Hardband & Its Role In Deepwater Drilling(耐磨带在深海钻井中的作用)
&RS\ULJKW 63( ,$'& 'ULOOLQJ &RQIHUHQFH
7KLV SDSHU ZDV SUHSDUHG IRU SUHVHQWDWLRQ DW WKH 63( ,$'& 'ULOOLQJ &RQIHUHQFH KHOG LQ $PVWHUGDP +ROODQG ± 0DUFK
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
$EVWUDFW
+DUGEDQGLQJ RI GULOO SLSH WRRO MRLQWV DQG RWKHU GULOOLQJ HTXLS PHQW KDV EHHQ DURXQG VLQFH WKH ODWH V 2ULJLQDOO\ KDUG EDQGLQJ ZDV DSSOLHG SULPDULO\ WR SURWHFW WKH GULOO SLSH DQG RWKHU WRROV IURP SUHPDWXUH DEUDVLYH ZHDU 6LQFH WKDW WLPH WKHUH KDYH QXPHURXV FKDQJHV LQ KDUGEDQGLQJ DQG LWV DSSOLFD WLRQ EXW RQO\ ZLWKLQ WKH ODVW IHZ \HDUV KDV QHZ WHFKQRORJ\ EHHQ LQWURGXFHG WKDW DOORZV KDUGEDQGLQJ WR SURWHFW WKH FDVLQJ WKH PDULQH ULVHU DQG WKH GULOO SLSH DW WKH VDPH WLPH
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
7KH SURSHU KDUGEDQGLQJ ZLWK WKH ULJKW DSSOLFDWLRQ FDQ S6XEVWDQWLDOO\ LQFUHDVH WKH WRRO MRLQW ZHDU OLIH
S*UHDWO\ UHGXFH FDVLQJ ZHDU FDXVHG E\ WKH GULOO VWULQJ S6XEVWDQWLDOO\ UHGXFH GRZQKROH GUDJ DQG WRUTXH
S5HGXFH ULJ IXHO FRQVXPSWLRQ
S$OORZ RSHUDWRUV WR UXQ OLJKWHU ZHLJKW DQG JUDGH FDVLQJ ,QWURGXFWLRQ
2YHU WKH SDVW \HDUV KDUGEDQGLQJ KDV EHHQ UHVSRQVLEOH IRU PDQ\ FDVLQJ IDLOXUHV FRVWLQJ RSHUDWRUV OLWHUDOO\ PLOOLRQV RI GROODUV LQ UHSDLUV VLGHWUDFNV HYHQ ZHOO DEDQGRQPHQW ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKLV LW FRVW WKH GULOOLQJ FRQWUDFWRUV HTXDOO\ DV PXFK LQ GULOO VWULQJ DQG PDULQH ULVHU UHSDLU DQG RU UHSODFH PHQW $ORQJ ZLWK WKH QHHG WR GULOO PRUH FULWLFDO ZHOOV VXFK
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
+LVWRU\
:KHQ KDUGEDQGLQJ ZDV GHYHORSHG LQ WKH ODWH V LW ZDV SULPDULO\ XVHG WR SURWHFW WKH GULOO SLSH WRRO MRLQWV IURP UDSLG DEUDVLYH ZHDU LQ RSHQ KROH GULOOLQJ 7KLV KDUG EDQGLQJ FRQVLVWHG RI D PLOG VWHHO PDWUL[ ZLWK VLQWHUHG WXQJVWHQ FDUELGH SDUWLFOHV GURSSHG LQWR WKH PROWHQ ZHOG SXGGOH GXULQJ WKH KDUGEDQGLQJ DSSOLFDWLRQ SURFHVV ,W ZDV
DSSOLHG LQ D UDLVHG RU SURXG FRQGLWLRQ WR SUHYHQW WKH WRRO
63( ,$'&
