2015届高考英语(七省专用)二轮语法专题复习:名词和代词

专项语法突破(五) 名词和代词

考纲解读

高考语法填空试题,主要考查名词的词义,从名词词义的理解和名词与动词的搭配方面设题,同时,题干也会从呼应、对比等方面提供足够的信息,考查考生根据语境理解和判断词义的能力。

知识归纳·方法点拨

名词

一、考点知识归纳

考点一名词辨析

名词在具体语境下的运用、辨析是当今强调语言的运用(在运用中学习、在运用中掌握、在运用中提高)的具体体现。在平时的学习中必须认真体会,在运用中领悟词义,体会它们在不同语境下的细微区别。对名词辨析的考查主要是词义辨析、同义词和近义词语义的细微区别以及在固定搭配中的用法辨析。

1.词义辨析

[典题示例]

Mr.Brown thought it would be a good idea to have ________ from his workers to improve his plan.(comment)

剖析:comments comment“评论,看法”。语意表示从工人那里收集他们的看法,不只一条看法,因此comments符合句意。

2.同义词、近义词辨析

[典题示例]

To regain their ________ after a hard game,the players lay on the grass.

剖析:energy 句意:一场艰难的比赛后为了恢复体力,队员们躺在草地上。energy“能量;精力”,符合句意。

3.固定搭配

[典题示例]

________information center has been set up to give advice ________ scientific

farming for the nearby farmers.

剖析:An;on 考查不可数名词。此处information为不可数名词,但information 是作定语修饰center的,center为可数名词,其前应用不定冠词,又因为information的发音以元音音素开头,故用an。第二空为give advice on sth.意为“在……方面给出建议”。

4.几组常考的名词同、近义词辨析

(1)affair,matter与business

①affair用作单数形式,意为“事,事情,事物”,常指小事,私事,已经发生的事或要去做的事;用作复数形式,意为“事务,业务”,常指重大事务(如国内、国际事务)或头绪较多的事情。

②matter表示“事情,东西,问题”,通常指需要加以考虑或处理的事。

③business表示“生意,商务”;也可表示“事情,事务”,相当于affair,但更强调出于责任或任务去做某件事。

How I spend the money is my own affair.

我怎么花钱是我自己的事。

He is concerned with state affairs.

他关心着国家大事。

It is my business to help them.

帮助他们是我应做的事。

It is none of your business.

这事与你无关。(不用affair)

You'd better think the matter over.

你最好考虑一下这件事。

(2)travel, journey,trip,tour与voyage

①travel意为“旅行,游历”,通常指长时间、远距离的“旅行”,尤其是出国旅行;指“旅行笔记,游记”时,要用复数形式。

②journey常指时间长、距离较远的陆地旅行,从一地直到另一地;有时也指经常走的或长或短的一段“路程”。

③trip为通用词,通常指距离近、时间短的“旅行,远足”,侧重回到原出发地;也可指长途旅行,可用作journey和voyage的非正式替代词。

④tour指在途中若干地点作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调旅行线路之曲折,意为“周游观光;视察;购物等”。

⑤voyage指远距离的水上或空中旅行,作“航海;航空;航行”讲。

He loves travel very much.

他非常喜欢旅行。

She wrote a book about her travels in Africa.

她写了一本关于非洲的游记。

How long is your journey to work?

你上班的路程有多远?

He has gone on a trip to Europe.

他已到欧洲旅行去了。

He made a tour of the city.

他到该市旅行观光。

On the sea voyage she saw some big ships.

在海上旅行中她看见一些大船。

(3)energy,force,power与strength

①energy精力,人体内的精力或活力;物理上指能量。

②force武力,力量。指运用发挥出来的“力量”克服阻力,使人或物按着要求的方向运动。

③power力的总称,指人具有的力量、能力、权力及势力;物理上指电力或动力。

④strength力量,力气;物理上指强度。

Young people are full of energy.

年轻人充满活力。

They had to use force to drive the people off the town.

他们只得用武力把这些人赶出城。

I’ll do everything in my power to help that old lady.

