DLR-QUARZ-Shape-report template (2)

DLR-QUARZ-Shape-report template (2)
DLR-QUARZ-Shape-report template (2)

DLR QUARZ Center

Test- and Qualification Center for

Concentrating Solar Power Technologies

DLR实验中心

太阳能集热技术测试资格中心

Measurement of Mirror Shape

of RP3 Solar Parabolic Trough Mirrors for CSP Technology Set ID

SPS1406-hl

CSP技术组为太阳能抛物镜RP3镜面测量设置了ID SPS1406-hl

Test Report

测试报告

- Confidential -

保密

Christoph Happich, Siw Meiser, Bj?rn Schiricke, Eckhard Lüpfert(人名)

DOC: DLR-QUARZ-Shape-SPS1406

DLR实验中心-面型-SPS1406

Client: Wuhan Sunnpo Solar Technology Co., Ltd.

客户:武汉圣普太阳能技术有限公司

Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt German

Aerospace Center Institute of Solar Research 51147 K?ln,

Germany

Tel. +49 2203 601 4507 Email:

bjoern.schiricke@dlr.de

单位及地址:德国航空航天中心太阳能研究所,德国科隆,

电话: + 49 2203 601 4507

电子邮件:bjoern.schiricke@dlr.de

目录

1. 介绍

2. 面型

2.1 测量方法

2.1.1 QDEC测量系统

2.2.2 Coordinate System and Definitions坐标系统和定义

2.2.3 Mirror Shape Relevance for Solar Field Performance镜子面型与太阳能领域性能的相关性2.2 结果预览

2.3 所有测量结果的图形数据

2.3.1.內片镜子 (11)

2.3.1.1.內片镜子SPS1406-I-hl-M-2 (11)

2.3.1.2.內片镜子SPS1406-I-hl-M-3 (12)

2.3.1.3.內片镜子SPS1406-I-hl-M-4 (13)

2.3.2.外片镜子 (14)

2.3.2.1.外片镜子SPS1406-O-hl-M-7 (14)

2.3.2.2.外片镜子SPS1406-O-hl-M-8 (15)

2.3.2.3.外片镜子SPS1406-O-hl-M-10 (16)

2.3.3.內片玻璃 (17)

2.3.3.1.內片玻璃SPS1406-I-hl-G-16 (17)

2.3.3.2.內片玻璃SPS1406-I-hl-G-18 (18)

2.3.3.3.內片玻璃SPS1406-I-hl-G-19 (19)

2.3.4.外片玻璃 (20)

2.3.4.1.外片玻璃SPS1406-O-hl-G-12 (20)

2.3.4.2.外片玻璃SPS1406-O-hl-G-13 (21)

2.3.4.3.外片玻璃SPS1406-O-hl-G-14 (22)

1. 介绍

xxx已经向DLR实验中心送了12片RP3太阳能面板(6片镜子,6片玻璃),用于性能参数

报告包含RP3几何面型的6片镜子(3片镜子內片,3片镜子外片)和6片玻璃(3片玻璃內片,3片玻璃外片)的测量结果。玻璃为4mm钢化玻璃,镜面为背面镀银并被漆面保护。测量时镜板背面未粘接陶瓷块。內片名义面积为2.689 m2,外片名义面积为2.122 m2。

面板面型测量时,面板水平放置于支架的4个设计好的支撑点位置上,不需要螺丝固定面板。支架安装时,对齐与否,和设计值相比,最大允许偏差为±0.2 mm,这种安装适合于水平位置放置的面板形状测量。

面板背面有手写数字和签名。(见图2.)

所有面板到达DLR时间为2014年6月26日。

Table 1: Overview of measured mirror and glass panels

表1:测量后的镜子,玻璃,预览

panel ID 面板编号Internal panel

面板内部编号

panel imprint

面板标记

Type类型number

(stamp and sticker)

贴标号

2SPS1406-I-hl-M-2none Inner mirror

3SPS1406-I-hl-M-3none Inner mirror

4SPS1406-I-hl-M-4none Inner mirror

7SPS1406-I-hl-M-7none Outer mirror

8SPS1406-I-hl-M-8none Outer mirror

10SPS1406-I-hl-M-10none Outer mirror

16SPS1406-I-hl-G-16none Inner glass

18SPS1406-I-hl-G-18none Inner glass

19SPS1406-I-hl-G-19none Inner glass

12SPS1406-I-hl-G-12none Outer glass

13SPS1406-I-hl-G-13none Outer glass

14SPS1406-I-hl-G-14none Outer glass

QDEC测量系统

QDec is a complete optical measurement system for high resolution and high precision quality assurance measurements of the slope deviations of parabolic trough reflector panels or other

measurement technique was developed during the last years in various R&D projects at DLR and specifically optimized for the measurement of slope deviations of concentrating solar reflector panelsand concentrators. The system consists of the following basic components: a digital projector that projects regular line patterns on a flat white target, a digital camera that takes images of the reflected line patterns seen in the mirror object, and a control unit. The specially developed evaluation software controls the measurement and uses digital image processing to calculate the local normal vectors of the reflecting surface.

The system is used in industrial applications for the quality assurance of curved concentrator panels in series production (mainly parabolic trough panels, but also other geometries),at the DLR qualification laboratory for CSP components for prototype evaluation (trough mirror panels, linear Fresnel mirror panels, dish mirror panels, dishes, heliostats) and for concentrator certification. .