+DUGEDQGLQJ $QG ,WV 5ROH LQ 'HHSZDWHU 'ULOOLQJ -RKQ * 0REOH\
-2+1 * 02%/(<63( ,$'&
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￥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￥KDUGEDQGLQJ 7KLV FRQVLVWHG RI PDFKLQLQJ DQ HYHQ GHHSHU JURRYH LQWR WKH WRRO MRLQW ERG\ DSSO\LQJ RQH OD\HU RI WXQJVWHQ FDUELGH KDUGEDQGLQJ DW WKH ERWWRP RI WKH JURRYH DQG WKHQ DSSO\LQJ D OD\HU RI PLOG VWHHO RQ WRS RI WKH WXQJV WHQ FDUELGH IOXVK ZLWK WKH WRRO MRLQW 2 ' 7KLV LQ WXUQ SUHYHQWHG WKH WXQJVWHQ FDUELGH SDUWLFOHV IURP PDNLQJ GLUHFW FRQWDFW ZLWK WKH FDVLQJ ZDOO 7KDW ZDV XQWLO VXFK WLPH DV D ODUJH SRUWLRQ RI WKH WRRO MRLQW 2 ' ZDV ZRUQ DZD\ DQG WKH WXQJVWHQ FDUELGH ZDV ILQDOO\ H[SRVHG
:KHQ RSHUDWRUV FRQWLQXHG WR H[SHULHQFH FDVLQJ IDLOXUHV WKH\ GHFLGHG WR GLVFRQWLQXH WKH XVH RI KDUGEDQG LQJ DOWRJHWKHU DQG XVH RQO\ GULOO SLSH WKDW QR KDUGEDQGLQJ RQ WKH WRRO MRLQWV ,W ZDV WKHQ WKDW WKH SUREOHPV VHHP WR EH FRPSRXQGHG 1RZ WR JR DORQJ ZLWK FDVLQJ ZHDU RSHUDWRUV ZHUH UHTXLUHG WR UHSDLU RU UHSODFH WKH GULOOLQJ FRQWUDWRU V GULOO VWULQJ DV LW ZDV ZHDULQJ RXW DW DQ DODUPLQJ UDWH 8S XQWLO WKLV WLPH GULOO SLSH ZDV FRQVLGHUHG DQ H[SHQGDEOH LWHP 'HOLYHU\ WLPH IRU QHZ GULOO SLSH ZDV VKRUW DQG WKHUH ZDV D FRQVLGHUDEOH DPRXQW RI XVHG SLSH DYDLODEOH DW YHU\ UHDVRQDEOH SULFHV 3URWHFWLQJ WKH GULOO SLSH WRRO MRLQWV KDG EHHQ D ORZ SULRULW\ DQG PXFK OHVV H[SHQVLYH WKDQ FDVLQJ IDLOXUHV
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￥ WKDW ZKHQ UXQ LQVLGH WKH FDVLQJ ZRXOG VXEVWDQWLDOO\ UHGXFH FDVLQJ ZHDU 7KLV ZDV DQ DPRUSKRXV L H ZRUN KDUGHQHG W\SH PDWHULDO WKDW KDG D YHU\ ORZ FR HIILFLHQW RI IULFWLRQ WKHUHIRUH LW FUHDWHG YHU\ OLWWOH FDVLQJ ZHDU 7KLV KDUGEDQG LQJ ZDV GHYHORSHG SULPDULO\ WR SURWHFW WKH FDVLQJ IURP ZHDU FDXVHG E\ WKH GULOO VWULQJ URWDWLQJ LQ DQG WULSSLQJ WKURXJK WKH FDVLQJ 6DYLQJ WKH FDVLQJ ZDV RI XWPRVW LPSRUWDQFH DQG WKH WRRO MRLQW ZHDU ZDV RI OLWWOH RU QR SULRULW\ LQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKLV