新东方·2015高考英语考前加油站
书名：2015高考英语考前加油站
作者：《新东方英语》编辑部
内容简介：
本书精选《新东方英语·中学生》“备战考试”栏目的重磅文章，助力高考考生考前快速加油。全书分六个部分：第一部分为高考英语备考的通用法则，不谈备考计划，但求抓出高考各题型都通用之处，帮助考生真正揭开高考英语的庐山真面目。其余五个部分为分题型解题技巧指导，考生可以选取自己感兴趣的题型有针对性地进行专项突破，足不出户便可尽享新东方名师及一线优秀英语教师的“独门秘籍”，短期内掌握有助于考前快速提分的一些技巧，从而达到考前快速加油，助力冲刺高考的目的。
此外，考生还可从配套的《2014高考英语真题精练精讲》系列中选取自己感兴趣的卷别进行考前模考自测。
目录
备考通用法则
冲刺阶段，高考真题带你飞
——如何有效利用高考真题进行备考
高考英语中的那些逻辑题
单选+语法填空题
五招巧解高考单选时态语态题
2014年高考非谓语动词热点一览
交际英语，高考易错原因探析
三步玩转定语从句
语篇型语法填空题：语法考查新时代
完形填空
完形备考要做好，抓住本质是前提
避误区，提能力，完形备考不发愁
阅读理解
详解高考英语阅读理解三大常考题型
“跳一跳”更高效
——用跳读法避开阅读中的生僻词汇
写作
写作高分秘籍之“乾坤大挪移”
四招让你的高考英语作文“具体化”
高考英语问题解决类文章怎么写？
短文改错
抓住主要考点，搞定短文改错
扫描二维码下载本书音频。
备考通用法则
冲刺阶段，高考真题带你飞
——如何有效利用高考真题进行备考
文 / 叶晓凯
高考将近，很多同学都沉浸在题海中，疯狂刷题。但是，一味地疯狂刷题绝不是通往高分的有效途径，反而还可能会导致自信心受挫，对题目反感。实际上，在这最后的冲刺阶段，同学们最需要注意的是——效率！那该如何高效备考呢？所谓“工欲善其事，必先利其器”，而此时最好的“利器”莫过于历年高考真题。很多同学认为做其他省份的真题没必要，其实不然。纵观历年高考真题会发现，不同考区之间的题目常常相互借鉴，各地真题中相似的题目不在少数。因此，各地真题务必要得到重视。还有同学会说：“往年真题我都做遍了，还有什么好做的？”别着急，下面笔者就来告诉大家如何真正高效地利用高考真题来进行备考。不过在此之前，大家必须认清一点：利用历年高考真题最大的意义绝不在于做题本身，因为流于形式的做题只能反映出你的水平高低，而无法提高你的水平，正如一个每天上一次秤却不采取任何有效减肥行动的胖子终究还是个胖子一样。下面就来具体分析如何有效地利用高考真题来提高听力、单选(主要讨论其中的语法部分)、完形、阅读及写作成绩。
利用真题备考听力理解
听力能力从来都不是能够通过大量做题来提高的，所以如果你到了这个时候还是做不好听力题，选择多做几套听力题很可能只会增加你的挫败感，而最好的办法是利用真题进行精听。我的建议是每天抽出一部分时间结合真题听力音频以及听力原文进行专项训练，具体操作方法如下。
①听音频，做题。
②听音频，看听力原文，找出错误原因，并思考以下问题：干扰选项是如何干扰你的？你忽略了哪些重要信息？
③听音频跟读，至少进行三遍。
④听音频，复述英文。听一句复述一句，然后看听力原文核对。复述对了就继续，复述错了再听几遍，熟悉单词发音。
