胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记和考研真题详解(意义)【圣才出品】
第5章意义
5.1 复习笔记
本章要点：
1. Meanings of “meaning”
“意义”的意义
2. The referential theory
指称理论
3. Sense relations
涵义关系
4. Component analysis
成分分析
5. Sentence meaning
句子意义
常考考点：
语义学的定义；语义三角说；Leech的七种意义分类；意义种类(传统、功能、语用)；词汇意义关系(同义、反义、下义)；识别各种实例中词与词的意义关系、以及句与句之间的蕴涵、前提、会话含义、同义、不相容、语义矛盾、语义反常等意义关系。用成分分析法分析同义词、反义词，句子意义的区别等。反义词的种类及举例。
本章内容索引：
I. Semantics
II. About Meanings
1. Meaning
2. Connotation
3. Denotation
4. Different types of meaning
(1) Conceptual meaning
(2) Associative meaning
(3) Thematic meaning
5. Contextualism
6. Behaviorism
III. The Referential Theory
1. Definition
2. Semantic Triangle
3. Sense and Reference
4. Sense Relations
(1) Synonymy
(2) Antonymy
(3) Hyponymy
(4) Polysemy
(5) Homonymy
IV. Componential Analysis
V. Sentence Meaning vs. Utterance Meaning
VI. Semantic Relations between Sentences
1. Entailment
2. Presupposition
3. Synonymy
4. Inconsistency
5. Implicature
I. Semantics (语义学)
Semantics is the study of meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular.
语义学是对语言单位，尤其是词和句子的意义的研究。
II. About Meanings (意义)
1. Meaning (意义)
Meaning refers to what a language expresses about the world we live in or any possible or imaginary world.
在语言学中，意义是指语言所表达的关于现实世界或者想象中的世界的想法。
2. Connotation (内涵)
In the philosophers’ usage, opposite to denotation, connotation means the properties of the entity a word denotes.
按照哲学界的用法,内涵和外延相对，指的是一个词所指称的实体的特性。
3. Denotation (外延)
Denotation involves the relationship between a linguistic unit and the non-linguistic entity to which it refers. Thus it is equivalent to referential meaning.
外延涉及语言单位跟非语言实体之间的关系。在这个意义上，它跟指称意义是一样的。【考点：名词解释&辨析——内涵与外延的区别，举例说明】
4. Different types of meaning (recognized by Leech, 1974) (意义的不同类型)
(1) Conceptual meaning (概念意义)
Logical, cognitive, or denotative content.
逻辑的、认知的、外延的内容。
(2) Associative meaning (联想意义)
①Connotative meaning: What is communicated by virtue of what language
refers to.
②Social meaning: What is communicated of the social circumstances of
language use.
③Affective meaning: What is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of
the speaker/writer.
④Reflected meaning: What is communicated through association with
another sense of the same expression.
⑤Collocative meaning: What is communicated through association with
words which tend to occur in the environment of another word.
①内涵意义：通过语言所指所传达的意义。
②社会意义：所传达的关于语言使用的社会环境的意义。
③感情意义：所传达的关于说话人/作者感情、态度方面的意义。
④反射意义：通过同一表达方式的其他意思所传达的意义。
⑤搭配意义：通过词语的常用搭配而传达的意义。
(3) Thematic meaning (主位意义)
What is communicated through which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis. It is the most peripheral meaning since it is determined only by the way words are ordered and the emphasis they each receive.
通过顺序和重音这种组织信息的方式所传达的意义。主位意义是最边缘的意义，因为它只由语序及重音所决定。
【考点：简答——Leech给出的七种意义及地位】
5. Contextualism (语境论)
It is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from, or reduce it to, observable context: the “situational context” and the “linguistic context”. Utterances occur in particular spatiotemporal situations. The main components of the spatiotemporal situation include, apart from the place and time of the utterance, the speaker and the hearer; the actions they are performing at the time;
the various external objects and events which exist in the situation.
The “linguistic context” is sometimes called co-text. It is concerned with the probability of a word’s co-occurrence or collocation with another word, which forms part of the meaning of the word. It is also concerned with the part of text that precedes and follows a particular utterance.
语境论是建立在如下假设之上：意义源于语境，存在于语境。语境有两种：情景语境和上下文。所有的话语都是在特定的时空情景下产生的，除了话语产生的时间地点以外，情景因素还包括说话人和听话人、他们当时的行为以及情景中所存在的物与事。
上下文不仅涉及词与其他词的搭配，这种搭配构成词义的一部分，即搭配意义，它也涉及特定话语的前后部分。
6. Behaviorism (行为主义)
Meaning is the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer”.
