人大考博英语真题模拟阅读理解真题模拟练习精选2-育明考博
人大考博英语真题模拟阅读理解真题模拟练习精选2
Europe’s Gypsies, Are They a Nation?
The striving of countries in Central Europe to enter the European Union may offer an unprecedented chance to the continent’s Gypsies (or Roman) to be recognized as a nation, albeit one without a defined territory. And if they were to achieve that they might even seek some kind of formal place—at least a total population outnumbers that of many of the Union’s present and future countries. Some experts put the figure at 4m-plus; some proponents of Gypsy rights go as high as 15m.
Unlike Jews, Gypsies have had no known ancestral land to hark back to. Though their language is related to Hindi, their territorial origins are misty. Romanian peasants held them to be born on the moon. Other Europeans (wrongly) thought them migrant Egyptians, hence the derivative Gypsy. Most probably they were itinerant metal workers and entertainers who drifted west from India in the 7th century.
However, since communism in Central Europe collapsed a decade ago, the notion of Romanestan as a landless nation founded on Gypsy culture has gained ground. The International Romany Union, which says it stands for 10m Gypsies in more than 30 countries, is fostering the idea of “self-rallying”. It is trying to promote a standard and written form of the language; it waves a Gypsy flag (green with a wheel) when it lobbies in such places as the United Bations; and in July it held a congress in Prague, The Czech capital. Where President Vaclav Havel said that Gypsies in his own country and elsewhere should have a better deal.（PS：育明考博课程咨询方式 扣扣：547 063 862 TEL：四零零 六六八 六九七八 交流群105.619.820）
At the congress a Slovak-born lawyer, Emil Scuka, was elected president of the International Tomany Union. Later this month a group of elected Gypsy politicians, including members of parliament, mayors and local councilors from all over Europe (OSCE), to discuss how to persuade more Gypsies to get involved in politics.
The International Romany Union is probably the most representative of the outfits that speak for Gypsies, but that is not saying a lot. Of the several hundred delegates who gathered at its congress, few were democratically elected; oddly, none came from Hungary, whose Gypsies are perhaps the world’s best organized, with some 450 Gypsy bodies advising local councils there. The union did, however, announce its ambition to set up a parliament, but how it would actually be elected was left undecided.
So far, the European Commission is wary of encouraging Gypsies to present themselves as a nation. The might, it is feared, open a Pandora’s box already containing Basques, Corsicans and other awkward peoples. Besides, acknowledging Gypsies as a nation might backfire, just when several countries, particularly Hungary, Slovakia and the Czech Republic, are beginning to treat them better, in order to qualify for EU membership. “The EU’s whole premise is to overcome differences, not to highlight them,” says a nervous Eurocrat.
But the idea that the Gypsies should win some kind of special recognition as Europe’s largest continent wide minority, and one with a terrible history of persecution, is catching on . Gypsies have suffered many pogroms over the centuries. In Romania, the country that still has the largest number of them (more than 1m), in the 19th century they were actually enslaved. Hitler tried to wipe them out, along with the Jews.
“Gypsies deserve some space within European structures,” says Jan Marinus Wiersma, a Dutchman in the European Parliament who suggests that one of the current commissioners should be responsible for Gypsy affairs. Some prominent Gypsies say they should be more directly represented, perhaps with a quota in the European Parliament. That, they argue, might give them a boost. There are moves afoot to help them to get money for, among other things, a Gypsy university.
One big snag is that Europe’s Gypsies are, in fact, extremely heterogeneous. They belong to many different, and often antagonistic, clans and tribes, with no common language or religion, Their self-proclaimed leaders have often proved quarrelsome and corrupt. Still, says, Dimitrina Petrova, head of the European Roma Rights Center in Budapest, Gypsies’ shared experience of suffering entitles them to talk of one nation; their potential unity, she says, stems from “being regarded as sub-human by most majorities in Europe.”
