英国兽医管理体制概况

英国兽医管理体制概况
英国兽医管理体制概况

英国兽医管理体制概况

英国实行国家兽医官制度,环境食物农业部(The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs DEFRA 以下简称农业部)制定并组织落实动物健康和福利政策;食品标准局(Food Standard Agency FSA)管理与食品安全相关的动物产品的生产和供应;伦敦大学皇家兽医学院(Royal College of Veterinary Surgeon RCVS)依法监管兽医行业,实行兽医资格认证和注册,规范兽医教育和职业操守;英国兽医协会(British Veterinary Association BV A)等行业组织维护兽医及相关动物利益并提供信息等服务。

(一)农业部组织实施国家统一垂直管理的官方兽医体系

农业部近年来一直致力于实现政策制定与执行职能的分离。在动物健康和福利事务方面,动物健康福利总司(Animal Health and Welfare Directorate General)制定并发展政策;国家兽医服务署(The State Veterinary Service SVS)执行主要政策及相关法律法规;运行服务总司(Operations and Service Delivery Directorate General)的奶制品卫生监察处(Dairy Hygiene Inspectorate DHI)、食品农业渔业总司(Food,Farming and Fisheries Directorate General)的鸡蛋交易监察处(Egg Marketing Inspectorate EMI)以及环境、渔业及水生物研究中心(The Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science CEFAS)的鱼类健康监察处(Fish Health Inspectorate FHI)分别执行有关奶制品、禽蛋和鱼类健康的政策法规。

1、动物健康福利总司

动物健康福利总司的主要职责是对本国及外来重大动物疫病和人畜共患病进行研究及监控;公布动物运输和进出口相关政策及法律法规;发展动物健康福利战略并参与实施兽医培训计划,总司司长兼任国家首席兽医官。

2、国家兽医服务署

国家兽医服务署作为政策执行部门,是维护动物健康和福利的最前沿机构。

(1)发展历史

2001年英国爆发口蹄疫后,为加强对动物卫生的管理,农业部对原动物健康和兽医司(Animal Health and Veterinary Group)进行改组,成立了动物健康福利总司和运行服务总司,国家兽医服务署划归至后者。由于此后国家兽医服务署和动物健康福利总司之间一直存在职责交叉,抑制了政策执行效果,加上欧盟即将于2006年推出的新食品安全法规也将影响各相关部门的职责分工,国家兽医服务署自2005年4月1日起改为农业部的执行机构(Executive Agency)。英国的执行机构与政府主管部门间为“契约”而非“隶属”关系。主管部门依据双方签订的“政策与资源框架文件”(Policy and Resource Framework)对机构经营提出指导性意见,不干预其日常活动。执行机构职员享有国家公务员身份,但工资收入与经营效益挂钩。

(2)工作职责

国家兽医服务署处理有关动物健康、公共健康、动物福利和国际贸易事务,主要职责包括:应对重点疾病爆发,检查动物福利水平,提供防疫建议信息,实行疫病防控,颁发出口动物健康证明,审查动物及动物源产品进口并执行相关法律法规。

(3)组织结构

目前国家兽医服务署约有1,400名全职员工和273名一线员工,另有7,000多名兼职地方兽医检察官(Local Veterinary Inspectors LVIs)协助工作。兼职地方兽医检察官本是私人兽医,经国家兽医服务署培训后执行一些具体工作,如例行检测结核杆菌和布鲁氏菌、颁发出口证书、依据《宠物旅行计划》(Pets Travel Scheme PETS)为动物提供旅行证明等。

国家兽医服务署包括总部和现场服务机构(SVS Field Service)。总部设服务处(Service Delivery Division)和应急计划处(Contingency Planning Division)。服务处下设人事科(Personnel Unit)、学习发展科(Learning and Development Unit)、健康安全科(Health and Safety Unit)、信息技术科(IT Unit)和国家羊搔痒症计划管理中心(The National Scrapie Plan Administrative Centre NSPAC);应急计划处负责处理突发动物疾病。现场服务机构包括5个地区办公室和24个动物健康部门办公室,其中英格兰地区分别有3个地区办公室和16个部门办公室。