KDUGEDQGLQJ 7KLV ZDV JUHDW IRU WKH RSHUDWRUV EXW QRW IRU WKH GULOOLQJ FRQWUDFWRUV &DVLQJ ZHDU UDWHV GURSSHG GUDVWLFDOO\ EXW WKH WRRO MRLQW ZHDU UDWHV ZHUH DOPRVW DV KLJK DV XQKDUGEDQGHG WRRO MRLQWV :KHQ WKH GLUHFWLRQDO DQG KRUL]RQWDO GULOOLQJ DFWLYLW\ HVFDODWHG LQ WKH PLG V GULOO SLSH EHFDPH PRUH H[SHQVLYH DQG GHOLYHU\ WLPHV EHFDPH ORQJHU 7KH GULOOLQJ FRQWUDFWRUV EHJDQ YRLFLQJ WKHLU FRQFHUQ DERXW WKH DGGHG FRVWV LQYROYHG LQ PDLQWDLQLQJ DQ DFFHSWDEOH VWULQJ RI GULOO SLSH IRU WKH RSHUDWRUV 7KH\ EHJDQ SDVVLQJ WKHVH FRVWV RQ WR WKH RSHUDWRUV DQG VRRQ WKHUH EHFDPH D QHHG WR DGGUHVV WKH WRRO MRLQW ZHDU SUREOHP DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK GULOOLQJ WKHVH W\SHV RI ZHOOV 6RPHWKLQJ KDG WR EH GRQH WR FXUWDLO WKH WRRO MRLQW ZHDU DQG UDSLG GHVWUXFWLRQ RI WKH GULOO VWULQJ ,Q ODWH $UQFR 7HFKQRORJ\ GHYHORSHG DQG LQWUR GXFHG D QHZ EUHHG RI FKURPLXP FDUELGH DOOR\ KDUG EDQGLQJ $UQFR ;7￥ 7KLV ZDV D FU\VWDOOLQH UDWKHU WKDQ DPRUSKRXV W\SH KDUGEDQGLQJ %HFDXVH RI LWV FRPSR VLWLRLQ WKH PDWUL[ RI WKLV KDUGEDQGLQJ KDG D FRQVLVWHQW WKUX ZDOO KDUGQHVV EHWZHHQ ± +5F DV ZHOO DV D ORZ FR HIILFLHQW RI IULFWLRQ HTXDO WR WKDW RI WKH $UPDFRU 0￥ 7KHVH WZR IHDWXUHV JDYH WKLV KDUGEDQGLQJ WKH DELOLW\ WR SURWHFW WKH FDVLQJ IURP DEUDVLYH ZHDU ZKLOH DW WKH VDPH WLPH SURWHFWLQJ WKH GULOO SLSH WRRO MRLQW IURP UDSLG DEUDVLYH ZHDU H[SHULHQFHG LQ WKH RSHQ KROH %HFDXVH RI WKH H[FHOOHQW RSHQ KROH DEUDVLRQ UHVLVWDQFH LW ZDV UHFRP PHQGHG WKDW WKH $UQFR ;7￥EH DSSOLHG LQ D UDLVHG FRQGLWLRQ WR WDNH IXOO DGYDQWDJH RI WKH ZHDU UHVLVWDQFH /DERUDWRU\ DQG ILHOG WHVW UHVXOWV KDYH VKRZQ WKDW WKHUH DUH VHYHUDO DGYDQWDJHV WR XVLQJ WKH FKURPLXP EDVHG DOOR\ KDUGEDQGLQJV 5HI 7DEOH
6RPH RI WKRVH DGYDQWDJHV DUH
N OHVV FDVLQJ ZHDU WKDQ ZLWK WXQJVWHQ
FDUELGH KDUGEDQGLQJ
N(OLPLQDWLRQ RI FDVLQJ IDLOXUHV FDXVHG E\ GULOO
VWULQJ
N8VH RI ORZHU ZHLJKW DQG ORZHU JUDGH FDVLQJ
N5HGXFWLRQ RI GRZQKROH GUDJ DQG WRUTXH
N/HVV OLNHOLKRRG RI HQYLURQPHQWDO LQFLGHQWV