⑤听音频，复述中文意思。听一句翻译一句，如果有生词就查查其音标和含义，将其记在笔记本上，借此来巩固词汇——这就是挖掘听力题的附加功能。听音频巩固词汇有两个优点，一是听觉与视觉相结合，记忆效果更好；二是熟悉单词发音后对于词汇拼写更有帮助。
利用真题备考单项选择
在最后的冲刺阶段，同学们在语法方面的备考重点应该是——拉高短板。要做到拉高短板，我们需要解决两个问题：我的短板是什么；我该如何拉高。
很多同学对自己的语法水平并不了解，在被问到具体哪些方面是短板的时候，往往说不上来。要想知道自己在语法方面的短板是什么，就必须有大量的错题作为参考。可是错题那么多，哪些错题最有参考价值呢？自然是高考真题中的错题。因此，建议同学们将做过的真题试卷拿出来，查看每道错题的答案解析，将所有错题考查的知识点写在对应题目旁边，之后对此进行分析，找出自己的短板所在。而对于到目前为止还没怎么做真题或者做了没多少真题的同学，我的建议是——抓紧时间做真题！
找出短板后，就需要针对短板巩固知识点。主要分为以下四步：
①通过看笔记和问老师进行知识点查漏补缺。
②通过专项练习巩固知识点。
③继续做真题，检验掌握情况。
④如果还有问题，那就重复以上三个步骤，直到彻底掌握为止。
注意，对于常常做错的题和时对时错的题一定要弄清楚错在哪里，而不是对对答案记住了事。
利用真题备考完形填空
完形填空的两大考点就是词汇含义与文章逻辑，我之前写过两篇文章，对完形填空的解题策略进行了细致的分析和讲解，在此不再赘述(编注：请参见本刊2014年9月号上的《完形备考要做好，抓住本质是前提》一文以及2014年11月号上的《避误区，提能力，完形备考不发愁》一文)。对于冲刺阶段的备考而言，词汇方面的能力强化训练比逻辑方面的训练更加有章可循，也比较容易帮助大家提分，因此从效率的角度考虑，我认为大家应该把完形填空备考的重点放在词汇强化上。注意，这里所说的“词汇强化”指的并不是“背单词”，而是指通过完形填空进一步掌握词汇。至于为什么选择完形填空来进行这一步骤，原因有三。
首先，在所有题型中，完形填空题目对词汇知识的考查最为全面，几乎所有其他题目中的解题关键词汇(包括写作中的高分词汇、短语等)都在完形填空题目中考查过。其次，大家以往背单词主要背的是单词的中文释义，这对于听力和阅读这类只要求单词达到识记能力的题目来说差不多够了，但做完形填空题时就会遇到很多麻烦。这是因为完形填空对词汇知识的考查是最深入的，主要体现在对熟词生义、近义词辨析以及词组搭配的考查上(具体见《完形备考要做好，抓住本质是前提》一文)。所以，通过完形填空进行词汇强化的效果更佳。第三，历年完形填空考查的高频词比较集中，在冲刺阶段利用完形填空题来复习词汇无疑效率更高。
那么大家到底应该如何利用完形填空来进行词汇强化呢？主要分为以下两步。
①做题。
②逐句翻译。这一步虽然既繁琐又枯燥，但却是强化词汇的重要步骤。逐句翻译也是有讲究的。完形填空文章中所包含的句子可以分为两大类，一类是信息句，一类是出题句。同学们在翻译信息句时，要将其中所有自己不熟甚至不认识的词汇抄在笔记本上，这些就是最后阶段要重点复习和巩固的词汇。而翻译出题句就麻烦多了。首先要将所有选项中的单词和短语逐一攻克，并将所有不熟甚至不认识的单词都抄在笔记本上。之后，将每个选项都代入空格进行翻译，此时会出现两种情况：一是有2~3个选项代入空格后意思差不多或者都说得通；二是正确选项放到空格里反而说不通。