考研英语阅读理解标准90篇+提高30篇unit-10

Unit 10

Pleasure comes through toil.

苦尽甘来。

P art A

Directions：Read the following texts. Answer the questions blow each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or [D].

T ext 1

Ash Upadhyaya is no tree hugger. Y et he has spent the past two years studying environmentally sustainable business at the Stanford Graduate School of Business. “Am I really driven to do this by my values? The honest answer is no,” says Upadhyaya, who wants to work for a private-equity fund when he graduates in June. “It just makes good business sense to be sustainable.”

Environmentalists and capitalists have typically eyed each other with suspicion, even disdain.

A new breed of M.B.A. students thinks it’s possible to make a bunch of green by going green. For some, studying sustainable business practices just gives them a competitive edge. For others, it’s a fresh way of thinking about business. These eco-M. B. A. s talk about the “triple bottom line” —people, planet, profit. Thousands are joining Net Impact, a networking group for business leaders interested i n societal problems.

Slowly, business schools are catching up. “This is all student-driven,” says Stanford B-school professor Erica Plambeck. Seven years ago she offered the first environmental elective at the business school. Today Stanford ranks No. 1 on the Aspen Institute’s 2007 “Beyond Grey Pinstripes” report, w hich rates how business schools integrate social and environmental responsibility into their curricula.

Mainstream schools weren’t changing fast enough for green-business icon Hunter Lovins. The book she coauthored in 1999, “Natural Capitalism,” has become the textbook for sustainable management. In it, she argues that companies don’t factor the environment into their spreadsheets. “We treat it as if it has a value of zero, and that’s bad capitalism,” she says. Business leaders needed to start thinking differently. So in 2003 Lovins helped found Presidio School of Management in San Francisco, where climate change permeates every part of the curriculum.

Critics say such boutique business schools themselves are unsustainable. But Green M. B. A. s insist they learn traditional skills while fostering unconventional business values. For the final project in accounting at Presidio, students analyze both a company’s finances and its CSR (corporate social responsibility). One group gave United Parcel Service credit for mapping routes

so drivers can avoid gas-wasting left turns. Green M. B. A. s take macroeconomics, but it includes the emerging field of “ecological economics.” The cases they study examine companies like Clif Bar, which makes organic energy snacks.

But it’s the atmosphere at Presidio that makes it so different from Harvard. For Presidio student Taja di Leonardi, it was never for the money. A nature lover, she wanted to go to business school without feeling as if she was selling her soul. At Presidio, her quest to design her own green kitchen grew into a business plan for something she called Ecohome Improvement. Since Ecohome Improvement opened in 2005, di Leonardi has doubled the store’s square footage, increased her staff from one to 10 and seen a 200 percent increase in revenues. Soul intact, she is cashing in.

1. Why is Ash Upadhyaya interested in environmentally sustainable business?

[A] He is an activist in environmental protection.

[B] He believes environmental issues are important to businesses.

[C] He has just taken a course at Stanford Graduate School of Business.

[D] Upon graduation he wants to work for a fund for green causes.

2. The new breed of M.B.A. students believe

[A] profit cannot be made by sacrificing the environment.

[B] environmental knowledge is important to business school students.

[C] social issues are closely related to environmental issues.

[D] businesses can make money by going green.

3. Which of the following is true according to the text?

[A] Net Impact is a group interested in how the Net affects businesses.

[B] Mainstream schools still resist offering environmental courses.

[C] Hunter Lovins is an M. B. A. teacher as well as a business person.

[D] Stanford B-school is the first to offer related environmental courses.

4. The students at Presidio

[A] accomplish their research projects at related businesses.

[B] can choose whatever courses they like to take.

[C] take environmental factors into account in their research.

[D] turn away from traditional skills to unconventional business practices.

5. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that

[A] di Leonardi has made a fortune from her environment friendly project.

[B] di Leonardi has to pay a price for her environment friendly project.

[C] di Leonardi has met great difficulty in keeping her business sustainable.

[D] di Leonardi would have made more money if she had sold her soul.