行为主义理论把意义定义为说话者说话的环境以及听者的反应。
III. The Referential Theory (指称理论)
1. Definition (定义)
The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the referential theory.
把词语意义跟它所指称或所代表的事物联系起来的理论，叫做指称理论。
胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记和考研真题详解(现代语言学理论与流派)【圣才出品】
第12章现代语言学理论与流派 12.1 复习笔记 本章要点： 1. The Prague School and Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP) 布拉格学派与功能句子观 2. The London School and context of situation 伦敦学派与语境观 3. Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar 韩礼德与系统——功能语法 4. Bloomfield and American Structuralism 布隆菲尔德与美国结构主义 5. Chomsky and Transformational-Generative Grammar 乔姆斯基与转换——生成语法 常考考点： 各流派的代表人物、理论基础、特点、主要观点、重要概念；语言普遍性和人类行为关系等。 本章内容索引：
I. Saussure and modern linguistics II. The Prague School 1. Main points and contribution 2. Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP) 3. Communicative Dynamism (CD) III. The London School 1. Introduction 2. Malinowski’s theories 3. Firth’s theories 4. Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar 5. Systemic grammar and Functional grammar (1) Systemic grammar (2) Functional grammar IV. American Structuralism 1. Introduction 2. Three stages of the development V. Transformational-Generative Grammar 1. Introduction 2. The Innateness Hypothesis 3. Generative Grammar 4. Stage of development of TG Grammar 5. Main features of TG Grammar
胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记和考研真题及典型题详解(第二语言和外语教学)【圣才出品】
第11章第二语言和外语教学 11.1 复习笔记 本章要点： 1. The relation between linguistics and language teaching 语言学与语言教学之间的关系 2. Grammar, input and language learning 语法、输入与语言学习 3. Interlanguage in language teaching 语言教学中的中介语 4. Linguistics and syllabus design 语言学与教学大纲设计 5. Contrastive analysis and error analysis 对比分析与错误分析 6. Corpus linguistics and language teaching 语料库语言学与语言教学 常考考点： 语言学与语言教学的关系；语言学与语言学习；语言学与教学大纲设计；二语学习者的主要障碍；对比分析与错误分析；中介语；语料库语言学与语言教学等。
本章内容索引： I. Definition of Applied Linguistics II. The Relation between Linguistics and Language Teaching III. Linguistics and Language Learning 1. Grammar and Language Learning 2. Input and Language Learning 3. Interlanguage in Language Learning IV. Linguistics and Language T eaching 1. The discourse-based view of language teaching 2. The universal grammar (UG) and language teaching V. Syllabus Design 1. Syllabus and curriculum 2. Theoretical views behind syllabus design 3. Types of syllabus (1) The structural syllabus (2) The situational syllabus (3) The communicative syllabus (4) The task-based syllabus 4. Current trends in syllabus design (1) The co-existence of the old and the new (2) The emphasis on the learning process
胡壮麟《语言学教程》第四版笔记
Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics 1.3 Design features of language The features that define our human languages can be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication. 1.3.1 Arbitrariness Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings. 1.3.2 Duality Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 1.3.3 Creativity Creativity means that language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Recursiveness refers to the rule which can be applied repeatedly without any definite limit. The recursive nature of language provides a theoretical basis for the possibility of creating endless sentences. 1.3.4 Displacement Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of conversation. 加1 Each sound in the language is treated as discrete. 加2 the direct/non-arbitrary/non-symbolic relation between meaning and form. There are resemblances between the language form and what they refer to. That relationship is called icon. Iconicity exists in sounds, lexicons and syntax. It is the motivation between language forms and meanings. It is a relation of resemblance between language form and what they refer to. 1.5 Functions of language As is proposed by Jacobson, language has six functions: 1. Referential: to convey message and information; 2. Poetic: to indulge in language for its own sake; 3. Emotive: to express attitudes, feelings and emotions; 4. Conative: to persuade and influence others through commands and entreaties; 5. Phatic: to establish communion with others; 6. Metalingual: to clear up intentions, words and meanings. three metafunctions: 1. function: to convey new information, to communicate a content that is
语言学重要知识点(胡壮麟版)
Language is a means of verbal communication. It is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 1.Design features of language The features that define our human languages can be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication.Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings.eg.the dog barks wowwow in english but 汪汪汪in chinese.Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.eg.dog-woof(but not w-oo-f)Creativity means that language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Eg. An experiment of bee communication.Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. 3. Origin of language The bow-wow theory In primitive times people imitated the sounds of the animal calls in the wild environment they lived and speech developed from that.The pooh-pooh theory In the hard life of our primitive ancestors, they utter instinctive sounds of pains, anger and joy which gradually developed into language. The “yo-he-ho” theory As primitive people worked together, they produced some rhythmic grunts which gradually developed into chants and then into language. 4.Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It studies not just one language of any one community, but the language of all human beings. 5. Main branches of linguistics ?Phonetics is the study of speech sounds, it includes three main areas: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics. ?Phonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. ?Morphology studies the minimal units of meaning – morphemes and word-formation processes. ?Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences. ?Semantics examines how meaning is encoded in a language. It is concerned with both meanings of words as lexical items and levels of language below the word and above it. ?Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context. It concerned with the way language is used to communicate rather than with the way language is structured. 