第一种情况说明考查的是近义词辨析，而第二种情况说明考查的是熟词生义。此时，我们就需要借助英英词典来解决这两个问题。对于近义词辨析，大家要将在英英词典中查到的英文释义分别记下来，并尝试去找到这些近义词的英文释义之间的区别，体会这些近义词选项代入原文后是否符合语境。对于熟词生义，大家要在英英词典中找到最符合文章的那个释义，并将其抄到笔记本上，然后将其代入原文翻译出准确意思。
利用真题备考阅读理解
阅读理解的备考重点是“限时套题训练+分析错题选项”。所谓限时套题训练，就是在特定时间内完成整套阅读题。由于各个考区对阅读理解的时间要求大都在35分钟，对自己严格要求的同学可以在平时做题时就要限定在30分钟以内。
当然，光做题肯定是不够的，还要对错题进行分析。可能有同学认为，阅读又不是语法
和完形，这题就算错了也不会再考，干嘛还要分析呢？的确，阅读理解中的题目不会重复考，但大家做错题的原因却只有那么几种，这就是分析错题的意义所在。同学们在做完阅读题之后，一定要对所有做错的题进行两方面的处理：一是分析正确选项，二是分析错误选项。
1. 分析正确选项
对于细节题和推断题，首先要从文中找出正确选项对应的原文，然后分析原文与正确选项之间的对应关系，即原文中的哪几个词被改成了选项中的哪几个词，从而构成了同义改写。这样做不仅可以弄清楚阅读理解题目中同义改写的方式，还可以积累相同含义的不同表达方式，为解答任务型阅读中的同义改写题打下基础。
对于主旨题，要结合题干分析文章每段首句与正确选项的对应关系。通过大量的分析，大家就会发现，全文主旨题的答案一般可以在文章首尾段中找到，而与某一段段首相对应的选项通常都犯了以偏概全的错误，不可选。
2. 分析错误选项
对于细节题和推断题，还需要尝试着从文中找出与各个错误选项相对应的出处，这时候会有三种可能。
①完全找不到。这说明该选项在文中并未提及。若你选择了此类选项，那你就犯了最低级的错误，说明你要么读不懂文章(这通常归因于词汇问题)，要么就是连选项都读不懂。偶尔犯这样的错误还可能是因为粗心，但若常常犯此类错误，说明你必须开始疯狂背单词了。不过在大多数的题目中，我们都可以找到错误选项对应的原文。
②找到出处，且与选项的表述完全一致。如果你选了此类选项，那么你可能忽略了两点。第一，在原文中对应信息前后可能隐藏着一些表达转折关系的词，换句话说，你找到的这句话其实是被否定掉的。第二，这句话确实没问题，但你可能忽略了题干的关键词，如时间、人物等。比如，题干问的是某人A的观点，而你选择的错误选项对应的原文却是作者观点或是另一人B的观点。如果你常犯这类错误，那么请每次做题时都将文中表达转折意味的词(如but、yet、in fact、sadly、unfortunately、on the contrary等)以及题干部分的实义专有名词、
时间、人名等词画圈标注，并在做题时进行核查。
③找到出处，但其表述与选项有差异。在高考英语真题中，这才是最常见的情况。这种情况还可以进一步分为以下三种情况。
第一种是选项中有与原文相同的关键词。此时同学们需要仔细甄别，不能仅凭关键词相同就做出选择。请看下面例子。
What was Pearson's achievement as a CEO? (2013年山东卷D篇)