T ext 2

Genius is something that is difficult to measure quantitatively, since it is a unique quality, although most of us can recognize genius when we see it or hear it. By contrast, intelligence is possibly easier to quantify and like genius is a polygenic character that can be molded by the environment. But in the particular case we would like to know how much is contributed by heredity and how much by the environment, since it has important social and educational implications.

In an attempt to resolve the relative contributions made by heredity on the one hand and the environment on the other, human geneticists have turned to studies of twins. Twins are of two kinds: dizygotic twins and monozygotic twins, who are always the same sex and often so alike that it is difficult to tell them apart. Dizygotic twins arise from two separate eggs fertilized by two spermatozoa, the two fertilizations occurring very close together in time. Monozygotic twins, on the other hand, arise from the same fertilized egg, which separates into two at an early stage in cleavage, so that each part develops into two separate embryos which are genetically identical.

How could monozygotic and dizygotic twins be used to determine the relative contributions made to the human phenotype by heredity and environment, given the ethical and other constraints associated with experiments on human beings?

Measurement could be made on both monozygotic and dizygotic twins. One would expect that there might be a higher degree of similarity in all characters measured for monozygotic twins, because they have the same genotype, provided that they are brought up in similar environments. Dizygotic twins do not show such a strong similarity since they have different genotypes, even if they come from the same environment.

To measure the effect of differences in the environment，one would measure the same characters in monozygotic twins which by circumstance have been separated at birth, and then reared with different families in different social conditions.

Intelligence is a quantitative trait, which does have a genetic component, but we should not assume that it has a single dimension of expression. There are severe limitations in measuring intelligence by a linear scale ranging from dull to bright, since individuals differ greatly in their genotypes. Any number of gene combinations may predispose an individual to, say, musical genius, or to painting, or to designing computer programs, or to sagacity for hunting and surviving in Arctic. The possession of any one of these abilities may or may not be associated with another. Moreover, the same genotype may be expressed in markedly different ways in markedly different environments. For example, intelligence quotient test scores vary considerably with nutritional state, illness and disease, educational, social and economic levels.

Indeed, people who believe they can estimate genetic and environmental contributions to differences in intelligence between races are statistically naive.

6. The scientists study twins in order to

[A] measure if their intelligence can be molded by environment.

[B] tell the differences between dizygotic and monozygotic twins.

[C] search for the important social and educational implications behind them.

[D] find out the contributions of heredity and the environment to intelligence.

7.The word “cleavage”(Line 11, Para. 2) probably means

[A] whole [B] growth

[C] area [D] division

8. Dizygotic twins reared in similar environment may behave differently because

[A] they have the same genes.

[B] they develop from separate embryos.

[C] they have different genotypes.

[D] they receive different education.

9. T o tell the environment’s effect on intelligence, scientists would study

[A] dizygotic twins.

[B] monogotic twins.

[C] twins of the both kinds.

[D] as more twins as possible.

10. What might be the author’s attitude toward IQ test?

[A] It is applicable as intelligence can be measured quantitatively.

[B] It is scientific because intelligence is decided mainly by genes.

[C] It has restrictions to measure intelligence by a signal dimension.

[D] It has no scientific support and should be abandoned.

T ext 3

The energy crisis, which is being felt around the world, has dramatized how the careless use of the earth’s resources has brought the whol e world to the brink of disaster. The over-development of motor transport, with its increase of more cars, more highways, more pollution, more suburbs, more commuting, has contributed to the near-destruction of our cities, the breakup of the family, and th e pollution not only of local air, but also of the earth’s atmosphere. The disaster has arrived in the form of the energy crisis.

Our present situation is unlike war, revolution or depression. It is also unlike the great natural disasters of the past. Worldwide resources exploitation and energy use have brought us to a state where long range planning is essential. What we need is not a continuation of our present serious state, which endangers the future of our country, our children and our earth, but a movement forward to a new norm in order to work rapidly and effectively on planetary problems.

This country has been falling back under the continuing exposures to loss of morality and the revelation that lawbreaking has reached into the highest places in the land. There is a strong demand for moral revival and for some devotion that is vast enough and yet personal enough to enlist the devotion of all. In the past it has been only in a war in defense of their own country and their own ideals that any people have been able to devote themselves whole heartedly.