N6XEVWDQWLDO LQFUHDVH LQ WRRO MRLQW OLIH
N'HFUHDVH LQ ULJ IXHO FRQVXPSWLRQ
5HI
$ 63( ,$'& +$5'%$1',1* $1' ,76 52/( ,1 '((3:$7(5 '5,//,1*
6XPPDU\
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
&RQFOXVLRQV
7R VXPPDUL]H WKH FRQFHSW RI ZHDU UHVLVWDQW KDUGEDQGLQJV ZH QHHG RQO\ WR ORRN DW WKH EDVLF IDFWV
S:KHUH WKHUH LV UHGXFHG IULFWLRQ WKHUH LV UHGXFHG ZHDU S:KHUH WKHUH LV UHGXFHG ZHDU WKHUH LV OHVV FKDQFH RI FDVLQJ IDLOXUH
S:KHUH WKHUH LV QR FDVLQJ IDLOXUH WKHUH LV QR HQYLURQ PHQWDO SUREOHP
S:KHQ WKH WRRO MRLQW ERG\ GRHV QRW FRQWDFW WKH FDVLQJ RU RSHQ KROH ZDOO LW GRHV QRW H[SHULHQFH H[FHVVLYH GUDJ DQG WRUTXH FDXVHG E\ WKH GULOO VWULQJ
S:KHQ WKHUH LV QR H[FHVVLYH GUDJ DQG WRUTXH LW UHTXLUHV OHVV ULJ SRZHU WKHUHIRUH WKHUH LV OHVV ULJ IXHO FRQVXPSWLRQ
S:KHQ WKHUH DUH IHZHU SUREOHPV WKHUH DUH OHVV ZHOO FRVWV
1RPHQFODWXUH
(5' ([WHQGHG 5HDFK 'ULOOLQJ
+5F +DUGQHVV 5RFNZHOO &
2 ' 2XWVLGH 'LDPHWHU
SSI SRXQGV SHU IRRW
$FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV
, ZLVK WR WKDQN 0U -RKQ *DPPDJH RI 'HXWDJ 'ULOOLQJ 'U :LOOLDP 0DXUHU DQG 'U 5XVVHOO +DOO RI 0DXUHU (QJLQHHULQJ ,QF 0U 'DQ 6WROW] RI $UFR $ODVND DQG 0U +HLQ] +HQWVFKHO RI 4 & 6HUYLFHV IRU WKHLU GLVFXVVLRQV UHSRUWV DQG LQIRUPDWLRQ SURYLGHG IRU WKLV SDSHU 5HIHUHQFHV
&RKHQ - + DQG *DUNDVL $ ±0DXUHU (QJLQHHULQJ ,QF $UQFR 7HFKQRORJ\ &DVLQJ :HDU 7HVWV 6WROW] ' ±$UFR $ODVND $UQFR ;7
+DUGEDQGLQJ )LHOG 7HVW
0REOH\ - * ±$UQFR 7HFKQRORJ\ $UQFR ;7 5HFRPPHQGHG 3URFHGXUHV 0DQXDO
'HXWDJ 'ULOOLQJ %3 :\WFK )DUP (5' 3URMHFW 'ULOO 3LSH 7RRO -RLQW +DUGIDFLQJ
7$%/( ±6800$5< 2) &$6,1* :($5 7(676 7HVW 1R 7RRO -RLQW :HDU 'HSWK LQ :HDU $UQFR ;7 6PRRWK 6WHHO 7XQJVWHQ &DUELGH 3HUFHQW ZHDU EDVHG RQ QRPLQDO FDVLQJ ZDOO WKLFNQHVV RI IRU SSI 1 FDVLQJ
7$%/( ±6800$5< 2) 722/ -2,17 :($5 7(67
23(1 +2/( 6,08/$7,21
7HVW 1R 7RRO -RLQW 7RRO -RLQW 5HPDUNV
:HDU LQ
$UQFR ;7 /RZ 7RUTXH 6PRRWK 6WHHO +LJK 7RUTXH 7XQJVWHQ &DUELGH +LJK 7RUTXH $PRXQW RI WRUTXH H[SHULHQFHG GXULQJ ODE WHVWLQJ