A. He managed to pay off Sparrow's debts.
B. He made Sparrow much more competitive.
C. He helped Sparrow take over a company.
D. He improved the welfare of Sparrow employees.
【解析】此题的答案是B，但选A的同学也不在少数。原文最后一段是：These efforts paid off, and Sparrow soon became one of the most successful fast-food chains in the regions where it operated. 有些同学看到A项中的pay off在原文中出现，便不假思索地选了A项，但实际
上，pay off在原文中的意思是“取得成功”，而在选项中意思是“还清(债务)”。由此看来，同学们需要注意一点，选项与原文长得越像就越可能有问题，因为正确选项最常见的特征就是同义改写。在这道题中，正确选项B项就是用competitive来替代原文中的successful。
第二种情况就是选项对应的信息在原文中多次出现。如果你选了此类选项，说明你没有回到原文中确认答案，而是靠印象来做题，这样做显然是不可取的。记住，在判断某个选项为正确答案后务必回到原文进行确认，看所选答案是否与原文存在同义改写关系。
第三种情况是选项与原文几乎相同。这种选项乍一看没有问题，细看就会发现其中有一两个表示数量、程度或频率等的词与原文不同，比如将原文中的some换成了many，或者在选项中增加了一些比较词或极端词。如果你常犯这样的错误，下次再做题时可以将原文和选项中表示数量、程度或频率等的词划出来。
相信同学们可以看出，只有经过这样的分析，大家才能真正通过做题吸取教训，并在以后做题时加以注意。如此一来，在短时间内实现阅读理解提分还是有很大可能的。
利用真题备考写作
我们都知道，写作中主要有三个难题，第一是怎么写对句子，这主要依赖于词汇与语法基础；第二怎么写出精彩的句子；第三是怎么写出言之有理的观点。其中后两点可以通过阅读理解和完形填空来提高。下面我们一一来看。
想要写对句子，大家从完形填空中积累的词汇和从单项选择中积累的语法知识足够了，只需勤加练习，有意识地利用这些词汇和语法造句即可。
想要写出精彩的句子，一方面依赖于同学们运用高级语法的能力，另一方面取决于同学们对地道句型和表达方式的运用。但要想积累地道的句型和表达方式，就需要阅读地道的英文材料，问题是我们哪有那么多时间呢？所以，一个便捷的解决方法就是通过做阅读理解和完形填空进行积累。高考真题中绝大部分阅读和完形文章都选自英语国家的报刊和网站，虽然命题人对其进行了些许改动，但文章仍旧不失地道。因此，当你在翻译完形填空或者分析阅读选项的过程中发现一些自己能看懂却从来不会用的表达时，就可以记下来加以背诵，并将其用在写作中——想必会为你的作文增色不少。
在写作中，写出言之有理的观点可能是同学们遇到的最大难题了。本来做完前面的题后，留给写作的时间就所剩无几，可我们还要临场想出一些观点或者原因，因此，若是毫无准备，写出来的作文往往就会十分牵强，有的甚至完全不符合逻辑。而且，我们就算能想到一些好的观点或原因，还要费时间将其翻译成正确的甚至是精彩的英文句子，这就让写作变得难上加难。那么，为什么不打一场有准备之战呢？高考英语中的写作题虽然千变万化，但其话题种类大都与考生相关，比如学校学习、家庭生活、社会现象、人际关系等，而实际上，这些也是许多阅读理解和完形填空文章的主题。因此，当我们在做此类阅读理解和完形填空时，就可以将阅读文章和完形文章中与主题相关的观点句和话题句抄到笔记本上，并用自己的语言加以改写。此外，还可以研究一下议论文类完形文章和阅读文章是如何进行说理的，包括使用了哪些逻辑连接词，如何进行举例论证，如何组织开头句和结尾句等。从记叙类文章中也可以积累一些描述经历和心情的表达。
最后再提醒各位同学一句话：这个时候就不要再疯狂刷题了，而是要在做完题后进行反思和总结，并利用题目进行高效备考。希望以上内容能对2015年的各位考生有所帮助。Good Luck！
作者简介：
叶晓凯，合肥新东方学校优能中学教师，教授高一和高二英语培优、高考英语、高考3500词汇等课程，参与编写《高考英语阅读理解分类精选60篇》和《高考英语历年真题核心高频688词汇》，授课风格严谨且幽默，鼓励学生独立思考，注重培养学生的逻辑思维能力。邮箱：yexiaokai@https://www.360docs.net/doc/8516701730.html,；微信公众号：NMET_AH
高考英语中的那些逻辑题
文 / 任鸿雁“逻辑关系”这四个字，大家应该不陌生。常见的逻辑关系有并列、顺承、递进、转折等。使用恰当的逻辑词能够使语言表达条理清晰、层次分明。而在阅读某段文本时，其中的逻辑词也可以帮助我们更加准确和深入地把握文本信息。中文和英文作为两种不同的语言体系，在逻辑关系的体现形式上也有很大不同。中文以“表意”为主，对形式要求不是特别严格，逻辑关系词经常省略。例如：① (因为)我渴了，(所以)我要喝瓶可乐。②他(要是)知道了非得大发雷霆不可。英文则不同，逻辑关系必须通过逻辑词来体现。