3、其它相关机构

(1)奶制品卫生监察处

奶制品卫生监察处行政上隶属运行服务总司的乡村发展服务署(Rural Development Service),但与食品标准局签有服务协议,代表其执行奶制品卫生法规,食品标准局为其提供经费。奶制品卫生监察处有37名监察官和13名工作人员,具体工作包括:为奶牛场注册、检查产奶场所、设备和动物、实施统一标准、并将异常情况通知国家兽医服务署和兽药理事会。

(2)鸡蛋交易监察处

鸡蛋交易监察处负责执行欧盟鸡蛋交易法规和英国有关孵化鸡及雏鸡法规,目前有36名监察官,主要监督鸡蛋生产、处理、包装和零售,检查拍卖市场和孵化场,并将异常情况通知国家兽医服务署。食品标准局提供5%的经费用于食品安全方面的工作。

(3)鱼类健康监察处

鱼类健康监察处隶属环境、渔业及水生物研究中心(The Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science CEFAS)。环境、渔业及水生物研究中心作为农业部执行机构,为政府部门、国际机构、商业公司及援助组织提供渔业管理、环境保护和水产业等方面的科研、咨询、顾问、监管和培训服务。该中心为英国政府和欧盟决策者提供了大量研究意见及建议,并正逐步将其客户群扩展到全球。目前环境、渔业及水生物研究中心有近500名成员,分布在全英范围的三个专业实验室。此外,中心还全资拥有一家信息服务子公司(CEFAS技术有限公司)以及与私营部门合资拥有两家企业。

依据《欧盟鱼类健康法》(EU Fish Health Regime)和英国相关立法,鱼类健康监察处在有关鱼类及贝类健康方面行使监督职责、颁发进口许可并实施进口监控,具体工作包括:为养殖场注册、疾病控制及调查、进出口、流动控制、建议及立法、刊物出版。

(4)兽医实验所(The Veterinary Laboratories Agency VLA)

兽医实验所前身为中央兽医实验室(The Central Veterinary Laboratory CVL),成立于1894年。1990年中央兽医实验室成为农业部执行机构,1995年与兽医调查服务局(Veterinary Investigation Service)合并为兽医实验所。兽医实验所中心实验室设在Surrey的Weybridge,另在全国范围内拥有15家地区实验室,整个实验室系统与皇家兽医学院、利物浦大学兽医学院的两所监管中心以及苏格兰农业大学均保持密切联系。

兽医实验所主要职责是为农业部提供专家意见、为首席兽医官提供诊断、研究和咨询服务并对突发事件进行以实验室为基础的反应。兽医实验所同时也对公共和私营组织提供盈利性服务。

2002-2003财年,兽医实验所的财政预算为8,860万英镑,农业部和食品标准局分别提供其中的88%和5%;平均雇员人数为1,276名,其中包括627名科学家和97名兽医。

(5)兽药理事会(The Veterinary Medicines Directorate VMD)

兽药理事会成立于1989年,1990年成为执行机构,和兽医实验所同坐落在Weybridge。

兽药理事会主要职责为颁发兽药生产销售许可、监督检测药物残留、发展执行政策法规。兽药理事会授予英国皇家药物协会(The Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain RPSGB)动物药品监察处(The Animal Medicines Inspectorate AMI)对生产及供应含有兽药成分饲料的法定监控权。

兽药理事会颁发许可和进行药残检测的经费由顾客承担。2002-2003财年,兽药理事会的收入主要来自颁发许可(474万英镑,占41%)、药残监测(356万英镑,占31%)和农业部(334万英镑,占28%)

4、国家兽医服务署与各相关部门的工作联系

(1)与动物健康福利总司的联系

国家兽医服务署改为执行机构后担负更多的执行职能,其与动物健康福利总司之间的职责交叉导致政策目标与实际效果脱钩的局面也望得到改进。目前,国家兽医服务署与动物健康福利总司正协商一个《临时工作协议》(Interim Working Agreement IWA),界定政策制定和执行概念,明确各自工作范畴,并有意将协议发展成正式框架文件。