QDec是对测量槽式抛物面板反射器或其他太阳能集中器面型偏差有着高分辨率和高精度质量保证的光学测量系统。它是基于反射测量原理(图1)的一种非接触式光学测量和数字图像处理技术。这种测量技术在过去几年,在DLR各种研发项目和集中式太阳能反射镜panelsand集中器面型测量的优化中被开发。该系统由下列基本组件组成:数字投影仪(项目有规律线性分布在平的白色的目标靶上,),一个数码相机,(对镜面反射像进行拍照),和一个控制单元。专业成熟的评估软件控制测量和使用数字图像处理程序软件对反射表面的法向量进行计算。该系统在工业应用中确保了弯型集中器面板在系列生产中的质量保证(主要是抛物槽板,也适用于其他几何体)。DLR实验中心对CSP组件(槽镜板、线性菲涅耳镜面板、蝶式镜板,蝶式玻璃,定日镜)和集中器进行认证评估和资格认证。另外系统特性有操作简单,测量时间短,空间分辨率高、测量精度高,并且特别适合太阳能集中器技术规格的后期处理。

Figure 1: Measurement principle of a deflectometric shape measurement

图1:基于反射原理的面型测量

图4:QDEC测量系统设置

mirror (right)

2.1.2. Coordinate System and Definitions

坐标系统和定义

The used coordinate system is the general coordinate system used for trough collector modules shown in Figure 6. It is defined by “y” pointing from the Front End Plate (FEP) to the Rear End Plate (REP), “x” referring to the module width and “z” referring to the height and pointing to the zenith.所用坐标系统是如图六所示,用于收集器模块中的普通坐标系统。Y方向被定义为FEP-REP. X方向指的是模块宽度方向。Z方向指的是高度和指向天空的方向。

The individual mirrors in this report have the origin in y-direction at the lower edge of the mirror and are on the negative side of the parabola in x-direction.

报告中,单片镜子的坐标原点在延Y方向镜子较低一边和延抛物面X方向负方向上。

Figure 6: Module coordinate system

图六:模块坐标系统

The measurement results of the mirrors are oriented and turned in space by a least square fit of the measured surface to the mounting points.面向空间并且在空间旋转的镜子的测量结果是由测量表面到安装点的最小二乘法计算得来的。

The angular deviation from the ideal panel surface is called slope deviation and is given in milliradians (mrad). The slope deviation can be divided in the concentrating, transversal direction of the collector (SDx) and non-concentrating, longitudinal direction (SDy).角度偏差在理想面板表

Based on the measured slope deviations the focus deviation is determined. It gives the deviation of the reflected ray from the ideal focal line in millimeters (mm). The focal deviation can be calculated based on the slope deviations in x- and y-direction and is therefore named FDx and FDy.基于面型偏差的计算,焦点偏差得以确定。焦点偏差被定义为反射光线在理想焦线上的偏差,以mm计算。焦点偏差可以由SDX和SDY计算得来,命名为FDX和FDY.

The numbers given for SDx, SDy, FDx and FDy are root mean square (RMS) values of all local values. The averages of these values are calculated as root of the averages of the squared values.

数值SDX,SDY,FDX,FDY是所有值的均方根值。所有值的平均值被用来计算均方根值。

Laser intercept factors are calculated modelling the sun as a point. The laser intercepts are calculated for absorber tube diameters from design diameter down to 10 mm in steps of 10 mm. 激光拦截因子的计算是把太阳模拟为一个点来计算的。对于吸收管直径激光拦截值得计算以比设计直径小10mm的步骤计算。

The sun intercept is calculated using a universal sunshape with a circumsolar ratio (CSR) of 3.5%. This corresponds to a typical sunshape with clear sky conditions. The sun intercept is calculated for the design absorber tube diameter (usually 70 mm).

太阳拦截的计算使用通用太阳形状比率的3.5%来计算。这对应于一个典型的晴朗天空条件,对于设计的管径(通长为70mm)太阳拦截被计算出来。

2.1.

3. Mirror Shape Relevance for Solar Field Performance

镜面形状与太阳能领域性能的相关性

Ray-tracing analyses on measurement data from parabolic trough mirrors of different manufacturing qualities have shown that the standard focus deviation parameter FDx and the energy efficiency (measured as intercept factor) of a parabolic trough collector are closely related to each other. Figure 7 shows this relation for a “degraded sun” of 5.7 mrad. The …degraded sun“ takes into account typical additional optical errors of the concentrating collector and thus gives a realistic estimate of the expected intercept factor of a collector equipped with these mirrors. The graph includes mirrors of different manufacturers and bending technologies and thus also different patterns of shape characteristics.

对不同生产厂家镜面质量测量数据的射线跟踪分析表明:标准的焦点偏差参数FDX和槽式集热管能源效率之间关系精密。图7以一个5.7mrad的退化太阳表明了这一关系。该退化太阳考虑典型集热器并加之光学错误,这样就给出了一个装有这些镜子的真实的模拟集热器的集热因子期许值。图7包含了不同生产厂家、弯曲技术、不同形式面型质量的镜子这些因素。

Figure 7: Intercept factor ray-tracing results for RP3 mirror panels assuming a typical sunshape and

a typical error distribution for the rest of the collector of 5.7 mrad, for 0° incident angle

图7:RP3镜面射线跟踪拦截因子假定了0°入射角下,一个典型的太阳形状和5.7mrad下其余集热管上的典型误差分布

The graph with the arbitrary fit line shows the consistency of the proposed mirror quality parameter FDx with the intercept factor and thus overall optical efficiency of a parabolic trough collector equipped with these mirrors of different manufacturing processes.

该图中任意线表明了镜面质量参数FDX与拦截因子及所有不同生产流程镜子的抛物面集热器能效的一致性。

For combining the intercept factor values of inner and outer mirror panels the weighting of the mirror aperture area for RP3 panels of 56% and 44% respectively is taken into account.

权衡镜面孔径面积RP3内片面积为56%,RP3外片面积为44%,并结合内片,外片的拦截因子值,应分别考虑。

The specification of the Standard Focus Deviation FD can replace previously used standard slope deviations and definitions related to laser-beam intercept factors on the receiver size without the direct need of changing measurement procedures but with much higher significance as quality parameter for a key element of CSP technology.