6.Important distinctions in linguistics 1)Descriptive vs. prescriptive For example, ―Don’t say X.‖ is a prescriptive command; ―People don’t say X.‖ is a descriptive statement. The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are.Lyons 2)Synchronic vs. diachronic A synchronic study takes a fixed instant (usually at present) as its point of observation. Saussure’s diachronic description is the study of a language through the course of its history. E.g. a study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time would be synchronic, and a study of the changes English has undergone since then would be a diachronic study. 3)Langue & parole langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker. parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances). Saussure 4)Competence and performance According to Chomsky,a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called the linguistic competence, and the actual use of language in concrete situations is called performance. Competence 7.consonant is produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some places to divert, impede, or
【免费下载】胡壮麟语言学名词解释总结
胡壮麟语言学名词解释总结 1.design feature: are features that define our human languages,such as arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc. 2.function: the use of language tocommunicate,to think ,https://www.360docs.net/doc/9315109121.html,nguage functions inclucle imformative function,interpersonal function,performative function, emotive function,phatic communion,recreational function and metalingual function. 3.etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.Being etic mans making far too many, as well as behaviously inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case with phonetic vx.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper. 4.emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech communith rather than via qppeal to the investigator’s ingenuith or intuition alone. 5.synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually,but not necessarily,the present),as its point of observation.Most grammars are of this kind. 6.diachronic:study of a language is carried through the course of its history. 7.prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be,https://www.360docs.net/doc/9315109121.html,ying down rules for language use. 8.descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described. 9.arbitrariness: one design feature of human language,which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 10.duality: one design feature of human language,which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary.level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 11.displacement: one design feature of human language,which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present c in time and space,at the moment of communication. 12.phatic communion: one function of human language,which refers to the social interaction of language. 13.metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies. 14.macrolinguistics: the interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology,sociology,ethnograph,science of law and artificial intelligence etc.Branches of macrolinguistics include psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics,et https://www.360docs.net/doc/9315109121.html,petence: language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules. 16.performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation. https://www.360docs.net/doc/9315109121.html,ngue: the linguistic competence of the speaker. 18.parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances). 19.Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speechsounds. 20.Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved..Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation. 21.Voicing: pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel or a voiced consonant) by vibrating the vocal cords. 22.Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;while,the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.
胡壮麟语言学复习及答案
胡壮麟语言学复习及答案 Chapter I In troducti on I.Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1.Lin guistics is gen erally defi ned as the scie ntific study of Ian guage. 2.L in guistics studies particular Ian guage, not Ian guages in gen eral. 3.A scie ntific study of Ian guage is based on what the lin guist thi nks. 4.In the study of lin guistics, hypotheses formed should be based on Ian guage facts and checked aga inst the observed facts. 5.Gen eral li nguistics is gen erally the study of Ian guage as a whole. 6.General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic con cepts, theories, descripti ons, models and methods applicable in any lin guistic study. 7.Phon etics is differe nt from phono logy in that the latter studies the comb in ati ons of the sounds to con vey meaning in com muni cati on. 8.Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meanin gful senten ces. 9.The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology. 10.Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the comb in ati on of morphemes into words and words into senten ces. 11.The study of meaning in Ian guage is known as sema ntics. 12.Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 13.Pragmatics is differe nt from sema ntics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolati on, but in con text. 14.Social cha nges can ofte n bring about Ian guage cha nges. 15.Sociolinguistics is the study of Ianguage in relation to society. 16.Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. 17.Moder n lin guistics is differe nt from traditi onal grammar. 18. A diachronic study of Ianguage is the description of Ianguage at some point in time. 19 Modern linguistics regards the written Ianguage as primary, not the written Ian guage. 20.The disti ncti on betwee n compete nee and performa nee was proposed by F. de Saussure. II.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the
胡壮麟 语言学教程修订版 课堂笔记和讲义精选Chapter (6)