例如：① Though she's almost 40, she still plans to compete. ② Idecided to go with them, mainly because I had nothing better to do.即便是同样的意思，中文和英文的表达在逻辑词的使用上也有着明显的差异。请看雪莱那句名言的中英文对比：①冬天来了，春天还会远吗？②If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 由此可知，逻辑词在英文中非常必要且重要。学习英文必须学会正确使用逻辑词，并且能够通过逻辑词进行判断和推理。正是由于这个原因，逻辑关系在高考英语真题中历来都是考查的重点。下面，我们就从完形填空、阅读理解和“七选五”这三种题型入手，分析逻辑关系在高考英语真题中的设题点和解题方法。
完形填空中的逻辑题
完形填空为高考经典题型，考查考生对词汇、语法、句意和篇章的理解和运用能力。笔者通过对历年高考完形真题的深入分析，发现其逻辑题的设题形式分为以下三种。
1. 原文中已有逻辑词，在逻辑词前后设空
此类题要求考生根据逻辑词来判断前后文句意，由此解题。请看下面的例子。
① Adolescents enter high school with great 50 but aresoon looking forward to 51. (2014年新课标I卷)
50. A. courage B. calmness
C. confusion
D. excitement
51. A. graduation B. independence
C. responsibility
D. success
【解析】题干中出现了表转折关系的逻辑词but，说明but前后的信息应当相互对立，即前
后文将会出现反差较大的信息。结合语境不难判断，第50题和第51题应该分别填入excitement和graduation。题干句意为：青少年们兴高采烈地进入高中，但很快就盼着毕业。“兴高采烈地进入高中”和“很快就盼着毕业”意思反差较大，能够体现转折关系，故所选答案正确。
② They started to teach me a belief in a46 (different) American Dream—not the oneof individual achievement but of 47. (2013年江苏卷)
47. A. neighborliness B. happiness
C. friendliness
D. kindness
【解析】题干中的“not ... but ... ( 不是……而是……)”结构暗示了前后存在转折关系，说明前后信息会有较大反差，而破折号之前的different也说明了这一点。Not后面为individual achievement (个人成就)，根据逻辑，but后面应填入与之意思形成强烈对比
的词。四个选项中可与individual achievement形成对比的有neighborliness (邻里关系)和friendliness(友情)，而在上下文中多次出现“我”得到邻居帮助的信息，如they started teaching me the art of being a neighbor和my most valuable possessions were my relationships with my neighbors，可见这里所讲的American Dream是与neighborliness有关的，故选A。
③ "What these people also need is warmthand 43 ," says Rita. (2012年山东卷)
43. A. fame B. freedom
C. courage
D. caring
【解析】空格前为and，而and前后应为并列关系，因此空格处应填入与warmth含义相近或相辅相
成的词。四个选项中只有caring (关心)符合这一条件(因
为关心能给人以温暖)，故选D。
2. 给出前后文信息，考查逻辑词
此类题要求考生根据前后文信息来判断逻辑关系，并从选项中选出合适的逻辑词。请看下面的例子。
① The locals knew nothing about me, 43 slowly,they started teaching me the 44 (art) of being aneighbor. (2013年江苏卷)
43. A. but B. although
C. otherwise
D. for
【解析】从选项可知，本题考查逻辑词。空格前提到当地人对“我”一无所知，后文又说他们开始教“我”做邻居的艺术，前后信息对比鲜明，反差较大，构成转折关系，故选A。
② 37 she loved her parents and her family, she desired to live in such a house. (2013年辽宁卷)
37. A. Unless B. Although
C. Since
D. But
【解析】从选项可知，本题考查逻辑词。逗号前半句话意为“她爱父母和家人”，逗号后半句话意为“她渴望住在这样的一栋房子里”。根据文章前面的信息可知，小女孩住在很破旧的房子里，她十分向往另一座山山头上那幢漂亮的大房子。由此可知，such a house指的是那个大房子。由此不难判断题干前半句和后半句之间为让步关系，故选B。