FD 标准规范可以取代过去的型面偏差标准,并定义关于在接收器尺寸上的激光拦截因子没有必要改变测量程序。但是作为一个CSP技术的关键要素来讲,有更高远的意义。

Minimum specification of RP3 mirror panels should fulfill FDx of below 12 mm. FDx values of below 10 mm are considered good and values below 8 mm very good. Current state of the art for the standard focus deviation in mirror production is below 8 mm, with relevant impact on the solar field performance. A surface area of at least 98% of the mirror aperture area should be evaluated. (E. Lüpfert, S. Ulmer: Solar Trough Mirror Shape Specifications, Solarpaces Conf., Berlin 2009)

RP3镜面规范FDX最小应低于12mm。FDX小于10mm被认为是好的,FDX小于8mm是非常好的。目前镜面生产中,FD偏差标准是小于8mm,在太阳能性能领域有相关影响。镜面表面面积至少98%应被评估。(E. Lüpfert, S. Ulmer: Solar Trough Mirror Shape Specifications, Solarpaces Conf., Berlin 2009)

2.2. Overview of Results

结果预览:

Table 2 shows an overview of the different quality parameters of the measured mirrors and glass panels in horizontal position with loose fixation, disregarding 5 mm border area.

SDx SDy FDx FDy

mrad mrad mm mm

Mirror Panel SDx SDy FDx FDy

SPS1406-I-hl-M-2 1.88 3.51 6.8912.02

SPS1406-I-hl-M-3 1.75 3.52 6.4112.04

SPS1406-I-hl-M-4 1.72 3.54 6.3112.12

Average Inner 1.78 3.52 6.5412.06

SPS1406-O-hl-M-7 1.36 3.65 6.4412.47

SPS1406-O-hl-M-8 1.38 3.64 6.6012.46

SPS1406-O-hl-M-10 1.53 3.587.5712.27

Average Outer 1.43 3.62 6.8912.40

Average all mirrors 1.64 3.57 6.7012.21

Glass Panel SDx SDy FDx FDy

SPS1406-I-hl-G-16 1.86 3.48 6.7811.91

SPS1406-I-hl-G-18 1.72 3.44 6.2811.78

SPS1406-I-hl-G-19 1.72 3.43 6.2811.73

Average Inner 1.77 3.45 6.4511.81

SPS1406-O-hl-G-12 1.16 3.56 5.7212.19

SPS1406-O-hl-G-13 1.29 3.66 6.0912.51

SPS1406-O-hl-G-14 1.17 3.59 5.5712.29

Average Outer 1.21 3.60 5.8012.33

Average all glasses 1.55 3.52 6.1712.04

Average all inner 1.78 3.49 6.5011.93

Average all outer 1.32 3.61 6.3412.37

Average all panels 1.59 3.54 6.4312.13

The results of the slope and focus deviation parameters of the horizontal measurement of the mirror and glass panels with loose fixation are very good. Average focus deviation values (FDx) of 6.5 mm for the inner panels and 6.34 mm for the outer panels lead to a size-weighted average of 6.43 mm, which can be considered as very good.

镜子和玻璃水平自由测量的面型和焦点偏差参数结果是好的。FDX值为6.5mm,内片焦点偏差加权平均值为6.34 .外片焦点偏差加权平均值为6.43mm。该值被认为是非常好的。

The longitudinal focus deviation value FDy is with 12.1 mm well within a specification of FDy < 15 mm. All values have been determined on the full mirror area but omitting a 5 mm border (measured surface 98.6% of total surface) as typically specified.

纵向焦点偏差FDY值为12.1mm,该值小于设定值15mm,认为是很好的。所有值须是整个镜面面积的值,测量整个表面积的98.6%为通常指定值,即边部5mm范围忽略不计。

The key quality criterion for the mirror panels is FDx, the standard focus deviation in transversal orientation, representing an average deviation of the reflected ray from the ideal focal line of the individual mirror. For the 70 mm absorber tube diameter of the trough collector, values below 12 mm are acceptable. Lower FDx of typically 8-10 mm lead to good performance figures of a collector equipped with such mirrors. Values below 8 mm are considered very good for this

镜面关键质量标准指标是FDX。横向标准焦点偏差代表单片镜面反射线从理想焦点线的平均偏差。对于70mm的集热管,FDX小于12 是可接受的。较小的FDX值(通常8-10mm)对于集热管装有这样面型值得镜子可以有很好的性能参数。FDX小于8mm被认为是很好的几何面型的镜子。

Table 3 shows an overview of the calculated intercept factors for the measured mirror and glass panels. The laser intercept factors IC70 to IC10 refer to calculations with a point sun for absorber tube diameters of 70 mm down to 10 mm. The calculated solar intercept factor ICsun70 considers additionally the sunshape. This intercept value refers to simulations with realistic sunshape, but without influence of further collector properties.

表3给出了已测量的镜子和玻璃面板的拦截因子结果。激光拦截因子IC70-IC10的值计算对应为太阳模拟点集热管70-10mm上的值。计算的太阳拦截因子ICsun70考虑为另外的一个太阳值,这个拦截值模拟现实的太阳,但对集热器属性没有影响。

Table 3: Intercept factor results of measured mirror and glass panels, for

0° incident angle, disregarding 5 mm border area, with loose fixation

表3:0°入射角下镜面和玻璃面板拦截因子测量结果。(边部5 mm不做计算,

面板宽松固定)

IC70IC60IC50IC40IC30IC20IC10ICsun70

%%%%%%%%

Mirror Panel IC70IC60IC50 IC40 IC30 IC20

IC10ICsun70

SPS1406-I-hl-M-2100.0099.9199.4998.6796.1087.1858.1699.17 SPS1406-I-hl-M-399.9799.8199.4098.6096.8890.0965.5799.12 SPS1406-I-hl-M-499.9799.8199.4398.6697.2690.4165.4699.13 Average Inner99.9899.8499.4498.6496.7589.2363.0699.14 SPS1406-O-hl-M-7100.00 100.0099.9799.4597.1188.9058.6798.88 SPS1406-O-hl-M-8100.0099.9899.8699.4597.4487.0657.0098.87 SPS1406-O-hl-M-1099.8899.6299.2398.3595.1184.7252.6698.65 Average Outer99.9699.8799.6999.0896.5586.8956.1198.80 Average all mirrors99.9799.8599.5598.8496.6688.2060.0098.99