(2)与奶制品卫生监察处、鸡蛋交易监察处和鱼类健康监察处的联系

国家兽医服务署和奶制品卫生监察处、鸡蛋交易监察处和鱼类健康监察处都执行具体动物健康和福利政策,但各自分工不同,后三者工作均具相对独立性,因此现阶段农业部没有

将之归入国家兽医服务署的计划。但欧盟新食品法规出台后奶制品卫生监察处和鸡蛋交易监察处的职责范围可能扩大,其与国家兽医服务署之间的关系也将重新予以评估。

(3)与兽医实验所的联系

国家兽医服务署和兽医实验所均与农场主、动物饲养者和兽医保持密切工作联系,但具体联系内容、尤其是与兽医的关系不同:国家兽医服务署在行使执行职能过程中雇佣私人兽医担任地方兽医检察官协助工作;兽医实验所主要提供建议和服务,私人兽医是其服务对象之一。

(4)与兽药理事会的联系

国家兽医服务署和兽药理事会都具执行职能,但兽药理事会的工作对象是药厂、生产商、动物饲料进口商和零售商,并且兽药理事会不直接干预动物饲养者和兽医的工作,而是与国家兽医服务署、肉类卫生服务局(The Meat Hygiene Service MHS)和动物药品监察处合作进行视察和药残测试工作。

(5)与各地方政府的联系

英国农业部、威尔士议会政府以及各地方政府(主要通过地方政府规章服务协调办公室Local Authority Co-ordinators of Regulatory Services LACORS )签署了动物健康和福利框架协议,正式确立了国家兽医服务署和地方政府间重要的合作伙伴关系。地方政府将有关动物健康和福利政策的实施情况报告给国家动物移动执行系统(Animal Movement Enforcement System AMES)数据库,是中央政府政策的有力执行者。

(二)食品标准局通过监管和执法手段保护消费者权益

由于疯牛病等动物疾病的爆发,英国工党政府应公众呼吁对食品卫生和安全机构进行了改革。英国议会于1999年通过《食品标准法》,依法成立食品标准局,原先隶属于农业部的食品卫生管理职能被划归至食品标准局。食品标准局虽是政府部门,但工作具有相对独立性,为公众和政府部门就食品安全、营养和饮食等提供信息和建议,并通过监管和执法手段保护消费者权益。

食品标准局肉类卫生署成立于1995年,当时隶属农业部。肉类卫生署作为食品标准局的执行机构,集中了原先300多家地方机构对肉类卫生的管理职能,统一负责全国肉类卫生安全,监督执行有关鲜肉、禽肉、野生动物肉的相关法律法规。

(三)皇家兽医学院作为法定监管机构,为合格兽医注册、管理兽医教育、规范职业操行

1、法律依据

皇家兽医学院1844年获皇家特许成立,此后兽医在英国成为正式职业。1881年英国通过第一部《兽医法》,几经修正后目前实施的是《1966年兽医法》,该法指定皇家兽医学院为英国唯一兽医监管机构,负责兽医和执业兽医注册并规范兽医教育和职业操行。

2、学院职能

皇家兽医学院除作兽医行业法定监管机构外,还另具两个重要职能:皇家学院——依据皇家特许颁发奖学金,授予兽医和兽医护理等人员学历及学位,提供有关兽医事宜的正确见解;慈善基金——皇家兽医学院基金会(RCVS TRUST)作为独立慈善部门,提供皇家兽医学院图书馆、信息服务以及一系列津贴,支持教育和科研活动,促进兽医科学和药品的研究及开发。因此皇家兽医学院总体而言是集三大职能于一身,

3、管理机构

皇家兽医学院依法成立了由40名成员组成的理事会,一年三次例会。理事会成员的构成如下:

(1)24名从业者代表,每年5月选举。

(2)12名英国6家兽医学院(剑桥大学、爱丁堡大学、格拉斯哥大学、利物浦大学和布里斯托大学的兽医学院)推选的成员(每家2名)。

(3)4名枢密院任命成员。

理事会下设初步调查委员会、咨询委员会、纪律委员会、外部事务委员会、教育委员会、专业化及进修委员会、财政和普通事务委员会、皇家兽医学院信托和兽医护士委员会等9个委员会,具体负责各项事务。其中兽医护士委员会负责有关护士培训、注册及资格认证等所有事务。工作小组和秘书处提出的政策议题先在委员会内进行讨论,决定是否提交理事会,理事会对提交的议题进行表决。委员会对部分事务具有决定权,但均向理事会出具相关报告。