This is the first time that we have been asked to defend ourselves and what we hold dear in cooperation with all the other inhabitants of this planet, who share with us the same endangered air and the same endangered oceans. There is a common need to reassess our present course, to change that course, and to devise new methods through which the world can survive. This is a priceless opportunity.

To grasp it, we need a widespread understanding of the nature of the crisis confronting us and the world, a crisis that is no passing inconvenience, no byproduct of the ambitions of the oil producing countries, no environmentalists mere fears, no byproduct of any present system of government. What we face is the outcome of the invention of the last four hundred years. What we need is a transformed lifestyle. The acceptance of this life style depends on a sincere devotion to finding a higher quality of life for the world’s children and future generations.

11. Which of the following is the most suitable title for this passage?

[A] Energy Crisis [B] Environmental Pollution

[C] Loss of Morality [D] Over-development of Motor Transport

12. According to the first paragraph, what condition has nearly destroyed our cities?

[A] Lack of financial planning.[B] The breakup of the family.

[C] Natural disasters in many regions. [D] The excessive growth of motor transportation.

13. According to the passage, an example of our loss of morality is

[A] lack of cooperation. [B] lack of devotion.

[C] disregard for law. [D] exploitation of resources.

14. “The highest places in the land” in the third paragraph most probably refers to

[A] mountainous areas in the countries. [B] national government offices.

[C] high positions in the business. [D] core of crime organizations.

15. The purpose of the author in writing this passage is to

[A] describe seriousness of the energy crisis.

[B] reveal the loss of morality in many people.

[C] call for more devotion to a common cause of mankind.

[D] warn of the immediate dangers of the energy crisis.

T ext 4

Until the end of the 18th century it was men who lavished attention on their feet. Louis XIV wore high-heeled mules to show off his shapely legs; his courtiers adorned their figures and feet with feathers, pink silk, lace, and jewels; even in colonial American, men fussed with their wigs and the bows and buttons on their shoes. The end of that foppery, called “the great renunciation” by historians, coincided with an epochal shift in politics and society, toward democracy, industry, and reason, away from the aristocracy with its affectations that spoke of rank, parasitism and, to the modern eyes, effeminacy.

Women’s fashion is now, some believe, at the turning point of similar magnitude, coinciding with the equally dramatic social transformation of the past several decades. The change has been slow: a century-long move away from the padding, corseting, and decoration that made a woman into a kind of ornate bauble and displayed her family’s wealth, and toward the clean, sleek modern lines first introduced with the suffrage movement. But the shift has accelerated in recent years, thanks to changes in the technology and business of fashion.“The use by top designers of ‘weird, fabulous, unrecognizable synthetics’”says Hollander, “has ruined the status of certain fabrics, like linen, which has had a leveling effect for the sexes and for the classes.”And the emergence of chains like Club Monaco means that “forward-looking style is disseminated very fast and very cheaply”, according to V alerise Steele, a historian and curator of “Shoes: A Lexicon of Style”,an exhibition now on view at New Y ork’s Fashion Institute of Technology. Such store have succeeded, she believes, because“there’s substantial group of people with a sophisticated eye for design”who are eager for an affordable version of what was once thought to be “dog-whistle fashion”, pitched so high that only a few would get it.

Against that background, the shoes at FIT look like fashion’s last gasp. The exhibit begins with the most symbolically loaded of women’s shoes: high heels, which Steele calls“a prime symbol of women’s sexual power over men.”That same defiance of feminine expectations is visible throughout the FIT show: in the boot, for instance, with its connotations of machismo and military power, or the androgynous oxford, made girlish with a big chunky heel. The show ends, fittingly, with the sneakers. No longer simply a downscale kidswear item, the big, brilliantly colored, high-tech sneaker has become one of the today’s most dramatic fashion statement, asserting street hip and futuristic velocity. Maybe shoes aren’t so indifferent to the changes in modern lives, after all.

16. The end of men’s lavish attention to fashion marked

[A] great political and social changes.

[B] the status of the aristocracy.

[C] the changes of the social ranks.

[D] the great renunciation of the fashion.

17. Women in last century adorned themselves in an elaborate way to

[A] display their importance in society.

[B] announce their quality as woman.

[C] show their families’ wealth.

[D] challenge men’s position in society.