Glass Panel IC70IC60IC50 IC40 IC30 IC20

IC10ICsun70

SPS1406-I-hl-G-1699.9699.7699.4198.7295.9588.9161.2899.11 SPS1406-I-hl-G-1899.9999.8399.4998.7496.7191.5064.5199.14 SPS1406-I-hl-G-19100.0099.8899.5598.7597.0090.5365.7399.16 Average Inner99.9899.8299.4898.7496.5590.3163.8499.14 SPS1406-O-hl-G-12100.00 100.0099.9999.7898.6292.8261.5598.88 SPS1406-O-hl-G-13100.00 100.0099.9899.7998.6691.4656.9998.88 SPS1406-O-hl-G-14100.00 100.0099.9799.7398.8293.7062.7998.88 Average Outer100.00 100.0099.9899.7798.7092.6660.4498.88 Average all glasses99.9999.9099.7099.1997.5091.3562.3499.02

2.3. Graphical Data of all Measurements

所有测量结果图形数据

2.3.1. Inner Mirrors

內片镜子

2.3.1.1. Inner Mirror SPS1406-I-hl-M-2

內片镜子SPS1406-I-hl-M-2

Figure 8: Slope deviation in mrad

left: in x-direction (transversal), right: in y-direction (longitudinal)

Figure 9: Focus deviation in mm (left) and local intercept (percentage that intercepts with 70 mm

absorber tube) with realistic sunshape (right)

內片镜子SPS1406-I-hl-M-3

Figure 10: Slope deviation in mrad

left: in x-direction (transversal), right: in y-direction (longitudinal)

Figure 11: Focus deviation in mm (left) and local intercept (percentage that intercepts with 70 mm

absorber tube) with realistic sunshape (right)

內片镜子SPS1406-I-hl-M-4

Figure 12: Slope deviation in mrad

left: in x-direction (transversal), right: in y-direction (longitudinal)

Figure 13: Focus deviation in mm (left) and local intercept (percentage that intercepts with 70 mm

absorber tube) with realistic sunshape (right)

2.3.2. Outer Mirrors外片镜子

2.3.2.1. Outer Mirror SPS1406-O-hl-M-7

外片镜子SPS1406-O-hl-M-7

Figure 14: Slope deviation in mrad

left: in x-direction (transversal), right: in y-direction (longitudinal)

Figure 15: Focus deviation in mm (left) and local intercept (percentage that intercepts with 70 mm

absorber tube) with realistic sunshape (right)

Confidential Report to14QUARZ-Shape-SPS1406

2.3.2.2. Outer Mirror SPS1406-O-hl-M-8

外片镜子SPS1406-O-hl-M-8

Figure 16: Slope deviation in mrad

left: in x-direction (transversal), right: in y-direction (longitudinal)

Figure 17: Focus deviation in mm (left) and local intercept (percentage that intercepts with 70 mm

absorber tube) with realistic sunshape (right)

Confidential Report to 15QUARZ-Shape-SPS1406

DLR QUARZ Evaluation Report Mirror Shape Evaluation

2.3.2.3. Outer Mirror SPS1406-O-hl-M-10

外片镜子SPS1406-O-hl-M-10

Figure 18: Slope deviation in mrad

left: in x-direction (transversal), right: in y-direction (longitudinal)

Figure 19: Focus deviation in mm (left) and local intercept (percentage that intercepts with 70 mm

absorber tube) with realistic sunshape (right)

2.3.3. Inner Glass Panels內片玻璃

2.3.3.1. Inner Glass SPS1406-I-hl-G-16

內片玻璃SPS1406-I-hl-G-16

Figure 20: Slope deviation in mrad

left: in x-direction (transversal), right: in y-direction (longitudinal)

Figure 21: Focus deviation in mm (left) and local intercept (percentage that intercepts with 70 mm

absorber tube) with realistic sunshape (right)

Confidential Report to 17QUARZ-Shape-SPS1406

內片玻璃SPS1406-I-hl-G-18

Figure 22: Slope deviation in mrad

left: in x-direction (transversal), right: in y-direction (longitudinal)

Figure 23: Focus deviation in mm (left) and local intercept (percentage that intercepts with 70 mm

absorber tube) with realistic sunshape (right)

Confidential Report to 18QUARZ-Shape-SPS1406

內片玻璃SPS1406-I-hl-G-19

Figure 24: Slope deviation in mrad

left: in x-direction (transversal), right: in y-direction (longitudinal)

Figure 25: Focus deviation in mm (left) and local intercept (percentage that intercepts with 70 mm

absorber tube) with realistic sunshape (right)

2.3.4. Outer Glass Panels外片玻璃

2.3.4.1. Outer Glass SPS1406-O-hl-G-12

外片玻璃SPS1406-O-hl-G-12

Figure 26: Slope deviation in mrad

left: in x-direction (transversal), right: in y-direction (longitudinal)

Figure 27: Focus deviation in mm (left) and local intercept (percentage that intercepts with 70 mm

absorber tube) with realistic sunshape (right)

雅思写作Task2范文:老人养老

雅思写作Task2范文:老人养老 在英国,一些老人会到养老院和其他老人住在一起,并有专门的呼市照顾他们。有时候政府会为这种服务买单。你认为谁该对这些老人负责。本文是关于这一论题的雅思范文。如果你不熟悉如何完成这样的文章,请参照本文。认真研读一定的雅思范文及作文模板可以帮助我们检验自己的写作水平,并能很好地吸收和应用优秀范文里的优秀内容。 Write about the following topic: In Britain, when someone gets old they often go to live in a home with other old peoples where there are nurses to look after them. Sometimes the government has to pay for this care. Who should be responsible for our old people? Model Answer: Many old people in Britain, after a lifetime of hard work and the toil of bringing up children, are put into homes for the elderly by their families. There, they are looked after by professional nurses, and this is sometimes at the expense of the government. However, this situation has raised controversy about whether we extend to our elders the care and respect they deserve. The critics of this system say that it is the duty of the family to look after its senior members in the years when they are no longer able to work. They point out that in retirement homes old people tend to feel useless and unwanted by their family members, who seldom come to see them. In addition, there is evidence that younger people benefit from the experience and wisdom of older people who live with them on a daily basis.