理事会主席、第一副主席、第二副主席和财务主管在理事会内产生,他们和注册主任一起构成理事会的领导班子,对理事会进行管理。

4、兽医注册

《1966年兽医法令》规定,只有在皇家兽医学院注册后方可在英国境内从事兽医工作。申请注册者须拥有皇家兽医学院认可的资格或者通过皇家兽医学院资格考试。

目前RCVS认可的资格包括:

(1)英国6家兽医学院授予的学位

(2)欧盟78/1026/EEC认可指令中所列国家的资格:奥地利,比利时、捷克、丹麦、爱沙尼亚、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、匈牙利、爱尔兰、意大利、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、荷兰、挪威、波兰、葡萄牙、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亚、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士。

(3)英国皇家兽医学院理事会认可的外国和英联邦成员国的资格:澳大利亚、新西兰、

南非、美国和加拿大

特定情况下,不具备在英国注册资格的兽医可被授予临时注册资格,以便于其在限定范围内执行相关活动

英美文化概况之英国篇

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英联邦(the Commonwealth of Nations)是由英国和已经独立的前英国殖民地或附 属国组成的联合体。英国作为英联邦元首并无政治实权;各国在一定协议上相互进行政治、主要是经济方面的磋商和合作;各成员国也有权利选择退出英联邦。 (二) 英国地势西北高、东南低。其西北地区主要地形是高原;而东部和东南部则主要是低地,他们是整个欧洲平原(the Great European Plain)的组成部分。 英格兰占据了大不列颠南面的最大部分土地,那里地势平缓,多为平原、丘陵和沼泽地。特别是英格兰东部沿海地区,土地肥沃,适于耕种。 苏格兰多为山地、湖泊和岛屿,它拥有三大自然区:北部高地,中部低地以及南部山陵。不列颠最高峰尼维斯峰(Ben Nevis)便座落于此,高1,343米。威尔士亦是多山地区,6%的土地被森林覆盖,大部分村庄以放牧为主。 北爱尔兰北部为多岩石、荒蛮的海岸,曲折蜿蜒。其东北部多为高地,东南部为山区,而中部则是低浅的盆地。 不列颠是个岛屿国家,四面环海,它隔着英吉利海峡与欧洲大陆遥遥相望。位处英法两国之间的英吉利海峡最窄之处被称作多佛海峡(Straits of Dover),仅有33公里宽度。1985年英国政府和法国政府决定在多佛海峡处修建海峡隧道。 总长153公里的隧道于1994年五月竣工通车,使得欧洲公路网得以连成一体,被誉为人类工程史上的一个伟业。 英国河流分布细密。塞文河(the Severn)是英国第一大河流,长338公里,它同西

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c. Elizabeth III d. Edward II 5. is a day to commemorate the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. a. Christmas b. Good Friday c. Easter Monday d. Boxing Day 6. published his book On the Origin of Species which caused a stir in Victorian times. a. Adam Smith b. Charles Darwin c. Thomas More d. Francis Bacon 7. The largest section of Great Britain is . a. Scotland b. Wales c. England d. Northern Ireland 8. The Lake District is well known for . a. its wild and beautiful scenery b. its varied lakes c. the Lake Poets

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英语国家概况-Land and people I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分 1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England. 地理名称:不列颠群岛,大不列颠和英格兰。 2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名称:大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。 3. The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones. 不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛(较大的一个)和爱尔兰岛,及成千上万个小岛组成。 4.Three political divisions on the island:England, Scotland and Wales. 大不列颠岛上有三个政治区:英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。 (1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section. 英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部,是最大,人口最稠密的地区。 (2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区:北部高地,中部低地及南部山陵。首府:爱丁堡。 (3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff 威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府:加的夫 (4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast. 北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。首府:贝尔法斯特。 5.The Commonwealth (of nations)is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991. 英联邦是独立的前英国殖民地组成的自由联合体。它成立于1931年,至1990年止已有50个成员国。 II. Geographical Features 英国的地理特征 1.Geographical position of Britain: 英国的地理位置: Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. 英国是一个岛国。它位于大西洋北部,与欧洲大陆的北海岸隔海相望。南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海将它与欧洲其它部分隔开。 2.The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands; and the east and southeast are mostly lowlands. 英国的西部和北部主要是高地,东部和东南部主要是低地。 III. Rivers and Lakes 河流与湖泊 Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Britain (1,343m).