③ We were also told to remain in our seats meanwhile with our seat belts fastened 25 there might be a few bumps (颠簸). (2010年四川卷)
25. A. if B. though
C. because
D. while
【解析】从选项可知，本题考查逻辑词。空格前后分别是两个语义完整的句子，前半句意为“我们还被告知要在座位上坐好，同时系好安全带”，后半句意为“可能会有一些颠簸”不难理解后半句与前半句之间是因果关系，故选C。
3. 以上两种设题形式同时出现有时，这两种设题形式会同时出现在一个句子中。
请看下面的例子。
① I tried to ?nd a 47 position and thought it mightbe restful, 48 kind of nice, to be 49 (pushed) around for a while. (2013年新课标I卷)
47. A. ?exible B. safe
C. starting
D. comfortable
48. A. yet B. just
C. still
D. even
【解析】第47题修饰限定position，由空格后的逻辑词and可知，前后文表意应顺承一致，即正确选项应与restful相对应，而四个选项中只有comfortable符合条件，故选D。第48题考查逻辑词，根据前文的restful和后文的nice可知，此处应为递进关系，故答案为D。
② If you want to learn a new language, thevery ?rst thing to think about is why. Do you need itfor a 36 (practical) reason, such as your job or yourstudies? 37 perhaps you're interested in the 38 ,?lms or music of a different country and you knowhow much it will help to have a 39 (knowledge) of the language. (2013年安徽卷)
37. A. After B. So
C. Though
D. Or
38. A. literature B. transport
C. agriculture
D. medicine
【解析】第37题和第38题均考查逻辑关系。第37题考查前后两句话之间的逻辑关系，而第38题要求考生根据逻辑关系进行解题。先来看第38题。从空格后的选择连词or可知，空格处所填的词应当与?lms和music属于同一范畴，选项中只有literature符合这一要求，三者都属于文艺范畴，故选A。再来看第37题。由第一句话可知，后面的句子很可能在解释为什么要学习一门新的语言。第二句话提出了一种解释，即出于诸如工作或学习这样的实际需要。而接下来的一句话(即第38题所在的句子)意为：可能你对另一个国家的文学、电影或音乐感兴趣，你知道掌握该国的语言对此会多么有益。从句意来看，这也是对“为什么要学习一门新的语言”的一种解释，与前面的解释是选择关系，故应选D。
总而言之，不管是哪种出题形式，逻辑关系都是完形填空中必考的知识点。同学们在阅读完形文章时，一定要关注句中是否有逻辑词，并重点标注这些逻辑词，仔细体会在这种逻辑关系下上下文的词汇或句意应该如何匹配。如果空格处需要填逻辑词，那么解题的切入点就是空格前后的词汇或句意：如果空格前后出现意思反差较大的词汇或句子，那么其逻辑关系很可能是转折；如果空格前后的词汇或句子意思相近或顺承，那么其逻辑关系可能是并列或选择。
阅读理解中的逻辑题
在高考英语阅读理解真题中，有逻辑词存在的地方也是易设题点。请看下面的例子。
① What can we infer about the law passed in Michigan? (2014年新课标I卷B篇)
A. It was ignored by the public.
B. It was declared too late.
C. It was unfair.
D. It was strict.
【解析】这是本篇文章的最后一道题，根据the law passed inMichigan定位到原文最后一段第一句：In 1897, the state of Michigan passed a law prohibiting the killing of passenger pigeons, but by then, no sizable ?ocks had been seen in the state for 10 years. 这句话中有转折词but，意味着前后句意会发生转变，命题人据此设题，就是想看看考生是否把握住了句意重点。需要特别注意的是，若句子中存在转折关系，那么转折之后的才是重要信息，需要仔细研读。本句中but之后的句意很清楚：到那时，人们已经有十年没见过大规模的鸟群了。由此可知，该项法案通过得太迟了，故答案为B。
② What is the author's attitude towards the experts mentioned in Paragraph 3? (2014年新课标I卷C篇)
