2000年考研英语翻译真题精练精讲
2000年考研英语翻译真题精练精讲
一、全真试题
Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community.（71）Under modern conditions，this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.（72）Furthermore，it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry，and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example，they may encourage research in various ways，including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education，or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science，economics any industry，In any case，all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.
（73）Owing to the remarkable development in mass communications，people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas，while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time，the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example，（74）in the early in industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century，whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned.（75）Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors，governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.
二、翻译题解
（71）Under modern conditions, thisrequiresvarying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.
句子拆分：
拆分点参考：标点符号
Under modern conditions, //this requires varying measures of centralized control //and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.
解析：
（1）主干结构是一个带双宾语的简单句：measures of...and hence the help of...皆为require 的宾语。
（2）两个宾语各带有of介词短语作定语。
词的处理：
under modern conditions在现代条件下
varying measures（程度）不同的措施
centralized control中央控制，中央调控
and hence因此，从而
operational research experts运行研究专家，运筹学家
技巧点拨：
（1）代词this作主语的指代的前面的整句话“Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community”（世界各国的政府都认为，人民的福利主要依赖于本国的经济实力和社会财富），这种情况下，可以采用概括的方法，将其译为“这”。
（2）and hence the help of...中hence“从而”是承接and之前的require而来的，即and 连接的是两个并列的宾语，所以翻译的时候，需要增词，翻译成“从而就需要......”。
（3）specialized scientists初步处理为“专门的科学家，专业的科学家”，按照汉语习惯，译为“专家”。
（4）such as economists and operational research experts中operational research experts指的是“操作研究专家，运行研究专家”，更好的翻译方法是用专业术语“运筹专家”；such as...的内容为举例说明，按照汉语语序，翻译到其所修饰的词之前，即“诸如经济学家和运筹学家等（专家）”。
完整译文：
在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的中央控制，从而就需要获得诸如经济学家和运筹学家等领域专家的协助。
（72）Furthermore itisobviousthatthe strength of a country's economyisdirectly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, andthatthis in turnrestsupon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.
句子拆分：
拆分点参考：从属连词，介词短语，标点符号
Furthermore it is obvious // that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, // and that this //in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.
解析：
（1）主干结构是it is obvious that..., and that...，其中it为形式主语，真正的主语为两个that分别引导的主语从句。
（2）两个that从句都是简单的主谓宾结构句。
（3）this指代前面的宾语中心词efficiency。
词的处理：
furthermore再者，另外
it is obvious that显而易见的是
the strength of a country's economy一个国家的经济实力
is directly bound up with与……直接（密切）相关
the efficiency of its agriculture and industry工农业生产效率
in turn反过来
rests upon有赖于，取决于
scientists and technologists of all kinds各种科技人员，所有领域的科学家和技术人员
技巧点拨：
（1）形式主语部分It is obvious that ...可以直接翻译为“显而易见的是......”。
（2）代词its指代的是本划线句中a country的所有格，直接翻译为“其”，意思仍清晰。
（3）两个that主语从句直接翻译，无需调整顺序。
（4）减词法：the efficiency of its agriculture and industry直接翻译为“其工业和农业的生产效率”，根据汉语习惯可以进一步调整为“工农业生产（效）率”。
（5）减词法：scientists and technologists of all kind直接翻译为“各种科学和技术人员”，根据汉语习惯可以进一步调整为“各种科技人员”。
完整译文：
再者，显而易见的是，一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。
（73）Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhereare feelingnew wantsandare being exposedto new customs and ideas,whilegovernmentsare often forcedto introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.
句子拆分：
拆分点参考：并列连词，介词短语，标点符号
Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, // people everywhere are feeling new wants // and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, // while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations //for the reasons given above.
解析：
（1）主干结构是：原因状语Owing to..., people are feeling ... and are being..., while governments are often forced to...句子结构中while是个关键词，表示对比关系，汉语意思是"而"。
（2）第一个主句中有两个现在进行时的并列谓语are feeling... and are being...
（3）第二个主句的谓语是被动语态。
（4）for the reasons given above是第二个主句的原因状语。
词的处理：
owing to因为，由于
mass-communications大众通讯
being exposed to接触到，感受到
customs and ideas习俗和思想
introduce推出，采取，施行
for the reasons given above由于上述原因（介词短语做状语）
技巧点拨：
（1）现在进行时态are feeling... and are being...需要用在汉语译文中有所体现，增加“正，正在，不断”等词汇。
（2）根据被动语态的翻译方法，本句中的被动语态are being exposed to new customs and ideas需要调为主动，而be exposed to“被暴露在......”（to的宾语为具体事物时常用）的意思，也有“接触，接受”（to的宾语为抽象事物时常用）的意思。此处显然选后者，而且符合少用“被”字的习惯。
完整译文：
由于大众通讯的显著发展，所有的人都不断感到有新的需求，并不断接触到新的习俗和思想，由于上述原因，各国政府不得不经常采取更进一步的革新措施。
（74）in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization——with all the far-reaching changes in social patternsthatfollowedwas spreadover nearly a century,whereasnowadays a developing nationmay undergothe same process in a decade or so.