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Part One: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Chapter 1 Land and People Chapter 2 The Origins of a Nation (500BC~AD1066) Chapter 3 The Shape of the Nation (1066~1381) Chapter 4 Transition to the Modern Age (1455~1688) Chapter 5 The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (1688~1990) Chapter 6 The Economy Chapter 7 Government and Administration Chapter 8 Justice the Law Chapter 9 Social Affairs Chapter 10 Cultural Affairs Chapter 1 Land, People and Language ?1 Different Names for Britain and its Parts The official name of Britain is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.The geographical names are the British Isles, Great Britain and England. People just say Britain, the United Kingdom or simply U.K. ?People England is the largest and most populous, almost a quarter of the people lives in England’s prosperous and fertile southeast, with over 7 million in the capital. The majority of the population are descendants of the Anglo-Saxons, a Germanic people from Europe who went to England between the 5th and 7th centuries.These people settled in England and drove the native Celtic people to the mountainous areas of Wales and Scotland. Their language became the official language of the country. Most people in W ales and Scotland are descendants of the Celtic people who were the earliest known inhabitants of Britain. The Irish people were also of Celtic origin. About a hundred years ago, as a result of its imperialist expansion, Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the world’s people and a quarter of the world’s land area. ?Geographical Features There are 3 political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales. The island of Ireland is divided into 2 parts: Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Britain has, for centuries, been slowly tilting with the North-W est slowly rising and the South-East slowly sinking. The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands; the east and south-east are mostly lowlands. There are 3 natural zones of Scotland: the Highlands in the north, the central Lowlands, and the southern Uplands.

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(判断题) Chapter 1 1. People in different parts of Britain like to use the name England to refer to their country. (F) 2. The Severn River is the longest river of Britain, which originates in Wales and flows through western England.(T) 3. Today more than half of the people in Wales still speak the ancient Welsh language. (F) 4. In terms of population and area, Northern Ireland is the second largest part of Britain.(F) 5. Although the climate in Britain is generally mild, the temperature in northern Scotland often falls below -10℃ in January . (F) 6. The majority of the people in Britain are descendants of the Anglo-Saxons.(T) 7. The Celtic people were the earliest known inhabitants of Britain.(T) 8. English evolved into what is now described as Modern English from the late 16th century.(F) Chapter 2 1. British history before 55BC is basically undocumented.(T) 2. The Anglo-Saxons came to Britain in the 5th century.(T) 3. The chief or king of the Anglo-Saxons tribes exercised power at their own will. (F) 4. The Vikings began to attack the English coast in the 8th century.(T) 5. HenryⅡ built up a large empire which included England and most of France.(T) 6. The Magna Carta was designed to protect the rights of both the privileged class and the townspeople.(F) 7. The Hundred Years’War (1337-1453) was a series of wars fought between the British and the Vikings for trade and territory.(F) 8. In an effort to make a compromise between different religious factions, Queen ElizabethⅠactually defended the fruit of the Reformation.(T) Chapter 3 1. Conventions are regarded less important than the statutory law in the working of the British government.(T) 2. The British monarchy has never been interrupted throughout the history.(F) 3. In reality, the British King or Queen is the source of all government powers.(F) 4. The British Parliament is the law-making body of the Commonwealth of Nations.(F) 5. The members of the House of Commons are appointed rather than elected.(F) 6. The British Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party in Parliament.(T) 7. Cabinet members are chosen by the Prime Minister from various political parties in Parliament.(F) 8. The legal systems in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are much similar in terms of law, organization and practice.(T) Chapter 4 1. British was the first industrialized nation in the world.(T) 2. The British economy experienced a relative decline during the post-war period.(T) 3. Limited resources and high unemployment rate were persistent problems that prevented rapid economic development in Britain after World WarⅡ.(F)

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英美概况考试重点复习材料(英国部分) 英美概况考试重点复习材料(英国部分) Chapter 1第一章 Land and People 英国的国土与人民 I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分 1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England. 地理名称:不列颠群岛,大不列颠和英格兰。 2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名称:大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。 3. The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛(较大的一个)和爱尔兰岛,及成千上万个小岛组成。 4. Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wale大不列颠岛上有三个政治区:英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。