18. The clean and neatly-tailored modern fashion appeared with

[A] the industrialization.

[B] the establishment of democracy.

[C] the emergence of chain stores.

[D] the suffrage movement.

19. What helps to speed up the popularity of modern fashion?

[A] Changes in the technology and business practice.

[B] The use of synthetics instead of linen.

[C] The emergence of chain stores like Club Monaco.

[D] The consumers’ sophisticated eyes for design.

20. The FIT shoes exhibition

[A] popularized the lexicon of shoe style.

[B] pitched so high that only a few could appreciate it.

[C] expressed a defiance of feminine expectations.

[D] showed women’s sexual power over men.

Part B

Directions: You are going to read a list of headings and a text about What Makes a Good Manager. Choose the most suitable heading from the list [A]-[F] for each numbered paragraph (21-25). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.

[A] Like people and be good at communicating

[B] Hire carefully and be willing to fire

[C] Set reasonable aims and arrangement for employees

[D] Don’t make the same decision twice

[E] Define success for employees

[F] Create a productive circumstance

Recently I wrote about some qualities of a good employee, which prompted quite a few people to ask about the attributes of a good manager. There isn’t magic formula for good management, of course, but if you’re a manager, perhaps these tips will help you be more effective.

21.

Y ou need a strong team, because a mediocre team gives mediocre results, no matter how well

managed it is. One common mistake is holding onto somebody who doesn’t quite measure up. It’s easy to keep this person on the job because he’s not terrible at what he does. But a good manager will replace him or move him to a set of responsibilities where he can succeed unambiguously.

22.

This is a particular challenge because it requires different approaches depending on the context. Sometimes you maximize productivity by giving everybody his or her own office. Sometimes you achieve it by moving everybody into open space. Sometimes you use financial incentives to stimulate productivity. A combination of approaches is usually required. One element that almost always increases productivity is providing an information system that empowers employees.

23.

Make it clear to your employees what constitutes success and how they should measure their achievements. Goals must be realistic. Unachievable goals undermine an organization. At my company, in addition to regular team meetings and one–on-one sessions between managers and employees, we use mass gatherings periodically and E-mail routinely to communicate what we expect from employees. If a reviewer or customer chooses another company’s product over ours, we analyze the situation carefully. We say to our people, “The next time around we’ve got to win. What will it take? What’s needed?”

24.

This is hard to fake. If you don’t genuinely enjoy interacting with people, it’ll be hard to manage them well. Y ou must have a wide range of personal contacts within your organization. Y ou need relationships —not necessarily personal friendships —with a fair number of people, including your own employees. Y ou must encourage these people to tell you what’s going on (good or bad) and give you feedback about what people are thinking about the company and your role in it.

25.

Spend the time and thought to make a solid decision the first time so that you don’t revise the issue unnecessarily. If you’re too willing to reopen issues, it interferes not only with your execution but also with your motivation to make a decision in the first place. After all why bother deciding an issue if it isn’t really decided? People hate indec isive leadership so you have to make choices. However, that doesn’t mean you have to decide everything the moment it comes to your attention. Nor that you can’t ever reconsider a decision.

I don’t pretend that these are the only these approaches a manager should keep in mind, or even that they’re the most important ones. There are lots of others. Just a month ago, for example, I encouraged leaders to demand bad news before good news from their employees. But these ideas may help you manage well, and I hope they do.

Part C

Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.

Insomnia—the night disease—has many causes. We all know some of them, the more obvious physical problems such as a toothache, indigestion or a feverish illness. 26)Many of us, too, know the consequences of excessive drinking or smoking, which can upset the body’s

rhythms, leaving the brain active even when physical exhaustion has set in.

But true insomnia—a prolonged inability to sleep or, to enjoy uninterrupted restful sleep — is much less common than we generally suppose. It has been widely twisted as what you have when you lie awake an hour for all night. Nevertheless, it certainly exists.