A. Tolerant.
B. Doubtful.
C. Respectful.
D. Supportive.
【解析】我们回原文第三段找相关信息，会发现这样一句话：This upsets me to no end because while all the experts are busy debating about which option is best, the people who want to improve their lives are left confused by all of the con?icting information. 即使有些考生看不懂这
个长难句，也可以从because 这个表示因果关系的词推断出，正是专家的行为导致了作者upset这种情绪的产生，故作者对专家的看法不会很积极。选项中只有Doubtful是表示消极情绪的词，故正确答案为B。由上可知，做阅读理解题时，大家可以将逻辑词标出来，并学会通过逻辑关系来分析信息，这将有助于顺利解题。
“七选五”中的逻辑题
“七选五”设题也同样偏爱逻辑关系。请看下面的例子。
① Don't forget to forgive yourself. 75 But it can robyou of your self-con?dence if you don't do it. (2013年辽宁卷)
【解析】答案为E (For some people, forgiving themselves is thebiggest challenge.)。空格前提到don't forget to forgive yourself，由此可推断空格中的话一定与forgive yourself有关。空格后面句子中的it指的就是前文中提到的forgive yourself。这句话意为“但是如果不原谅自己，它就会夺走你的自信”，说明“原谅自己”是很必要的。那么but之前句意应该与此有较大的反差。E选项意为“对有些人来说，原谅自己是最大的挑战”，一方面符合forgiveyourself 的主题，另一方面又强调“原谅自己很难”，和后面句子中提到的“原谅自己很必要”能形成对比，符合转折关系，故选E。
② Business is the organized approachto providing customers with the goods and services they want. The word business also refers to an organization that provides these goods and services. Most businesses seek to make a pro?t (利润)—that is, they aim to achieve income that is more than the costs of operating the business. 71 Commonly called nonpro?ts, these organizationsm are primarily nongovernmental service providers. 72 (2013年新课标I卷)
【解析】第71题前面说的是make a pro?t(盈利)，而其后面的句子说的是nonpro?ts (非营利组织)，由此可以推断此处为转折关系。D选项(However, some businesses only seek to earn enough to cover their operating costs.)中的however清晰地说明了转折关系，并对nonpro?ts做出了解释，符合语境，故选D。
总而言之，英语是严格遵循逻辑的，高考英语中更是少不了对逻辑的考查。所以，大家在学习英语时要特别关注逻辑词，弄明白处于各种逻辑关系下的词汇都有怎样的特点。掌握
好这些，高考英语中再碰到逻辑题自然也就可以轻松应对了。
各种逻辑关系下的词汇都有怎样的特点。掌握好这些，高考英语中再碰到逻辑题自然也就可
以轻松应对了。
单选+语法填空题
五招巧解高考单选时态语态题
文 / 郝昌明
时态语态是高考重点考查的语法项目之一，而这类题却难倒了众多考生，这是因为很多考生在解题时忽略了英语与汉语的差别，只是单纯地将题干翻译成中文来进行判断和选择。这种方法太过简单且不够严谨，要想攻克此类题目，大家需要掌握相应的解题技巧。下面笔者给大家介绍五个解题技巧，希望对大家破解时态语态题有所帮助。
技巧1 寻找标志词
对于考查时态的题目，大家可以先在题干中寻找时间标志词。如果题干中有标志性的时间状语，则往往可以根据时间状语选择相应的时态。一般来讲，大家熟记如下八种常用时态所对应的时间状语即可。①一般现在时：often、always、sometimes、usually、seldom、every day等。②一般过去时：then、yesterday、last week、after that、ago等。③现在进行时：now、right now、at present、at this moment等。④过去进行时：at that time、at this time yesterday、at eight o'clock yesterday、from one o'clock to three o'clock yesterday、between one o'clock and three o'clock yesterday等。⑤现在完成时：up to/till now、so far、in the past/last few months/years、for +一段时间、since +一段时间等。⑥过去完成时：before、by the end
of last month/year等。⑦一般将来时：tomorrow、next week/month、in an hour等。⑧过去将来时：the following month、the next week等。例如：
The reports went missing in 2012 and nobody _____ them since. (2014年全国大纲卷)
A. sees
B. saw
C. has seen
D. had seen
【解析】根据四个选项可判断本题考查时态，此时先寻找时间标志词。题中有表示完成时的时间标志词since，因此可初步判断正确答案为C。题干句意为：这些报告在2012年就不见了，从那以后再没有人看见过它们。根据句意可知，自从2012年这些报告就不见了，到现在为止没有人再见过，故应用现在完成时，进一步确定C项正确。
—Tony, why are your eyes red?