And they have begun to be a bit more pragmatic. In Slovakia and Bulgaria, for instance, Gypsy political parties are trying to form electoral blocks that could win seats in parliament. In Macedonia, a Gypsy party already has some—and even runs a municipality. Nicholas Gheorge, an expert on Gypsy affairs at the OSCE, reckons that, spread over Central Europe, there are now about 20 Gypsy MPS and mayors, 400-odd local councilors, and a growing number of businessmen and intellectuals.
That is far from saying that they have the people or the cash to forge a nation. But, with the Gypsy question on the EU’s agenda in
Central Europe, they are making ground.
1. The Best Title of this passage is
[A]. Gypsies Want to Form a Nation. [B]. Are They a Nation.
[C]. EU Is Afraid of Their Growth. [C]. They Are a Tribe
2. Where are the most probable Gypsy territory origins?
[A]. Most probably they drifted west from India in the 7th century.
[B]. They are scattered everywhere in the world.
[C]. Probably, they stemmed from Central Europe.
[D]. They probably came from the International Romany Union.
3. What does the International Romany lobby for?
[A]. It lobbies for a demand to be accepted by such international organizations as EU and UN.
[B]. It lobbies for a post in any international Romany Union.
[C]. It lobbies for the right as a nation.
[D]. It lobbies for a place in such international organizations as the EU or UN.
4. Why is the Europe Commission wary of encouraging Gypsies to present themselves as a nation?
[A]. It may open a Pandora’s Box.
[B]. Encouragement may lead to some unexpected results.
[C]. It fears that the Basgnes, Corsicans and other nations seeking separation may raise the same demand.
[D]. Gyspsies’ demand may highlight the difference in the EU.
5. The big problem lies in the fact that
[A]. Gypsies belong to different and antagonistic clans and tribes without a common language or religion.
[B]. Their leaders prove corrupt.
[C]. Their potential unity stems from “being regarded as sub-human”.
[D]. They are a bit more pragmatic.
Vocabulary
1. albeit 尽管，虽然
2. outnumber 数字上超过
3. ethnic 少数民族的成员，种族集团的成员
4. Hindi 印地语
5. misty 模糊不清的，朦胧的
6. derivative 衍生的，派生的
7. itinerant 逻辑的
8. Romanesten 说吉普塞语的地方
Romanes 吉普塞语
Stan 地方
9. outfit (口)组织，(协同工作)的集体
10. local 地方(市，镇，县)政务委员会
11. wary 谨慎的，机警的
12. backfire 产生出乎意料或事与愿违的结果
13. highlight 强调
14. persecution 迫害
15. catch on 了解，风行=to become popular
16. pogrom 大屠杀，集体迫害
17. commissioner 委员，调查团团员
18. quota 定量，配额，限额
19. snag (尖利突出物，抽丝)潜在的困难
20. heterogeneous 由不同种类组成的
21. antagonistic 有效对抗性的，对抗性的
22. clan 氏族
23. tribe 部落
24. pragmatic 务实的，讲究实效的
25. municipality 城市，镇，区属政府，自治区
26. Rom 罗姆，即吉普塞人
难句译注
1. Central Europe 中欧，如本文提及捷克，匈牙利，罗马尼亚等。
2. European Union 欧盟。
3. the EUs institutions 欧洲机构，如：European Commission 欧盟委员会，European Council 欧盟理事会，European Parliament 欧洲会议，the Court of Justic 欧洲法院。4m=more than 4 million 四百多万。
4. Unlike Jews, Gypsies have had no known ancestral land to hark back to.
[结构简析] hark back to =to mention again or remember an earlier subject, event, etc. 吉普塞不知其祖先来自何方，而犹太人在《圣经》中已阐明了他们的历史。
[参考译文] 吉普塞人和犹太人不同，他们没有可以回想起来的已知的祖居地。
5. …the notion of Romanestan as a landless nation founded on Gypsy culture has gained ground.