The most common causes are emotional: anxiety, stress, depression, overwork, worry. The trouble here is that causes become confused with effects. Emotional upsets can initiate lack of sleep; lack of sleep can increase the upsets. 27)In the worst cases, the bedroom and the bed, indeed bedtime itself, become associated with sleeplessness, creating a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Temporary sleeplessness caused by short-term worries such as moving house or problems at work is self-limiting and usually goes of its own accord. 28)But long-term difficulties such as unemployment, serious illness in family or big emotional changes, not readily resolved, can cause insomnia that is so ingrained that it persists even after the crisis is over. The prime cause of the victim’s anxiety goes, but anxiety—about the insomnia—remains. The insomnia fuels itself.

29)According to professor Ian Oswald, patients who say they have hardly slept a moment for

a month or that they always take hours to fall asleep are wrong. Monitoring by electronic equipment has proved that they are usually asleep within 20 minutes and that sleep for six hours. Y et, he admit, “They are not mere complainers. The expert can say how long someone sleeps, but not how restorative their sleep has been. The patient maintains something is wrong; the expert cannot say he or she doesn’t tell the truth—especially as those who complain of chronic sleeplessness have a death rate 1.3 times higher than normal.”

However, in almost all other cases insomnia is a kind of illusive condition—the triumph of mind over bed. 30)“It is a perceived rather than an actually difference in the quality of sleep between the satisfied and the unsatisfied sleeper,” says Dr. Peter Look.

题点拨与全文翻译

Part A

T ext 1

语境词汇

1.sustainable a.可持续的；足可支撑的

2.private-equity n.私募股权

3.disdain n.轻蔑v.蔑视；鄙弃

4.catch up 赶上

5.elective n.选修课程a.随意选择的

6.mainstream n.主流

7.icon n.偶像；圣像

8.spreadsheet n.财务报表，空白表格程序

9.ecological a.生态学的；社会生态学的

10.revenue n.收入；税收

难句突破

1. “Am I really driven to do this by my values? The honest answer is no,” says Upadhyaya, (who wants to work for a private-equity fund [when he graduates in June.])

【分析】复合句，主句的宾语是直接引语。who引导的非限制性定语从句修饰Upadhyaya，

其中when引导时间状语从句。

【译文】Upadhyaya想六月份毕业后任职于一家私募股权基金，他说：“是不是我的价值观促使我这样做的呢?坦率地说，不是。”

2.[Today] S tanford ranks No. 1 [on the Aspen Institute’s 2007 “Beyond Grey Pinstripes” report], (which rates how business schools integrate social and environmental responsibility into their curricula.)

【分析】复合句。本句的主干结构是Stanford ranks No. 1，on…介词短语作状语。which引导的非限制性定语修饰report，其中又包含how引导的宾语从句。

【译文】今天，斯坦福大学在阿斯本研究机构2007年“超越灰色地带”报告排名中名列榜首，该报告评估商学院如何将社会责任和环境责任结合到它们的课程体系中。

本文讲述了环保型可持续性商务问题。第一段以Ash Upadhyaya为例说明，即使不是环保积极分子，也因为利益原因而学习环保型可持续性商务；第二段陈述了新一代工商管理硕士的观点；第三段介绍了斯坦福大学商学院在环保方面的成绩；第四、五、六段讲了普雷西迪奥管理学院在环保型可持续性商务方面的独特做法。

Text 2

语境词汇

1.mold vt.塑造，影响n.模型

2.heredity n.遗传

3.cleavage n.分裂，开裂

4 .embryo n.胚，胚胎

5.phenotype n.表现型

6.constraint n.限制因素

7.genotype n.基因型

8.rear v.养育，培养n.后部，背面

9.dimension n.尺寸；方面，特点

10.linear a.直线的，线性的

11.predispose v.使预先有倾向

12.sagacity n.聪慧，精明

难句突破

1．How could monozygotic and dizygotic twins be used to determine the relative contributions (made to the human phenotype by heredity and environment), [given the ethical and other constraints associated with experiments on human beings?]

【分析】简单句。句子主干为：How could monozygotic and dizygotic twins be used to determine the relative contributions ...；made ...为过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰contributions；此句中given的功能相当于介词，表示“考虑到；假设”；associated ...为过去分词短语作constraints 的后置定语。

【译文】考虑到与人类实验相关的伦理和其他限制因素，如何利用异卵双胞胎和同卵双胞胎研究遗传和环境对于人类表现型起到的相关作用呢？

2．Intelligence is (a quantitative) trait, (which does have a genetic component), but we should not assume that it has a single dimension of expression.