雅思写作模板格式

精心整理1.利弊分析模板 Itisundeniablethatthespecificissueofsth./或接whether从句hasbecomecontroversial.However,inspiteofthosewhobelievethat sth.havemoren egative/positiveeffects,I holdoppositeattitude. Thedrawbacksofsthareobvious.Somepeoplearereallyconcernedabout…Theyholdt hat…(请解释)。个弊 端),whichwilldamage…/endager…. Itisoftenthecasethat…(此处总结)。Butwhenitcomesto…,…,and…,(此处处), … 。 msthat…写调查结果, 1.Besides,。。。(另外一个好处种说法解释)。Thisisanotheraspectofhowsthbenefitsus. …Ithasbothupsidesanddownsides.Buti tismyfirmbeliefthatitsdisadvantages/advantagesof…outweightheadvantages/di sadvantages. 2.同意与否模板 Thereisnodenyingthatthespecificissueofsth./或接whether从句hasbecomecontroversial.However,inspiteofthosewhoareagainst/for…,Iapprov ewholeheartedlyof/或Istronglyobjecttotheideathat…

《始终眷恋着祖国》课堂练习含答案

《始终眷恋着祖国》 班级学号姓名 一、字词文常积累 1.你掌握了吗——根据拼音写汉字。 bài()读污mia()áo()游 2.你了解了吗——钱学森是我国著名,文中提及的“庚子赔款”指的是清政府在年签定的中的赔款。 二、主题文意梳理 1.你提炼了吗——通读全文,将文章分为两大部分,并给每部分加一个小标题。 2.你发现了吗——李鹏同志曾称赞钱学森身上体现了“一个中国知识分子具有的高贵品质”,从课文看,钱学森具有哪些高贵品质? 三、精彩句段品析 1.你品味了吗——结合文意,分析下列句子中加点词语的含义。 ①他在写给父亲的信中,不止一次 ....地发出“旅客生涯作到何时”的感叹。他告 诉父亲,他不止一次 ....梦见上海,梦见那所伴他度过童年时代的房子。 ②他(美国海军次长)曾经说:“我宁肯 ..枪毙他(钱学森),也不 ..愿放他回中国。” 2.你揣摩了吗——阅读“钱学森1911年生于上海……梦见那所伴他度过童年时代的房子”一段文字,然后回答问题。 ①凭什么说钱学森是火箭技术的开创人?文段中写了美国空军高度赞扬钱学森和美国专栏作家评价钱学森的话,起什么作用? ②文中评价钱学森“是卓越的空气动力学家、现代航空科学与火箭技术的先驱、工程控制论的创始人”。这三个评价的顺序能否随意调换?为什么? ③选段中哪句话表现了钱学森对祖国的无限热爱之情?(抓关键句) ④本文要写钱学森对祖国的眷恋,在文章开头却用了整整四段文字列举钱学森在美国所取得的辉煌成就,是否离题?为什么?

四、读写能力拓展 1.你想象了吗——经过长达五年多的斗争,钱学森夫妇和他们的两个孩子终于可以离美回国。在回国的轮船上,钱学森会想什么呢?请发挥想象,写出人物当时的心理活动。 2.你积累了吗——邓小平要我们把钱学森等一批老科学家作为学习的榜样。在那一批老科学家中,除钱学森外,还有我们比较熟悉的李四光、钱三强、竺可桢等。课外搜集有关他们的感人事迹,在感受他们身上“中国知识分子具有的高贵品质”的同时,丰富自己的写作素材库。 五、中考题型链接 1、用一句话概括下面这则消息的内容。(不超过20个字) 新华社北京9月18日电(奚启新、苏扩善)今天下午,中共中央、国务院、中央军委召开的?表彰为研制‘两弹一星’作出突出贡献的科技专家大会?刚结束,受中央委托,全国政协副主席朱光亚,中央军委委员、总装备部部长曹刚川,总装备部政委李继耐,立即驱车来到著名科学家钱学森的寓所,将中央授予的?两弹一星功勋奖章?送到钱学森手中。 朱光亚、曹刚川、李继耐向钱学森传达了江主席在表彰大会上重要讲话的精神和中央的表彰决定,讲述了大会的盛况,并向钱学森获得?两弹一星功勋奖章?表示热烈祝贺,对他在?两弹一星?事业中的卓越贡献,致以崇高敬意。 2、仔细阅读下面几则材料,写出你的探究结果(不少于两点)。 ①居里夫人,当有人要以重金购买镭的专利时,她不仅断然拒绝,而且毫不保留地将镭的?秘密?公之于世。她不谋私利,甘愿为社会做贡献的高尚人格堪称楷模。 ②布鲁诺为传播哥白尼的?日心说?而被烧死在罗马鲜花广场。他在火焰和浓烟的包围中,仍然坚信:?火并不能把我征服,未来的世界会了解我,知道我的价值。?他坚持真理,不畏邪恶,推进了人类文明和科学的进程。 ③我国著名科学家钱学森,在美国人重金留聘面前,毅然选择了归国之路。他名扬海外,身在他乡,但心里想念的是祖国人民,渴望的是祖国繁荣昌盛。他的赤子心、民族情永远感召着亿万中国人。 ④科学家高士其,原名高仕錤。当有人问他为什么改名时,他说:?去掉‘人’旁不做官,去掉‘金’旁不为钱。?改名实为小事,但足以表明科学家那崇高的理想和人生目的。

雅思写作例文 Task 2 09

You should spend about40minutes on this task. Write about the following topic: Many people believe that the high levels of violence in films today are causing serious social problems. What are these problems and how could they be reduced? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Write at least250words. Answer: The increasing amount of violence that is shown regularly in films has been a cause of concern for some time.Such films make violence appear entertaining,exciting and even something to be copied.However,it seems to be increasingly clear that this development is causing problems in our society. First of all,those who enjoy such films eventually stop associating the violence with any real consequences.They therefore lose their sense of reality and no longer take violence seriously or have any sympathy with the victims.This is bad for both individuals and for our whole society.Another worrying trend is that in these films the heroes are shown as people to be admired,even though they are very violent characters.This leads impressionable people to believe that they can gain respect and admiration by copying this aggressive behaviour,and so the levels of violence increase, especially in major cities throughout the world. What is needed to combat these problems is definite action.The government should regulate the film industry on the one hand,and provide better education on the other.Producers must be prevented from showing meaningless violence as'fun'in their films.Instead,films could emphasise the tragic consequences of violent acts and this would educate people, especially young people,to realise that violence is real.