Chapter 6 Language Processing in Mind 6.1 Introduction 1. Language is a mirror of the mind in a deep and significant sense. 2. Language is a product of human intelligence, created a new in each individual by operation that lie far beyond the reach of will or consciousness. 3. Psycholinguistics “proper” can perhaps be glossed as the storage, comprehension, production and acquisition of language in any medium (spoken or written). 4. Psycholinguistics is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological reality of linguistic structures. 5. The differences between psycholinguistics and psychology of language. Psycholinguistics can be defined as the storage, comprehension, production and acquisition of language in any medium (spoken or written). It is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological reality of linguistic structures. On the other hand, the psychology of language deals with more general topics such as the extent to which language shapes thought, and from the psychology of communication, includes non-verbal communication such as gestures and facial expressions. 6. Cognitive psycholinguistics: Cognitive psycholinguistics is concerned above all with making inferences about the content of the human mind. 7. Experimental psycholinguistics: Experimental psycholinguistics is mainly concerned with empirical matters, such as speed of response to a particular word. 6.1.1 Evidence 1. Linguists tend to favor descriptions of spontaneous speech as their main source of evidence, whereas psychologists mostly prefer experimental studies. 2. The subjects of psycholinguistic investigation are normal adults and children on the one hand, and aphasics----people with speech disorders-----on the other. The primary assumption with regard to aphasic patient that a breakdown in some part of language could lead to an understanding of which components might be independent of others. 6.1.2 Current issues 1. Modular theory: Modular theory assumes that the mind is structured into separate modules or components, each governed by its own principles and operating independently of others. 2. Cohort theory: The cohort theory hypothesizes that auditory word recognition begins with the formation of a group of words at the perception of the initial sound and proceeds sound by sound with the cohort of words decreasing as more sounds are perceived. This theory can be expanded to deal with written materials as well. Several experiments have supported this view of word
胡壮麟语言学教程第二章专业术语解释
2. Articulatory phonetics发音语言学: the study of production of speechsounds.研究语言的发生 phonetics声学语言学：is the study of physical properties of speech sounds.研究语音的物质特征 or Auditory phonetics感知语音学或听觉语音学：is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.研究语音的感知 音系学is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages.研究各种语言的语音模式和语音系统 6. IPA国际音标表: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet 变音符:are additional symbols or marks used together with the consonant and vowel symbols to indicate nuances of change in their pronunciation.是与元音或辅音符号结合使用的一些附加符号或记号，用于表示元音或辅音在发音上的微小变化 辅音: are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert,impede,or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.声道紧闭，或声道变窄的程度达到无法 9. Vowl元音:are sound segments produced without such obstruction,so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived.气流可以相对不受阻碍的从口腔或鼻腔中排出 排出，一旦排出就会产生可闻的摩擦，这样发生的音叫辅音 10. Coarticulation协同发音: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are
语言学(胡壮麟)期末总结
名词解释 Sociolinguistics 1.Sociolinguistics: a field that studies the relations between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structure in which the language users live. 2.Linguistic determinism:L may determine our thinking patterns; 3.Linguistic relativity: different languages offer people different ways of expressing the world around 4.standard language:the dominant, or prestigious variety is often called standard variety or standard language/dialect, the variety of language which has the highest status in a community or nation and which is usually based on the speech and writing of educated natives. 5.Social dialect, or sociolect, refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class. 6.Idiolect is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. 7.Register:Varieties of language classified according to use in terms of formality, situation and so on. ; Register: Register, also situational dialect, refers to the language variety appropriate for use in particular speech situations on which degrees of formality depends. 8.Bilingualism: a situation where two languages are used by an individual or a group of speakers since they had regular and continued exposure to more than one language. 9.pidgin: 10.Creole: When a pidgin develops beyond its role as a trade language and becomes the first language of a social community, it becomes a creole. 11.Diglossia: A situation in which two different varieties of the same language are used side by side for two different sets of functions. https://www.360docs.net/doc/9315109121.html,nguage planning means that certain authorities, such as the government choose, a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries. 13. A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds. 14.Speech variety refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers. Pragmatics 1.Pragmatics: the study of language in use, meaning in context, speaker’s meaning, utterance meaning, contextual meaning. 2.Speech acts: actions performed via utterances, such as apology, complaint, compliment, invitation… 3.Constatives: utterances which roughly serves to state a fact, report that something is the case, or describe what something is. They are usually verifiable. 4.Performatives: utterances which are used to perform acts, do not describe or report anything at all; they cannot be said to be true or false. 5. A locutionary act (发话行为) : the act of saying something, the literal meaning of the utterance. 6.An illocutionary act （行事行为）: the extra meaning of the utterance produced on the basis of its literal meaning, an act performed in saying something. 7.illocutionary force: meaning is used in a narrow sense and is the more constant, inherent side of meaning whereas force is equivalent to speaker’s meaning, contextual meaning, or extra meaning(言外之意).