我将尽我所能去帮助那位老太太。

As the saying goes,“Unity is strength.”

俗话说得好,“团结就是力量。”

(4)mark,sign,signal与symbol

①mark标记,看得见的痕迹或印记,如一条线或一个点。

②sign记号,标记,用法最广,可指符号,也可指情绪、性格的直观显示,还可指具体的用于识别或指示的标志,如指示牌、卡片等。该词还有“征兆,迹象”之意。

③signal信号,一种用作通讯交流手段的指示,比如一种手势或有色的光。

④symbol象征,符号,指被人们选出的物体或图案,用来代表另一事物,并作为该事物的标记或象征。

We followed the marks that the car had left in the grass.

我们跟着车轮碾过草地的痕迹。

The sign says “Parking Forbidden”.

告示牌上写着“禁止停车”。

A red lamp is used as a danger signal.

红灯用作危险信号。

In the picture the tree is the symbol of life.

这幅画中树是生命的象征。

(5)scene,scenery,sight与view

①scene指某一特定的景象、景色、场景、场面,为可数名词。

②scenery意为“风景,景色”,指周围的自然风光,为不可数名词。

③sight指所看到的东西、人或物的外表,意为“景色,风光”,为可数名词。

④view意为“景色,美景”,指从窗口或高处看到的景色,为可数名词。

There is a beautiful scene outside the window.

窗外景色很美。

He rushed to the scene of the accident.

他匆忙赶往出事地点。

The city is famous for its beautiful scenery.

这座城市以风景优美而出名。

She offered to show me the sights.

她主动带我观光。

From the top of the hill you can have a nice view of the whole city.

你从山顶眺望,可见整个城市的美景。

考点二名词的格

名词的所有格在句中表示所属关系,用来作定语,修饰名词。

1.有生命的名词的所有格一般在词尾加上“’”或“’s”。Tom’s bike;Women’s Day;the editor in chief’s office

2.如果一个事物为两个人共有,只在后一个名词的词尾加“’s”;如果不是共有,就要在两个名词的词尾都加“’s”。

Tom and Mike’s room(共有)

Tom’s and Mike’s books(不共有)

3.表示时间、距离、价格、重量、国家、城市的无生命名词,可以在词尾加“’s”或“’”表示所有格。

today’s papers;ten minutes' walk;five pounds' weight;ten dollars’ worth of coffee;the world’s population;China’s industry;New York’s parks 4.表示店铺或某人的家时,常在名词所有格之后省去shop,house,home。

the ta ilor’s;the doctor’s;my uncle’s

5.无生命的名词的所有格通常用of短语来表示所有关系。 the window of the room;the gate of No.1 Middle School

6.有生命的名词有时也可用of短语来表示所有关系,尤其当该名词带有较长的定语时。

the teachers of No.1 Middle School

7.双重所有格结构前被修饰的名词通常指整体中的部分或一个,双重所有格只能用于有生命的名词,这个名词是确定的。被修饰名词前有不定冠词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词或数词等限定词时,一般只能用双重所有格。

an old friend of my uncle’s;a daughter of Mrs.Green’s

8.一些不定代词也有’s所有格形式。

Li Ming’s handwriting is better than anyone else’s in his class.

李明的书法比他班里任何一个其他的同学都好。

考点三名词的数

1.可数名词的复数不规则变化

(1)有些抽象名词在具体化时,以复数形式出现;表示特指时,可以和定冠词连用;表示“某种”或“一次”的意义时,可以和不定冠词连用。

in surprise“惊讶地”,a surprise“一件令人惊讶的事”;

win success“获得成功”,a success“一个/件成功的人/事”;

by experience“靠经验”,an experience“一次经历”;

wit h pleasure“乐意”,a pleasure“一件乐事”

(2)物质名词是不可数名词,但表示数量或种类之多时,可以用作可数名词,有单、复数。

some coffee“一些咖啡”,three coffees“三杯咖啡”;

some drink“一些饮料”,three drinks“三杯饮料”;

his hair“他的头发”,a few grey hairs“几根白发”;

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