[结构简析] gain ground (on) 接近。
[参考译文] 作为建立在吉普塞文化基础上的无疆地民族应该有一个说吉普塞语的地方。这种想法越来越为人接受。
6. the International Romany Union 国际吉普塞人联盟。
7. Vaclav Harel (1936--) 剧作家和人权运动成员，1990——1992为捷克斯洛伐克的总统，1993年后为捷克总统。
8. a Slovak-born lawyer 斯洛伐克出生的律师，1992年捷克斯洛伐克
9. Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe 简称OSCE，偶中安全合作条约组织，成立于1972。
10. nation 一词有民族和国家的含义。这里主要指：民族。因为作为国家应有疆土，但吉普塞人有要求成立国家的想法，欧盟是国家加入地方，不是民族加入。
11. electoral block 选举集团
12. The might, it is feared, open a Pandora’s box already containing Basques, Corsicans and other awkward peoples.
[结构简析] Pandora’s box 潘多拉盒子——喻种种麻烦事。潘多拉是主神宙斯命火神用黏土制成的第一个女性。宙斯命潘多拉带着一个盒子下凡。潘多拉私自打开盒子，于是里面的疾病，罪恶等各种祸害全部出来，散布于世。这里潘多拉盒子喻里面已有的各种麻烦的民族，吉普塞加入，更多了一份麻烦。
[参考译文] 人们担心，若让吉普塞人作为一个民族代表，就会打开了一个潘多拉盒子，里面已经装有要独立的西班牙的巴斯克人，意大利的科西嘉人和其他难以对付的民族。
写作手法与文章大意
文章以对比手法环绕吉普塞是不是一个民族/国家，可不可以取得合法地位这一中心而写。从人口上说，它的数量超过加入欧盟许多国家，应在欧盟中一席之底。但人口分散在各国，他是对抗的部落，还没有共同的语言和信仰。不像犹太人，它们没有回归的祖居地。它们成立了国际联盟，也选出了领导，在布鲁塞尔开设了办事处，想成立国会，但不知如何落实操作，只是极力游说欧盟和联合国等组织，以获得一个合法地位和发言权。这是欧盟日程表上一个问题，但欧盟等机构又担心，万一他们取得正式地位，那些国家中正闹分离和独立的民族也会提出同样的要求，就象潘多拉盒子那样，不能打开。
答案祥解
1. B. 他们是一个民族/国家吗?整篇文章环境这一点而写，文章一开始就提出中欧入欧盟的国家会给大陆吉普塞人一个机会，承认他们是一个民族——国家，虽然没有界定的领土(作为国家，应有领土)。吉普塞人的领袖人物也指出其人数超过欧盟中许多现在有的和将来要入盟的国家。他们至少要在欧盟中有一席之地。第二段提出，吉普塞和犹太人不同，他们没有可回归的祖居地。他们的语言属印欧语系。英国人认为他们来自埃及及移民。最可能的是七世纪时一些流浪的手工业工人和艺人从印度向西方流移。第三段涉及一种思想——以吉普塞文化为基础的无疆土的吉普塞民族应有个说话的地方—越来越为人接受。国际吉普塞人联盟声称代表30多个国家的吉普塞人，做了几件事：展开自我联合，提出语言标准和书面形式，在联合国进行游说活动时挥动吉普塞国旗，在布鲁塞尔设立办事处，六月在捷克首都布拉格召开会议。第四段集中讲到会上选出了联盟主席。一群选出吉普塞的政治家—
—国会议员，市长，地方政务委员再次在布拉格开会，会议由欧洲安全合作条约组织召集，来讨论如何动员更多的吉普塞人参政。第五段涉及联盟雄心勃勃的宣布要建立国会，但如何实际操作还未落实。后面主要是外界对吉普塞的态度。第六段描述欧盟委员会在吉普塞作为最大的大陆少数民族，历史上遭到残酷的迫害，应赢得特别承认。19世纪他们横遭奴役，希特勒企图把它们和犹太人一起消灭。第八段讲了欧洲会议中有人提出吉普塞在欧洲机构中应有一席之地，还提议一个常务委员负责吉普塞事务。还有行动筹建建立一所吉普塞大学。后面两段讲的是困难，第九段点出。最后一段指出，现在说他们有人有钱可以组成(国家)为时还早，可是吉普塞是欧盟中日程表上的一个问题，他们日益接近解决。从内部，外部情况分析都说明吉普塞是一个组成国家的民族。全文都是环绕它是不是，该不该承认为民族/国家而写，所以B项他们是不是民族是最佳标题。
