobility 贵族the boutgeoisie 资产阶级

the old 老年人the college students 大学生the dead 死者the unemployed 失业者

the deaf 聋人the intellectuals 知识分子

the rich 富人the railway worlers 铁路工人6. 定冠词表示世界上独一无二的事物

the sun 太阳the moon 月亮

the earth 地球the North Pole 北极

the universe 宇宙the globe 全球,全世界

the world 世界the atmosphere 大气层

7. 定冠词用于某些专有名词前面

用定冠词的专有名词例词

江河、海洋、海峡、海湾、山脉、群岛、沙漠等名词前the Changjiang River 长江

the Thames 泰晤士河

the Nile 尼罗河

the Suez Canal 苏伊士运河

the Pacific 太平洋

the Hudson River 哈得逊河

the India Ocean 印度洋

the Red Sea 红海

the Dead Sea 死海

the Baltic 波罗的海

the Mediterranean Sea 地中海the English Channel 英吉利海峡the Taiwan straits 台湾海峡

the Bay of Biscay 比斯开湾

the Persian Gulf 波斯湾

the Straits of Dover 多佛湾

the Gulf of Mexico 墨西哥湾

the Alps 阿尔卑斯山

the Himalayas 喜马拉雅山脉

the Philippines 菲律宾群岛

the Gobi Desert 戈壁沙漠

the Sahara Desert 撒哈拉大沙漠

以普通名词构成的国家或机构名称前the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国the United Kingdom 联合王国

the Sudan 苏丹

the United states 美国

the Hague 海牙

the yemen 也门

the State council 国务院

the Communist Party of China 中国共产党

the National People's Congress

全国人民代表大会

the Ministry of Education 教育部

the State Department 美国国务院

the Senate 参议院(美国)

the House of Representatives 众议院(美国)the House of Lords 上议院(英国)

the House of Commons 下议院

the Democratic Party 民主党

the Republican Party 共和党

the Conservative Party 保守党

the Labour Party 工党

the Associated Press 美联社

the University of London 伦敦大学

公共建筑名称前the Beijing Station 北京火车站

the Great Hall of the people 人民大会堂the National Gallery 国家美术馆

the History Museum 历史博物馆

the Great Wall 长城

the Military Museum 军事博物馆

the Workers’ Gymnasium 工人体育馆the Capital Theatre 首都剧场

the British Museum 不列颠博物馆

the Louvre 罗浮宫

报刊、杂志、书籍、会议、条约前The People's Daily 人民日报

The Daily Mail 每日电讯报

The New York Times 纽约时报

The Times 泰晤士报

The Washionton Post 华盛顿邮报The Economist 经济学家(杂志)The Atlantic 大西洋杂志

The Odyssey 《奥德赛》

The Paradise Lost 《失乐园》

The 16th Party Congress 党的十六大The Atlantic Pact 大西洋公约

The Geneva Agreement 日内瓦协议

姓氏的复数形式前the Browns 布朗一家

the Smiths 史密斯一家

the Wangs 王家

在海岛、山峰以及湖泊等地理名词前不加定冠词。如:

Christmas Island 圣诞岛Mount Jolmo Lungma 珠穆朗玛峰Lake Baikal 贝加尔湖但是与“of”连用时这类名词要加定冠词。如:

the Lake of Geneva 日内瓦湖the Island of Taiwan 台湾岛

8. 定冠词用于形容词最高级前

This is the most interesting book I have ever read.

这是我读过的最有趣的一本书。

He was the poorest man here years ago,but now he is a rich man.

几年前他是这儿最穷的人,但现在他成了富人。

9. 定冠词用于序数词前

The first thing to be done now is to have a square meal.

现在要做的第一件事就是大吃一顿。

She is in the third group. 她在第三组。

10. 定冠词用于表示标准或单位的名词前

sell by the pound 论磅出售rent a house by the month 按月租房

buy coal by the ton 论吨买煤sell eggs by the dozen 论打出售鸡蛋

11. 定冠词用在play后与乐器连用

play the piano 弹钢琴play the violin 拉小提琴play the flute 吹笛子

12. 定冠词用于某些习语中

tell the truth 说真话put the blame on sb 归咎于某人

keep the peace 维持治安in the dark 在暗处

on the average 平均keep the house 居家不外出

in the air 在空中on the spot 当场

in the sun 在阳光下on the alert 警惕

on the right在右边in the distance在远处

act the lord 逞威风on the contrary 相反

by the way 顺便说一句out of the question不可能

in the right 有道理take the field 出征

carry the day 获胜in the future 未来

in the end 最终take the consequences 自食其果

on the air 广播burn the midnight oil 开夜车

to the point 切题beside the question 离题

play the fool 做傻事on the rise/fall 增长/下降

on the whole 总的说来on the increase/decrease 增长/下降

in the open 在户外in the morning/afternoon/evening

在早晨/下午/晚上

第二章、不定冠词

1. 不定冠词指任何一类人、动物或事物

An ocean is bigger than a sea. 洋比海大。

A car must be insured. 汽车一定要上保险。

2. 不定冠词表示某个人或物

There is a Mr Bush to see you. 有位布什先生要见你。

English is a useful tool in our communication.