雅思写作模板精选

雅思写作模板精选 大家都在找的雅思模板来啦,小编现在就分享给大家。 雅思写作模板精选1 1. there is not a great deal of differencebetween...and... ...与...的区别不大。 2. the graphs show a threefold increase in thenumber of... 该图表表明...的数目增长了三倍。 3. ..decreased year by year while...increasedsteadily. ...逐年减少,而...逐步上升。 4. the situation reached a peak(a high point at) of [%]. ...的情况(局势)到达顶(高)点,为...百分点。 5. the figures/situation bottomed out in... 数字(情况)在...达到底部。 6. the figures reached the bottom/a lowpoint/hit a trough. 数字(情况)达到底部(低谷)。 7. a is ...times as much/many as b. a是b的...倍。 8. a increased by... a增长了... 9. a increased to... a增长到... 10. high /low /great /small / percentage. 比低高(低) 雅思写作模板精选2 1. there is an upward trend in the number of... ...数字呈上升

《始终眷恋着祖国》

《始终眷恋着祖国》(刘敬智)导与练 “无论到哪里,他都抵得上五个师。”这是当年美国的海军次长对一位华人下的评语,他不是别人,正是本文的主人公——被誉为“中国航天之父”和“火箭之王”的钱学森。优厚的待遇、先进的科研条件甚至生命的威胁都没能阻止钱学森回国的决心,本文讲述的就是这样的一个故事。 一、学习目标 1.了解钱学森简要的生平事迹,体会钱学森身上体现的中国知识分子的优秀品质。2.学习本文选材精当、条理分明的写法。3.理解课文中重要语句的含义,感受钱学森爱国报国的赤子之心。 二、学习要点 【基础知识】 1.注意下列红色字的读音 庚(gēng)遨(áo)游眷(juàn)恋拘(jū)留触(chù)怒募(mù)捐┏ hè恐吓 吓┗ xià吓唬 2.把握下列词语的含义 拜读:读别人作品或书信的敬词,文中是拜师求学的意思。营救:设法援救。营,谋求。 3.写作背景 课文节选自人物通讯《钱学森——中国人民的骄傲》。这篇人物通讯记述了钱学森的主要事迹和他获得的荣誉。钱学森的主要事迹又分为两个方面,一是对祖国的无限热爱,二是在科学技术研究方面对祖国的巨大贡献。课文节选的就是记述钱学森无限热爱祖国的那部分文字。 4.钱学森简介 钱学森是我国航天科技事业的先驱和杰出代表,被誉为“中国航天之父”和“火箭之王”。 1934年,钱学森从上海交通大学机械工程系毕业,1939年在美国获航空和数学博士学位。在美学习研究期间,钱学森与他人合作完成的《远程火箭的评论与初步分析》,奠定了地地导弹和探空火箭的理论基础;与他人一起提出的高超音速流动理论,为空气动力学的发展奠定了基础。 1955年,钱学森回到祖国的怀抱。四个月后,他向国务院呈交了《关于建立我国国防航空工业的意见书》1956年,国务院、中央军委根据他的建议,成立了导弹、航空科学研究的领导机构——航空工业委员会,钱学森被任命为委员。1956年.钱学森受命组建我国第一个火箭、导弹研究所——国防部第五研究院并担任首任院长。他主持完成了“喷气和火箭技术的建立”规划,参与了近程导弹、中近程导弹和我国第一颗人造地球卫星的研制,直接领导了用中近程导弹运载原子弹“两弹结合”试验,参与制定了我国第一个星际航空的发展规划,发展建立了工程控制论和系统学等。 【课文理解】 1.分析本文的结构内容:课文共18段,可分为两个部分。 第一部分(第1-5段),叙述钱学森成才的简历和他在美国期间学术上所取得的辉煌成就,突出了他对祖国的无限眷恋之情。 第二部分(第6-18段),叙述钱学森为回到新中国进行了长达五年多的艰苦斗争,突出了他报效祖国的坚如磐石之志。这一部分可分为两层。 第1层(第6—14段),写钱学森夫妇决定返回并报效祖国,为此遭到美国当局的种种迫害,但这更加坚定了钱学森夫妇返回祖国的意志。 第2层(第15—18段),写钱学森向祖国发出求救信,周恩来总理亲自过问此事,促成钱学森一家胜利返回祖国。 2.理清思路、明确主题 本文是按照“拜师求学――创业辉煌――决心回国,爱国报国的赤子之心――饱受折磨――胜利回来”

雅思写作Task2范文家庭成员之间的关系

雅思写作Task2范文:家庭成员之间的关系雅思写作Task2范文:家庭成员之间的关系 现在家庭成员之间的关系已经不像过去那样紧密了,那么原因是什么?你有什么好的 建议么?本文是关于此论题的一篇雅思范文。认真研读一定的雅思范文及作文模板可以帮 助我们检验自己的写作水平,并能很好地吸收和应用优秀范文里的优秀内容。 It is generally acknowledged that families are now not as close as they used to be. Give possible reasons and your recommendations. Model Answer: There is much discussion nowadays as to whether or not the relation-ship between family members is as close as before. Diverse contributing factors can be identified. In the following, I would like to present my point of view. Great changes have taken place in family life along with the development of society. One of them is that the once-extended family tends to become smaller and smaller. Many children have to leave their parents at an early age to study or work elsewhere. As time passes, children become emotionally estranged from their parents. Compared with the past, social competition is becoming increasingly fierce. People are urged to concentrate their efforts upon work, so that they can achieve success, or at least a good standard of living. As a result, they can’t afford to spend their leisure hours with their families. The importance of bonds of kinship is gradually fading from their minds. In addition, the availability of various kinds of recreational facilities also diverts people from enjoying chats with the members of their families. Their free time is mostly occupied by watching TV, surfing the Internet or playing video games. They come to lose interest in communicating with the other members of their families. In view of such alienation within families, urgent steps must be taken, in my opinion. For members of families who live away from one another, regular contact on the phone can bring them the care that they need. Family reunions on holidays or other important occasions can make a difference as well. For those living together, it is a good idea to take some time off work or recreation periods to spend more