A. 吉普塞要想组成一个国家(民族)。这只是文章涉及到的部分内容，中欧国家想加入欧盟一事可能产生的结果。 C. 欧盟害怕它们成长。 D. 他们是一个部落。
2. A. 最可能是在7世纪从印度流浪到西方。见第1题第二注释。
B. 他们分散在世界各地。
C. 可能他们源于中欧。
D. 他们可能来自国际吉普塞人联盟。
3. D. 它们在这些国际组织，如欧盟，联合国中进行活动游说要取得一席之地。见第1题第一段，三段注释。
A. 它们游说活动欧盟和联合国接受他们的要求。太抽象。
B. 它们活动游说在国际机构取得职位。
C. 他们游说作为民族的权利。
4. C. 它害怕巴斯克人，科西嘉人和其它要求分裂的民族会提出同样的要求。见难句译注11。
A. 它可能会打开潘多拉盒子。此盒子在文章中只是比喻。
B. 鼓励可能会导致某些意想不到的结果。 D. 吉普塞的要求会加深欧盟分歧。 B,D两项不够明确。
5. A. 吉普塞人属于不同的，而且常常是对抗的民族的部落，还没有共同的语言和宗教信仰。
B. 他们领袖很腐败。
C. 他们潜在的团结来自被人看作是低于人类(次等人)。
D. 他们有点太讲究实效， B,C, D 三项不是主要问题。主要问题是
A. 项。
一、人大考博英语题型：
人大考博英语的题型一般3-4年会进行一次变化，一般会在下面两种题型设置之间进行调整。
题型一：
词汇 完型 阅读 翻译 作文
20题10分 20题10分 4篇20题20分 英译汉10分
汉译英10分
20分
题型二：
词汇 阅读 翻译
小作文
（应用文写作）
大作文
20题10分 4篇20题20分 英译汉10分
汉译英10分
10分 20分
二、育明考博-人大考博英语复习答题指导
1、词汇备考：
人大考博英语词汇以六级和考研词汇为主，有少量六级以上词汇出现。有时也会加入一些考察语法的题目主要包括动词非谓语形式、虚拟语气、倒装语序、强调句式和复合句中的连接词。对考博英语词汇量在7000—8000左右。在词汇的备考中虽然不推荐盲目的扩大词汇量，但是足够的单词储备还是会对应试起到比较积极的作用。考生应当根据自身的复习时间和实际需要，可以选择考研词汇、六级词汇、托福词汇等进行备考，推荐育明教育考博教研室主编的《考博词汇》进行有针对性的词汇备考。
有很多人在学习英语的过程中，只注重了学习当时的记忆效果，孰不知要想做好学习的记忆工作，是要下一番工夫的。单纯的注重当时的记忆效果，而忽视了后期的保持和再认同样是达不到良好的效果的，于是就产生了记忆的牢固度问题。所以我们一直在向强调反复记忆单词，但是如何反复记忆却是一个复杂的工作。
普遍的记忆规律是：30分钟后再重复一遍，12小时后，1天后，3天后，7天后，15天后重复记忆，就会记得很牢。
针对词汇的记忆我们育明考博的英语专业课老师提出了三大关键词“快速、多次、重复”，并且这三大关键词也得到了历届学员的肯定与证明。
2、完型备考：实用答题方法
有些年份在人大考博英语的试题中是没有完型填空部分的，但是大家也不能忽视了对它的准备，还是应当结合历年真题进行有针对性的备考。一般完型短文的长度为250－300词，有20个空白分值比例为10分。空白处删去的词既有实词也有虚词，主要考察考生对文章的宏观理解掌握以及固定搭配、时态语态和语法结构。
育明教育的英语专业课老师推荐的完形填空答题方法：
A.无关词排除法：完型文章一般都有非常明确的中心主线，且整个文章很紧凑，就是紧紧围绕着中心主线展开。因此，理论上正确的选项一定是紧扣文章的主题和中心主线的。故而，一些看上去明显和文章主题和中心主线毫无关系的选项基本上可以排除在正确答案之外。
B.同现词对比法：完型文章由于常常有明确的中心主线，所以作者往往会使用一些