—I _____ up peppers for the last ?ve minutes. (2014年江西卷)
A. cut
B. was cutting
C. had cut
D. have been cutting
【解析】根据四个选项可判断本题考查时态，此时先寻找时间标志词。题中有时间状语for the last ?ve minutes，可知应使用现在完成时。题干句意为：——托尼，你的眼睛为什么那么红？——在过去的五分钟里，我一直都在切辣椒。根据题意可知，cut这个动作在过去五分钟里持续进行，因此此处应用现在完成进行时，表示动作的持续性和反复性，因此正确答案为D。
技巧2 主从时态呼应
如果考查的时态语态题所给题干是或者包含主从复合句，大家可根据主从句时态呼应的原则选出正确的时态。不过，在利用此原则解题时要把握以下三点。①在时间、条件等状语从句中，用一般现在时表示一般将来，用一般过去时表示过去将来，用现在完成时表示将来完成。②正确判定主句动作和从句动作发生的先后顺序，并认真体会语境。③解答宾语从句与主句时态呼应题时，若主句动作为现在时，则从句动作可根据需要使用任何时态；若主句
2015上海高考英语试卷+答案
2015年上海高考英语试卷（听力略） II. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form. of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. (A) Gift from a stranger My local supermarket is always busy. The first parking space I found was convenient, but I'd noticed a woman in a blue car circling for a while. (25) _____ I was in a good mood, I let her have it. On the edge of the car park I backed into the next available spot—it was a tight fit. Pretty soon I'd made my way through the supermarket and was back in the fresh air. Feeling good, I (26) _____(empty) my purse change into the hands of a homeless man and helped a struggling woman reverse park（倒车）. Just as I approached my car, 1 saw the woman I'd let have my car space earlier. She was giving me (27) _____ odd look—half puzzled, half intent (热切的). I smiled and wished her a pleasant day. As I squeezed back into my car, I spotted the same lady (28) _____ (look) in at me. "Hello," she said, hesitantly. "This (29) _____ sound crazy but I was on my way to drop some of my mother's things off at the charity bins.‖ You are just so much (30) _____ her.‖ You helped those people, I noticed, and you seemed so happy.‖ She looked at me meaningfully and passed a box in through the window. ―I think she would like you to have it.‖ (31) _____ (shock), I took it from her automatically. She smiled and walked away. After a pause, I opened the box. Inside was a beautiful gold necklace with a large grey pearl. It was (32) _____ (nice) gift I'd ever received, and it was from a complete stranger. The necklace was around my neck, a warm reminder of human kindness. (B) Ask helpful Hannah Dear helpful Hannah, I’ve got a problem with my husband, Sam. He bought a smart phone a couple of months ago and he took it on our recent ski vacation to Colorado, it was a great trip except for one problem. He has a constant urge (33) for next messages; he checks his phone every five minutes! He’s so addicted to it that he just can’t stand the idea (34) there may be an important text. He can’t help checking even at inappropriate times like when we are eating in a restaurant and I am talking to him! He behaves (35) any small amount of boredom can make him feel the need to check his phone even when he know he shouldn’t. The temptation to see (36) is connecting him is just too great. When I ask him to put down the phone and stop (37) (ignore) me, he say, ―In a minute.‖ but still checks to see if (38) has posted something new on the Internet. Our life (39) (interrupted). If we go somewhere and I ask him to have the phone at home, he suffers from withdrawal symptom. May this dependency on his smart phone has become more than an everyday problem. I recently read an article about ―nomophobia,‖ (40) is a real illness people can’t suffer from the fear of being without your phone! I am worried that Sam maybe suffering from this illness because he feels anxious if he doesn’t have his phone with him, even for a short time. Who would have thought that little devices like these could have brought so much trouble! Sick and Tired Sadie Section B
2015年上海高考英语真题及答案
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英语高考模拟卷-资阳市2015届高三第三次模拟考试英语试题及答案
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