【分析】并列复合句。由but连接的并列句；but之前包含由which引导的定语从句；but之后that引导宾语从句，修饰assume。

【译文】智力是一种量化的特性，其中具有遗传的成分，但是我们不能够假定它有一种单一的表达尺度。

本文是一篇“观点证明型”论述文。主要论述了遗传和环境对人类智力的影响。第一段指出了解遗传和环境对智力造成的影响具有非常重要的意义。第二、三、四、五段介绍了科学家们为了探索遗传和环境因素对于人的发展产生的影响而对双胞胎进行的研究。第六、七段得出结论：能估算出遗传和环境因素对不同人种智商影响的人士非常幼稚的。

T ext 3

语境词汇

1.dramatize v. 使戏剧化；戏剧性地描述；改编为剧本；生动地表达;

2. suburb n. 市郊, 边缘, 郊区

3. commute v. 通勤；代偿；替代；交换

4. exploit v. 开拓；开采；开发

5. morality n. 道德, 品行, 教训

6. revelation n. 显示, 被揭露的事, 揭露

7. inhabitant n. 居民；居住者

8. widespread adj. 分布广泛的, 普遍的

9. confront v. 使面对, 遭遇, 对抗

10.ambition n. 志气, 抱负, 野心

难句突破

1.The over-development of motor transport, [with its increase of more cars, more highways,

more pollution, more suburbs, more commuting], has contributed to the near-destruction of our cities, the breakup of the family, and the pollution not only of local air, but also of the earth’s atmosphere.

【分析】简单句。With引导的复合结构作主语的伴随状语，宾语为几个并列的名词短语。

句子框架为：the over-development of motor transport...has contributed to...。

【译文】过分发展的汽车运输，以及它所带动的小汽车数量的增加，高速公路的增加，污染的增加，郊区的增加和上下班往返时间的增加，都加剧了城市的濒临崩溃、家庭的破裂以及不仅仅是局部，而是整个地球的大气的污染。

2.[To grasp it], we need a widespread understanding (of the nature of the crisis (confronting us

and the world)), a crisis{that is no passing inconvenience, no byproduct of the ambitions of the oil producing countries, no environmentalists’ mere fears, no byproduct of any present system of government.}

【分析】复合句。主句为We need a … understanding，后一个crisis是对前一个crisis的进一步补充说明，that引导的同位语从句修饰后一个crisis，that在从句中做主语。

【译文】要抓住这个机会，我们就需要对我们以及我们的地球所面临的危机的性质的有一个广泛理解。这场危机不是交通不便引起的，不是石油出产国野心的副产品，不是环保主义者的担心，不是政府现存系统的副产品。

本文是一篇“现象解释型”文章。文章开头摆出世界上到处都能感受到能源危机这一现象，紧接着第二、三、四段阐述了我们所面临的危机的严重性以及需要采取的措施。

最后一段则总结了危机的性质及我们要改变危机所需要采取的态度。

Text 4

语境词汇

1.adorn v.装饰；使增加美观，使生色

2.fuss v.忙乱，大惊小怪n.忙乱，大惊小怪

3.epochal a.划时代的，开创新纪元的

4.renunciation n. 抛弃，放弃

5.effeminavy n.女人气，娇气

6.magnitude n.重要性；大小；高度；等级

7.disseminate v.散布，传播

8.gasp n.喘气，喘息；挣扎vi.喘气，喘息vt.喘着气说出(或发出)

9.defiance n.蔑视，轻视；挑衅，挑战

10.futuristic a.未来派的

难句突破

1.The end(of that foppery), (called“the great renunciation”by historians), coincided with an

epochal shift (in politics and society), (toward democracy, industry, and reason, away from the aristocracy with its affections (that spoke of rank, parasitism and, to the modern eyes, effeminacy)).

【分析】复合句。本句的句子主干为The end of that foppery...coincided with an epochal shift...；介词toward短语和形容词短语away from所引导的词组作名词shift 的定语；最后的that 引导定语从句修饰名词affections.