重点词汇围绕着中心主线贯穿全文。同现实际上就是一组具有相同倾向性的词语，这些词语所表现的倾向性往往与中心主线中的导向一致，或者说这些同现词语的任务就是对文章的导向进行展开支持。因此，文章的整体导向这个已知线索可以成为解出这些同现词语的关键信息。
C.复现词对比法：复现是完型文章中词汇的另一种衔接手段，即表达相同意思的词汇在文章的不同地方出现。复现可以是相同的词重复出现，也可以是用不同的词表达相同的意思。复现的解题意义在于：如果判断出一个未知填空与上下文的那些已知词汇有复现关系，只要从选项中选出与那些词汇意义相同的就是正确答案。
D.关联词推断法：关联是完型文章中经常出现的一种结构，即将两个或两个以上的同类别词语，比如两个动词、两个形容词以连续排比的结构出现。在这种情况下，两个关联词汇在句子中的语法地位一样，且常常起一样的语法作用，之间又明显具有某种逻辑关系。关联的解题意义在于：出题人一般会将一个关联词语设置成已知信息，另一个是未知的，这样那个已知的词语便成为破解未知词语的关键线索。
F.时间关系解构法：完型文章中出现的时间信息一般都是非常有用的线索，因为只要通过分析这些时间线索就可以很快把握与这些时间线索联系在一起的信息之间的关系。
G.整体结构对照法：由于总分之间的基本关系是互相支持，互相印证的对照关系，而且总述是对分述的总结和概括，而分述是对总述的展开。当一些未知填空出现在总述句时，解出这些填空的相关联已知线索往往可以在与其对应的分述部分找到。
3、阅读备考：阅读中各种题目的对策
说明：阅读理解部分有4篇文章，总阅读量在2200-2600字左右，内容涵盖科技、教育、经济、金融、哲学、生活以及社会热点话题。每篇文章后有5道选择题，主要考查对文章主题的理解、对细节的判断推理、对作者观点和态度的识别等。
在平时的积累方面，建议经常看看英文网站，看看英文杂志，比如Nature、Science 就很不错，当然这只是英文泛读，用于增加英文阅读的兴趣及增加话题的广度。另外，还需要精读一些文章学习其语言风格、语法结构、行文结构、主题思想等具体内容。这类文章可以选择考博真题中的阅读理解，也可以选择自己比较喜欢的一些英文美文，但是建议难度要与考博试题难度相当。
除了知识的积累和真题练习，我们还应当掌握阅读理解中每一种出题类型的答题技巧和经验。
A. 细节事实题----回到原文，找准出处。选项中符合一般常识，意义深刻富有哲理，属于普遍现象的往往是答案。
B. 判断词汇和短语的意义题
内容全面、概括性强的一般为答案；与文章主题相近的一般是答案；与被考单词在含义上肤浅相近的一般不是答案。
C. 推理判断题
合乎常理的选项一般是答案；选项措辞过于绝对化、找茬原文和对文中做字面解释的的一般不是答案。
D. 主旨大意题
答案常在首尾段，出现频率高的词可能是蕴含中心思想的关键词；局部信息概括、概括范围过宽的都为错误选项。
E. 观点态度题---看清楚态度的对象以及态度的主体。
作者的态度一般会在行文中体现，要关注形容词、副词；引语和实例也会映射作者的态度。
4、翻译备考：翻译答题要求
翻译部分主要测试考生用正确的词汇及语法结构，运用基本的英汉、汉英翻译理论与技巧，按照英汉习惯表达思想的能力。翻译考核内容分为英译汉和汉译英。
英译汉为一篇150词左右的短文或若干段落，要求译文忠实于原文，汉语流畅。
汉译英为一篇100词左右的汉语段落。要求译文忠实于原文，表达基本正确，无重大语言错误。
A.英式思维 拆分语法结构
在考博翻译中的大部分句子都是结构复杂的长难句，所以理清句子结构层次就显得至关重要。在翻译句子之前，先通读全句，注意一边读一边拆分句子的语法结构。例如： 例1 Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned， orderly， systematic， and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
拆分句子：
1.句子的主干是：Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry;