(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部,是最大,人口最稠密的地区。 (2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区:北部高地,中部低地及南部山陵。首府:爱丁堡。 (3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff 威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府:加的夫 (4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast.北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。首府:贝尔法斯特。 5. The monwealth (of nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has about 50 member countries until 1991. 英联邦是独立的前英国殖民地组成的自由联合体。它成立于1931 年,至1990年止已有约50个成员国。 Chapter 2 第二章 The Origins of a Nation (5000BC-1066)英国的起源(公元前5000年—1066年)

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英美国家概况之英国

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三、教学内容 第一章英国 第一课:英国的国土和人民 教学内容:英国的地理特征,四部分的山水河流,气候状况,英国的各个民族。这一部分主要从整体对大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国作一个综述。了解英国不同名称的含义,英国的地理特征、河流和湖泊、气候的特点以及影响气候的因素,了解英国的民族构成、人口结构及其特点;了解英国的语言构成及阶级状况。 第二课:英国历史 教学内容:英国的起源(1066年诺曼征服之前的历史,即英国早期遭受的三次外族入侵):诺曼王朝,金雀花王朝,兰开斯特王朝,约克王朝,都铎王朝,斯图亚特王朝,克伦威尔时期的共和国,复辟时期,光荣革命,工业革命,宪章运动,英帝国的殖民扩张,一战及二战中的英国,战后到八十年代末的英国。 第三课:英国的经济制度和政策 教学内容:了解第二次世界大战后英国经济地位衰落的原因,经济发展的三个阶段的特点以及英国工业、农业等发展的概况。二战后,英国的经济政策经历了一系列的调节。从五六十年代的稳步发展,七十年代的经济衰退,到八十年代的撒切尔夫人的经济政策,英国从战前的日不落帝国变成一个二流强国。英国的工业,农业,外贸政策也将予以详细的说明。 第四课:英国的政治制度和政府机构 教学内容:英国君主立宪政体,由上院与下院组成的英国议会,英国的政党制度,中央政府机构以及地方政府机构。英国君主立宪制的构成,运行,英国的政党制度,行政机构等将在这一章予以详细介绍。 第五课:英国的社会福利制度 教学内容:英国社会的医疗保健制度、社会保障、宗教和节假日的概况。英国是一个福利国家,这一章介绍英国国民保健制度,和各种社会保险。 第六课:英国的社会文化 教学内容:介绍英国的社会文化;了解英国的教育制度、传播媒介、体育、艺术的概况。介绍英国的宗教信仰,节日庆典,文化教育,广播媒体,体育,文艺及娱乐活动。 第二章美国

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英美文化概况简答论述 简答: 1.The Functions of Parliament ① First and foremost, it passes laws. ②provides the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation. ③scrutinize government policy, administration and expenditure and to debate the major issues of the day. ④There are no legal restraints upon Parliament. However, it does not assert its supremacy, but bears the common law in mind and acts according to precedent. Strictly speaking, the Parliament today consists of the Queen, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. 2.George Washington George Washington was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic. He was the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army in the War of Independence against the British colonial rule and the first President of the United States. 3.The Open University The Open University ―founded in the 1960’s for people who might not get the opportunity for higher educarion for economic and social reasons.It’s open to everybody and doesn’t demand the same formal educational qualifications as the other universities. Universities courses are following through TV, correspondence,videos and a net work of study centers. Ath the end of their studies at the Open University, successful students are awarded a university degree. Universities in the UK. 4.The strategy of Preemption In an address delivered to the West Point graduates, President Bush, for the first time, put forward the strategy of preemption(先发制人), which is formalized in the National Security Strategy issued in Sept. 2002. By preemption, the US means that when it determines that a country which is repressive and hostile to the US has acquired or produced weapons of mass destruction(大规模杀伤性武器)or has the potential to possess such weapons, the US should use force to remove this threat to US security and should not wait till the danger becomes imminent or until the Us is attacked. This is known as Bush Doctrine. 5. Comprehensive schools Comprehensive schools are the most popular secondary schools in Britain today. Such schools admit children without reference to their academic abilities and provide a general education. Pupils can study everything from academic subjects like literature to more practical subjects like cooking. 6. The Bill of Rights The Bill of Rights consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791. The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech, the right to assemble in public places, the right to own weapons and so on.

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