【译文】被历史学家们称之为“大抛弃”的纨绔习气的终结发生在整个社会和政治向民主社会、工业社会和理性时代转型的时期，这是一个划时代的转折，因为它远离了贵族政治及其所代表的等级制度、寄生行为以及现代人所认为的那种贵族的娇弱习气。

2．The change has been slow: {a century-long move away from the padding, corseting, and decoration (that made a woman into a kind of ornate bauble and displayed her family’s wealth), and toward the clean, sleek modern lines first introduced with the suffrage movement}.

【分析】复合句。本句的句子主干为The change has been slow，冒号表示后面的句子与前面的句子构成解释关系,作主语change的同位语；that引导定语从句修饰前面的名词decoration；away from 引导的词组和toward 引导的词组共同作名词move 的定语。【译文】这个变化进行得非常慢：在一个世纪中，服装慢慢远离了衬垫、束胸和那些将妇女打扮得花枝招展，用以炫耀自己家族财富的装饰，朝着选举权运动以后所出现的简洁、流线型风格发展。

3．Such store have succeeded, she believes, [because “there’s substantial group of people with a sophisticated eye for design”(who are eager for an affordable version of what was once thought to be“dog-whistle fashion”, pitched so high that only a few would get it)].

【分析】复合句。本句的主干为Such store have succeeded；she believes此处为插入语；because 引导了原因状语从句；在原因状语从句中，句子的主干为there be 句型，其中who 引导的定语从句其先行词为people，在这个定语从句中分词pitched…作定语修饰名词短语“dog-whistle fashion”。

【译文】她认为，这些连锁店之所以非常成功，是因为“有相当一部分对服装设计有着不同鉴赏品味的人”，他们渴望那些一度高高在上、只有少数人才能够买得起的所谓“贵族服装”有其平民版本，使得他们都能够买得起。

本文是一篇“现象解释型”议论文。文章主要介绍了服饰随着社会变迁而变化的现象。第一段介绍了18世纪末这一时代转型时期，男士们的服饰变化情况；第二段介绍了伴随着社会的重大转变，现代时装界出现的巨大变化；第三段通过介绍服装技术学院的鞋展来说明鞋子也随着社会的变化而变化。

Part B

语境词汇

1.formula n.公式，方程式；原则，方案；配方

2.mediocre a.不太好的，平庸的，第二流的

3.unambiguously adv.明白地，不含糊地

4. incentive n.诱因；动机

5.routinely adv.例行公事地

6.feedback n.反馈，反馈信息

7.execution n.实行，执行；演奏，技巧

8.indecisive a.优柔寡断的，不果断的；非决定性的

难句突破

1. There isn ’t magic formula (for good management), of course, but [if you ’re a manager], perhaps these tips will help you be more effective.

【分析】并列复合句。but 连接两个转折关系的并列分句：第一个分句为there be 句式；第二个分句中又包含一个if 引导的条件状语从句。

【译文】当然，成为一名优秀的经理并没有神奇公式可以遵循，但如果你是一名经理的话，下面的方法将会帮助你提高效率。

2. I don ’t pretend that these are the only these approaches (a manager should keep in mind), or even that they ’re the most important ones.

【分析】复合句。or 连接两个并列的that 从句，两个从句均作pretend 的宾语；在第一个

that 从句中又包含一个省略了关系词which 或that 的定语从句，修饰these approaches 。

【译文】我并不认为这些是要牢记在心的成就一名好经理的仅有的方法，或者自称这些是最重要的因素。

本文是一篇“信息传播型”论述文。文章围绕主题“What Makes a Good Manager ”介绍了如何成为一名优秀经理的方法。第一段作者明确提出写作目的：介绍几种帮助经理们提高效率的方法；第二到第六段分别从五个方面进行论述帮助经理提高效率的五个方面；第七段再次点题：希望所提观点你可以帮助经理们进行出色的管理。

Part C

语境词汇

1.insomnia n.失眠症

2.indigestion n.消化不良

3.rhythm n.节奏，韵律

4.prophecy n.预言

5.ingrain v.使根深蒂固

6.restorative a.有恢复作用的，促进健康恢复的

7.chronic a. (疾病)慢性的；(人)久病的；长久的，不断的

8.illusive a.幻觉的，虚假的