2.定语从句：which后面是一个定语从句，其先行词是social science;
3.方式状语：in the same reasoned， orderly， systematic， and dispassioned manner是方式状语。其中的reasoned， orderly， systematic， and dispassioned 是并列定语，修饰manner;
4.定语从句：that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena 是定语从句，其先行词是manner;
5.拆分后句子的总结构是：
Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry(主干) which seeks to study humans and their endeavors(定语从句)in the same reasoned，orderly，systematic，and dispassioned manner(方式状语)that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.(定语从句)
B.直译和意译
在考博英语翻译中，由于题材基本上是关于自然科学和社会科学的文章，所以我们遵循的方法是：能直译就直译，既能直译又能意译的以直译为主，不能直译的采用意译，一般情况下直译与意译相结合。
1.能直译就直译
例：In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say," United we stand, divided we fall "
译文：在应付一个如此规模的挑战过程中，我们可以毫不夸张地说，“团结，我们就会站起来；分裂，我们就会倒下去”。
2.不宜直译就意译
例：The talk about raising taxes was a red flag to many voters。
译文：关于增税的谈论激怒了许多选民。
分析：原文表层信息--关于增税的谈论对选民来说是一面红旗(红旗对中文读者来说象征着革命)。
原文深层信息--a red flag是令人生气的事物，源于西班牙的斗牛民俗。斗牛场上，人们用红布来激怒牛。
3.直译与意译相结合
例：The purpose of a test is to show what you have learned about a subject. The world won't end if you don't pass a test. So don't worry excessively about a single test。
译文：考试的目的在于显示你对某一科目的掌握程度。一次考试不及格天是不会塌下来的。因此不必为一次考试过分担心。
另外，我们不能忽视词语词组的翻译应以适应上下文为主要标准。例如“work”，在考博翻译中往往不能翻译成“工作”，而要翻译成“研究工作”；作为名词，也不能翻译成“作品”，而应当翻译成“研究成果”。这是考博翻译的一些具体要求和得分点之所在。
C.英语简单句拉长变多长句
Interest in historical methods had arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves (参考译文：人们对历史研究方法产生了兴趣，这与其说是因为外部对历史作为一门学问的有效性提出了挑战，还不如说是因为历史学家内部发生了争吵。)
英文原句是个典型的长句，由27个词组成，中间没有使用任何标点符号，完全靠语法结构使整个句子的意思化零为整： less through…and more from构成一个复杂的状语，修饰动词arisen。在中文翻译中，“产生兴趣”这一重要内容通过一个独立的句子表达，两个不同的原因则分别由不同的句子表达，整个句子被化整为零“…产生兴趣…，这与其说是因为…，还不如说是因为…”
5、写作部分介绍
（1）题量和分值