英语是我们交流中一种有用的工具。

3. 不定冠词用在某些数字表示的短语中

a million years一百万年 a score of people 二十人

a dozen eggs 一打鸡蛋 a thousand people 一千人

4. 不定冠词用在价格、速度、比率等短语中

5 pence a dozen 5便士一打60 kilometers an hour 每小时六十公里twice an hour 每小时两次forty hours a week 每星期40小时

5. 不定冠词用于某些习语

a long time 很长时间 a few 有几个

a little 有一点get a grip of 掌握

in a wordord 总而言之in a temper 生气

keep an eye on 照看have a gallop 快马加

take a walk 散步at a loss 不知所措

have a try 试一下make a fool of… 捉弄……

all of a sudden 突然on a large scale 大规模地

make a racket 大声喧哗in a hurry 急忙

want a go 试一下as a matter of fact 事实上

take a break 休息一下take a bow 谢幕

as a rule 通常put an end to 结束

as a result 因此as a whole 一般地说

come to an end 结束have a good time 玩得痛快

with a view to 为了with a will 决心

have a cold 患感冒it's a pity that ... 真可惜

in a way 有些have a rest 休息一会儿

make a living 谋生have a word with 与……谈话make a fire 生火make a fortune 发财

make a study of 研究take an interest in 对……感兴趣

第三章、零冠词1. 零冠词用于抽象名词前

Misfortunes never come singly. 祸不单行。

Wisdom is better than strength. 智慧胜于力量。

Sports is good for health. 运动有益于健康。

2. 零冠词用于物质名词前

The windows are all covered with boards. 窗户全用木板堵上了。Blood is thicker than water. 血浓于水。

3. 用零冠词的专有名词

(有称号或头衔的)人名William Shakespeare 威廉-莎士比亚Miss Smith 史密斯小姐

Queen Elizabeth 伊丽莎白女王

村落、乡镇、城市等Craford Village 克拉福村

New York City 纽约城

London 伦敦

区、州、县、省、国家、洲等Florida 佛罗里达州Quebec 魁北克省France 法国Europe 欧洲

Asia 亚洲

山峰、湖泊、海港、海岛等Fragrant Mountain 香山Lake Success 成功湖Pearl Harbour 珍珠港Port Said 塞得港

街巷、花园、公园、广场、市场等Wall Street 华尔街

Madison Avenue 麦迪逊路Changan Boulevard 长安街Hyde Park 海德公园

Piccadilly Circus 皮卡迪里广场Trafalgar Square 特拉法加广场Market Drayton 德雷顿市场

别墅、教堂、城堡、车站等Nest Cottage 内斯特别墅

New Cross Station 新十字车站

Westminster Abbey 西敏寺(威斯敏斯特教堂) Canterbury Cathedral 坎特伯雷大教堂

Holy Mother Church 圣母教堂

Windsor Castle 温莎城堡

上帝、圣经等God 上帝

Paradise 乐园(第一字母有时可小写)

Heaven 天国(第一字母有时可小写)

Hell 地狱(常小写作hell)

Scripture 基督教《圣经》(=the Bible)

Holy Writ 基督教《圣经》

Genesis 《创世纪》

行星、星座等Mercury 水星

Venus 金星

Jupiter 木星

Uranus 天王星

Neptune 海王星

Polaris 北极星

Little Bear 小熊座

公司、工厂、农场、大专院校等Dala Farm 达拉农场

Oxford University 牛津大学

Eaton College 伊顿公学Winchester College 温切斯特学院

议会、政府、总部(包括军、师、旅、团、营等)Congress 国会(美国)Parliament 议会(英国)Government 政府

Brigade Headquarters 旅部

语言English 英语

German 德语

Chinese 汉语

Japanese 日语

French 法语

杂志、报纸等The New York Times 《纽约时报》

Life 《生活》

Language 《语言》

New Statesman 《新政治家》

Saturday Evening Post 《星期六晚邮报》

月份、星期、节假日等January 一月

February 二月

Sunday 星期日

Monday 星期一

New Year's Day 新年

New Year's Eve 除夕

Christmas Day 圣诞节

Thanksgiving 感恩节

National Day 国庆节

Children's Day 儿童节

4. 零冠词表示类别(零冠词用于复数名词前时表示类别)

Dogs are faithful animals. 狗是忠实的动物。

Apples are cheap in this area. 这个地区苹果很便宜。

5. 零冠词用于学科名称前

mathematics 数学chemistry 化学

astronomy 天文学psychology 心理学

6. 零冠词用于表示年份四季等的名词前

Day was fading into dark. 白昼逐渐消失在黑暗中。

It was late afternoon before he reached home.傍晚时候他才到家。

If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天到了,春天还会远吗?

7. 零冠词用于某些习语

in effect 事实上by accident 偶然in hospital 住院

by air 乘飞机on duty 值班on foot 步行

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amazed adj.惊讶的,吃惊的embarrassing adj.使人尴尬的technology n.科学,技术impress vt.给…深刻印象correction n.改正encouragement n.鼓励,支持enjoyment n.享受,乐趣fluency n.流利misunderstanding n.误解disappointed adj.失望的disappointing adj.令人失望的system n.系统;制度teenager n.青少年disappear vi.不见,失踪,消失move vt.搬家 assistan n.助手,助教t cover vt.包括 n.盖子

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