雅思写作万能材料模板

雅思写作万能模板 说明一物的利弊 1、AAA has improved the quality of our lives and are playing an important role in our daily life. The benefits AAA brings to us are far more than its disadvantages. However, we cannot ignore its problem. 2、On the positive side, AAA has enabled us to (1) 此处填入AAA 的优势之一。For instance, (2 )举例说明优势之一。Besides, (3)AAA 的优势之二。Nowadays, (4) 举例说明优势之二。In addition, (5 )AAA 的优势之三。 3、On the negative side, (6) 此处填入AAA 的劣势之一。For example,(7) 举例说明劣势之一。Besides,(8)AAA 的劣势之二。Furthermore,(9)AAA 的劣势之三。 4、All in all, we can not live without AAA for the conveniences it brings to us, but we should also be aware of the negative effects it creates on the modern life. 分析型 1、Recently the...has been brought into focus...Nowhere in history has the issue been more visible. In this essay, I aim to explore this complicated phenomenon from diverse perspectives, identify the relevant contributing factors and bring up some effective measures. 2、As far as I am concerned, an array of integrated factors contributes to

雅思写作Task 2 范文

一.Some people contend(认为)that advertising has positive impact on society while others think it also has negative influence. Discuss. 开头段 ⑴Advertising has become prevalent in the contemporary society and vast billboards, TV commercials and leaflets(传单)are all exerting profound impact on modern life. ⑵In the meantime, whether advertising is a blessing or a curse has sparked spirited (激烈的)debate. ⑶Some people argu e (认为)that advertising has only beneficial influence on our lives while many others contend that it has detrimental (有害的)effect as well. (改写原题观点,如果原题中只有一个观点,最好把相反的观点写出来。)⑷Personally, I am in favor of the former (latter) view. (表示自己的观点) 表示利与弊的英文:advantages and disadvantages strengths and weaknesses the upside and the downside / pros and cons / boons and banes 主体段1 Admittedly, advertising may also carry considerable potential drawbacks. ⑴To begin with, a vast number o f online advertisements may harm the Internet users’ lives. ⑵To illustrate, email spamming (群发)may fill up one’s email box with junk emails and worse yet, (递进)many of these junk emails could destroy PCs with viruses or Trojan horses. ⑶Moreover, a high percentage of advertisements in the media are misleading ones. ⑷Today, it seems that many drug companies give false information about their products, which has rendered (让……变成什么状态)a host of customers afraid to buy medicine. 主体段2 Despite this, advertising has brought numerous benefits. ⑴In the first place, advertisements inform us about the latest products on the market. ⑵In general, with the help of ads, customers can make shopping more economical and less time-consuming.⑶In the second place, elaborate (包含了很多劳动,变成了精心制作)advertisements can be a genuine art form. ⑷Indeed, instead of wasting our time, creative ads can afford us diverse amusements, thereby (后面是动名词)immensely brightening up our lives. ⑸Last but not least, some advertising in the media can motivate people to contribute to charities. ⑹As a matter of fact, I would be hard-pressed to imagine how charities can get enough funds without the help of non-profit ads. (我很难想象相反的事情发生) 结尾段 ⑴In the final analysis, I concede that the proliferation (扩散)of the advertising industry does not come without any adverse effects. (概括让步段的观点)⑵However, the benefits created by advertising far outweigh the disadvantages. (说清楚自己更倾向的观点)⑶Overall, I am convinced that we should further promote the development of advertising and meanwhile get this industry better-regulated. 二.Today PC games are very popular among teenagers. But some parents consider that these games are not instructive and that teenagers should be kept away from them. What do you think?

雅思写作大作文15句框架模板

15句逻辑框架 Some people think that universities should provide graduates with the knowledge and skills needed in the workplace rather than pure knowledge. To what extent do you agree or disagree. 第1句:背景介绍

Nowadays, an increasing number of people are concerned about the purpose of university education. 现在,越来越多的人关心大学教育的目的。 Explanation: ●Nowadays, an increasing number of people are concerned about the phenomenon that … ●Nowadays, an increasing number of people are concerned about the purposes that university education serves. ●Nowadays, more and more students are concerned about what they will learn in the universities. ●Universities are one of the most important institutions in modern society. 如果很难再短时间内想出第一句内容,就直接表达观点,两句话写完首段。 ●I agree with this opinion. Reasons are as follows. 我赞同的观点是……原因如下。 第2句:交代辩论话题 A. “是否应该……” However, whether universities should mainly provide job-related skills to graduates is a controversial issue. 但是,大学是否应该主要提供给学生工作相关的技能是一个饱受争议的话题。

雅思大作文开篇如何让人眼前一亮

雅思大作文开篇如何让人眼前一亮 雅思写作除了词汇量要达到以外,还有很多提分点的哦。出guo 为雅思栏目大家带来雅思大作文开篇如何让人眼前一亮,希望对大家备考雅思有所帮助! 正所谓好的开始是成功的一半,雅思大作文的写作也一次次验证了这个道理。很多同学往往不重视雅思大作文开头段的写作,只是简单套用一些现成的模板,殊不知这样已经给考官留下“背诵模板”的印象,这样一来,不仅给后面的主体段带来了巨大压力,而且人的第一印象往往是很难改变的。大作文开头段往往要包含如下几个关键内容,即,介绍背景,引出有争议的话题,阐述对立观点和陈述作者自己的观点。无论使用还是不使用模板,这几个关键信息是一定要包含在开头段落当中的,不然云里雾里,只能是适得其反。 根据这些信息,备战过的考生们一定都熟悉下面这一套开头写作流程,首先It is quite mon these days...介绍背景,或者用The issue of ... is a plex and sensitive one.这样的句型来引出有争议话题,然后千篇一律地分别介绍对立双方观点,如Some individuals believe that..., while others hold the view that...最终用Personally, I agree with...至此,内容上完美无