人大考博英语的写作部分题量大（400词），分值高（30%），考试时间为50分钟。目前，大部分院校写作一般占总分的15%或20%，字数在200词至250词之间，时间为半小时或40分钟。通过比较可知，人大考博英语的写作部分分值比重最大，而在50分钟内完成400词左右的两篇写作题量是比较大的。
（2）题型与出题形式
题型：根据2006年人大考博英语新大纲，人大考博英语的写作部分包含两种题型，第1题是应用文写作，第2题是文学文写作，考查范围较广，很少有院校写作部分会涉及应用文写作。
出题形式：对于文学文写作，1998年人大考博英语出题形式为图表作文，1999年至今人大考博英语出题形式都为无提纲标题作文，值得说明的是，1999年至2001年人大考博英语要求写出提纲，然后为正文内容，2002年之后人大考博英语则没有对提纲作出要求。无提纲标题作文可以使考生有较大的自由发挥空间。对于应用文写作，出题形式为试题一般会规定相应的情景，给出写作需要包含的要点，对格式、语体的限制性较大。 （3）写作文体
在2006年以前，人大考博英语只考文学文写作，一直为议论文。根据人大考博英语新大纲，2006年增加了应用文写作，为工作应用文或生活应用文，包括私人和公务信函、便笺、备忘录、摘要、报告等。
（4）写作题材
综观人大历年考博英语写作试题，文学文写作的写作题材多为社会热点、教育、道德素质（人生观、价值观）类；应用文写作内容关于生活或工作方面。如下表：
考试年份 考试话题 写作题材
1998年 捕鼠能手 社会问题
1999年 医生 道德素质
2000年 教育对人类社会的作用 教育
2001年 个人对社会的贡献 道德素质
2002年 全球化的机遇与挑战 社会现象
教育
2003年 社会科学、人文学科在21世纪
的重要作用
2004年 谈对全球化的了解 社会现象
2004年（样题） 2008北京奥运的展望 社会热点
2006年（样题）
会议安排 工作方面
扩大眼界 道德素质
6、人大考博英语写作复习答题
（1）应用文写作
①掌握私人和公务信函、便笺、备忘录、摘要、报告等应用文的结构、格式，比如称呼、落款、结束语等，建议考生背诵一些这方面的范例。
②抓住试题给出的要点。写作时不能游离要点，废话太多，或抓住一点，不及其余，而应在全面的基础上有的放矢、一语破的。
③注意选词炼句。充分认识到基础写作与应用写作的区别，不能用基础写作的思维和表达方法来写应用写作，要注意选词造句的不同，语言必须精炼、简洁。
④要能换位思考，能让自己站到试题所要求的特定身份的位置上去，以特定身份去思维。
（2）文学文写作
①掌握议论文的组织结构
由于人大考博英语文学文写作一直为议论文文体，掌握议论文的组织结构则尤为必要。议论文的展开方式一般为三段式：首段确认所讨论的问题，并解释讨论该问题的重要性；正文常提出证据加以论证；结论常常就开头提出的问题进一步确认、证实、加强，以概括性的语言结束全文。考生可以把这种结构作为写作摸板。
需要注意的是，这里提到的三段式指的是文章内容包含三部分，在具体成文时不一定严格按三自然段来写，尤其是在第二部分展开时可以分多个段落，如“First…Secondly…Finally”、“On the one hand…On the other hand…In addition”等结构。
②从多角度分析问题
人大考博英语文学文写作采用无提纲标题作文的出题形式，这就给考生很大的自由发挥空间，考生可以从多角度分析问题，如2004年人大考博英语写作部分标题为My Understanding of Globalization，考生可以从经济市场角度分析，也可以从文化的全球化来入手。
③关注常考的写作题材
人大考博英语文学文写作题材多为社会热点、教育、道德素质类，所以考生应该留心国际和国内的社会热点问题和社会时事，如当今伊朗的核问题，中国规范房地产改革交易秩序等问题，关于教育、道德素质等方面的新闻事件要格外留意，这方面所涉及的词汇要注意积累。
本文由“育明考博”整理编辑
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