句子拆分：
拆分点参考：标点符号，从属连词
in the early industrialized countries of Europe //the process of industrialization with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns// that followed was spread over nearly a century, //whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.
解析：
（1）主干结构是复合句the process of industrialization...was spread over nearly a century, whereas...连词whereas“而”，表示对比。
（2）破折号中间的短语是附加成分，修饰主语中心词process，其中social patterns后面that followed是一个定语从句。
（3）因为是两个对比句，所以可以根据上下文判断：两个句子的谓语spread over和undergo意思相近，the same process等于the process of industrialization.
词的处理：
industrialized countries工业化国家
the process of industrialization工业化进程，工业化过程
with ...that followed随……而来的，以及
far-reaching changes深刻的变革，影响深远的变化
a developing nation一个发展中国家
undergo经历
in a decade or so在10年左右的时间
技巧点拨：
（1）industrialized为过去分词作定语修饰countries，表示动作已经完成，所以最好翻译为“已经完成工业化的”“已经实现工业化的”。
（2）with......的插入语部分，表示伴随，可以直接翻译为“跟......一起，伴随，以及”。
（3）定语从句that followed修饰changes，较短小，采取前置法，翻译到changes前，即“随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革”。
（4）Was spread over nearly a centry为被动语态，可采用省略“被”字，根据汉语习惯搭配进行词义选择的技巧，翻译为“持续了大约一个世纪”。
（5）本句中的whereas表示前后的对比，直接翻译为“而”即可。
完整译文：
在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家中，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革持续了大约一个世纪之久，而如今一个发展中国家在10年左右（的时间内）就可以完成同样的过程。
（75）Additional social stresses may alsooccurbecause of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.
句子拆分：
拆分点参考：标点符号，从属连词
Additional social stresses may also occur // because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—//themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.
解析：
（1）主干结构是Additional social stresses may also occur because of...简单句+ because of 表示的原因状语。整句翻译应该根据先原因后结果的原则，将主句放在最后。
（2）because of后面有两个宾语the population explosion or problems
（3）名词problems带有现在分词短语作后置定语arising from mass migration movements （4）themselves指前面的名词短语mass migration movements,后面的过去分词短语是themselves的定语。
词的处理：
additional social stresses新的（额外的）社会压力
occur出现，产生
population explosion人口猛增，人口爆炸
arising from由……引起，产生于，来自于
mass migration movements大量人口流动
migration流动，迁移
modern means of transport现代交通工具
means工具，手段，途径
技巧点拨：
（1）additional “额外的，新的，附加的”，根据语境选择词义，“新的”更合适，此词在1993年73题考过。
（2）problems采取增词法将英文的复数概念表达出来，译为“各种问题”“种种问题”。
（3）分词定语采取前置法，翻译到其所修饰的problems之前，即“大量的人口流动所引起的各种问题”。
（4）代词themselves指代的是mass migration movements。
（5）过去分词短语made relatively easy by modern means of transport表被动，修饰themselves，原则上采用前置法，但此处因被动语态的存在，可以将by后面的动作发出者，仍翻译为主语，即“现代交通使大量人口流动变得相对容易”。
完整译文：
由于人口猛增或大量人口流动（现代交通工具使大量人口流动变得相对容易）所引起的各种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。
三、参考译文
世界各国政府都认为，人民的幸福主要依赖于社会的经济实力和财富。（71）在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的中央控制，从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域专家的协助。（72）再者，显而易见的是，一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。这就意味着，各国政府得越来越多地干预这些部门以便提高产量并确保产品会得到最好的利用。例如，政府可以用各种方法来鼓励研究，其中包括建立自己的研究中心;政府可以改革教育结构，或以政府干预来减少自然资源的消费量、开发迄今未被利用的资源;或者政府可以在日益增加的与科学、经济学和工业有关的项目中直接进行协作。无论如何，所有这些政府干预主要有赖于科学方面的咨询和各种类型的科技人才。
（73）由于大众通讯的显著发展，所有的人都不断感到有新的需求，并不断接触到新的
习俗和思想，由于上述原因，各国政府不得不经常采取更进一步的革新措施。而同时，全世界的正常的社会变革速度与过去相比大大加快了。（74）在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家中，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革，持续了大约一世纪之久，而如今一个发展中国家在10年左右就可能完成同样的过程。（75）由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动（现代交通工具使大量人口流动变得相对容易）所引起的各种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。由于这些因素的结果，政府正越来越多地依靠生物学家和社会科学家来安排适当的规划，并付诸实施。