瑕,但恐怕考官心中已经大大打下“模板”两个字的烙印,这无疑对于想取得6分及以上的同学最不利的事情。 例如,一道雅思写作高频题目,讨论到底大学应该教授实用性课程(如计算机和商科课程)还是传统课程(如历史和地理)。我们依然按照开头段应该包含的关键信息开始写作,但是却可以这样轻松突破:These day there is a growing tendency for college students to have difficulties in finding jobs when they graduate.(介绍背景)A large number of people hold the opinion that lack of practical knowledge, among other things, contributes to this situation. In light of this, they contend that college teachers should lay more stress on practical courses than on traditional ones. (引出有争议的话题,并阐述大多数人的观点)For my part, I am in favour of their viewpoint.(作者观点)这一段写得非常灵巧,第一句结合题目背景,介绍现如今有一种趋势,即大学毕业生很难找到工作,紧接着作者陈述有许多人认为这是由于学生缺少实用性的知识,并因此提出大学应该更多关注于教授实用性的知识,这一句将有争议话题的其中一方观点用因果链条清晰阐述。最后一句表达作者自己的立场,就是支持前面大多数人的想法。总的来看,这一段只提及了对立双方的其中一方观点,然后表达自己支持这一方观点。这就是一种对于开头段模板的超越,简单可行,只对其中一方观点清晰论

《始终眷恋着自己的祖国》语段阅读训练附答案

《始终眷恋着自己的祖国》语段阅读训练 附答案 《始终眷恋着自己的祖国》语段阅读训练附答案 《始终眷恋着自己的祖国》语段训练 阅读《始终眷恋着祖国》选段,完成下列各题。 从1935年到1955年,钱学森在美国整整呆了20年。这20年间,他在学术上取得了辉煌的成就,生活上拥有丰厚的待遇。然而,他始终眷恋着生他养他的祖国。他 在写给父亲的信中,不止一次地发出“旅客生涯作何时”的感叹。他告诉父亲,他不止一次梦见上海,梦见那所 伴他度过童年时代的房子。 1949年10月1日,新中国诞生了。钱学森兴奋极了。就在那年的中秋(新中国诞生的第六天),钱学森夫妇心中萌发起一个强烈的念头;回到祖国去,为新生的祖国 贡献自己的智慧和力量。 1959年7月,已经下定决心返回祖国的钱学森,会 见了主管他研究工作的美国海军次长,告诉他准备立即 动身回国。这位次长大为震惊。他认为:“钱学森无论 在哪里都抵得上五个师。”他曾经说:“我宁肯枪毙他,也不愿放他回中国。” 1950年8月,钱学森预购了机票,准备搭乘加拿大 太平洋公司的飞机离开美国。他辞去了美国洛杉矶加利

福尼亚理工学院超音速实验室主任和这个学院“古根海姆喷气推进研究中心”负责人的职务。与此同时,他已将许多科学书籍和研究工作笔记装好箱,交给美国搬运公司启运回国。 1.说说句中加点词的作用。 (1)就在那年的中秋节(新中国诞生的第六天),钱学森夫妇心中萌发起一个强烈的念头;回到祖国去,为新生的祖国贡献自己的智慧和力量。 (2)他在写给父亲的信中,不止一次地发出“旅客生涯作何时”的感叹。 2.若将祖国比作母亲,文中第二段中钱学森在中秋节萌发的感情,可用一句唐诗来形容。 3.文中钱学森夫妇萌发起一个强烈的念头,根据文章内容,请你以第一人称来揣摩他俩尚未说尽的话。 4.钱学森为回国进行了一系列的准备工作,请简要概括出来。 5.听说钱学森要回国,美国海军次长大为震惊,这

雅思作文范文大全

好的东西,和大家分享,看这个帖子的人肯定比较多,大家别冒险背诵,了解一下范文的思路好了。 v105 some people claim that the disadvantages of the car are more than the advantages,do you agre e or disagree? 范文1 the birth of cars have made an enormous change to our life.in the past,we travel from one pl ace to another only by foot,nowaday,cars can do it .its goes withour saying that the inventi on of cars bring great benefit to all of us.but as proverb goes:no garden without weeds.ca r is not exception. owing a car has a lot of advantages.for one thing,car provide us the most convient way of tr ansportation.we can get around freely without spenting a lot of time.emotionally,i always fo und driving is so exciting.for another,its the comfortable to drive a car.In winter.driver s always can stay warm and dry even in rainy whether,in addition,drivers are usually safe i n their cars when they are out at night. Cars bring the human merits,their side-effects graudually come to the surface.firstly,to ru n a car need a lot of oil,which is getting less and less.the increasing number of cars contr ibute the lacking of energy.secondlly,as more and more cars are used,the traffic ecpeciall y in big cities is getting heaver and heavier,which lead to the serious social problem--traf fic jam.in addition,the inceasing numbers of cars ,which excaust sent a huge quantities of c arbon monoxide into atmosphere.it make the air of cities unbreathabe,it strip people contac t with frensh air. therefore,the new energy should be explored to replace the oil so that our envionmental poll ution can be avioded .and the strick law should be issued to keep the numbers of cars unde r control.thus,our heavier traffic can be solluted! 范文2 Private cars vs Public traffic As traffic problems become more and more serious in many cities of developed and developin g countries, their governments have to try hard and loads of money and energy have been spen t to deal with them. Firstly, it is not efficient for the commuters to use their private cars to and back from th eir workplaces. Occasionally we can see they have to sit on the wheels wasting time and fue

相关文档
最新文档