Liyang Paper

Design of Three-dimensional Wireless Power Receiving Coil for MEMS

Yang Li

School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering

South China University of Technology

Guangzhou, China li.yang13@https://www.360docs.net/doc/af3943879.html,

Kaifeng Xue

School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering

South China University of Technology

Guangzhou, China xue.kf@https://www.360docs.net/doc/af3943879.html,

Ping Huang

School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering

South China University of Technology

Guangzhou, China mephuang@https://www.360docs.net/doc/af3943879.html,

Abstract —In this paper, a micro three-dimensional wireless power receiving coil is designed and powered by a set up wireless energy transmission system. Energy receiving performances of the receiving coil is studied. By experiments, coupling coefficients between the transmitting coil and each winding of the receiving coil are caculated at different attitudes. The experimental results confirm that the receiving coil can receive energy from three orientations and three orthometric

windings can compensate each other effectively at different

attitudes. Then a micro rectifier and regulator circuit are designed and fabricated which is used for a self-made camera

system. Based on this, the actual output voltage is measured.

The experimental results verify that the efficiency and stability

of the three-dimensional receiving system can meet practical

application.

Keywords-MEMS; coupling coefficient; wireless power

transmission

I. I NTRODUCTION

Nowadays, with development of microelectromechanical technology, many MEMSs have been applied to daily life. A wireless endoscope in human body is such a successful example. Because the chemical battery used as a main power in this kind of MEMS has problems of limited capacity and safety, the wireless energy transmission technology is suggested to solve the problems and has been widely studied. Lenaerts and Puers analyzed and studied the transmission efficiency of coupling coil[1,2]. They proved that if choose two or more coils for the second

coil, the coupling coils have higher coupling efficiency than

that of the primary coil choose more coils. Liu established a

mathematical model of wireless energy transmission system

and set up a test-bed for wireless energy transmission

system of MEMS[3,4]. His test results showed that his system can supply output power 110-240mW which can drive a inside body temperature gathering system and a wireless video collection system, but his wireless energy transmission system had unstable problems and had not been miniaturized or integrated yet. For wireless energy transmission technology, although some achievements have

been made, some problems still exist, especially that its transmission efficiency is low and unstable.

In this paper, a three-dimensional receiving coil of wireless power transmission system is designed and analyzed. Then rectifier and regulator circuits of the receiving coil are also designed. Experiments prove that it meet the practical application for MEMS in human body. II. P RINCIPLE OF W IRELESS P OWER T RANSMISSION S YSTEM A wireless power transmission system makes use of IPT(Inductive Power Transfer) technology which is based

on the law of electromagnetic induction. The structure of electromagnetic coupling is equivalent to a separated transformer. Phase 50Hz sinusoidal AC power is transferred to high-frequency AC by means of inverter technology providing to the primary coil(the transmitting coil) and the second coil (the receiving coil) can generate an e lectromotive f orce according to the law of electromagnetic induction .

Figure 1. Three-dimensional Wireless Power Transmission System In this system, high-frequency AC power is supplied by a signal generator (WL3866BN power signal generator), as shown in Fig.1. The generator can generate high-frequency sinusoidal AC from 8KHz to 1MHz(0-240V ,0-160W) and power the transmitting coil. Current, voltage, and inputpower are measured by the WL258 digital V-A-W meter. In order to reduce the power of the primary system, a

compensation capacitor is required and connected with the primary coil.

As the position of receiving coil changes, the mutual-inductance between transmitting coil and receiving coil also changes. k is the coupling coefficient between coils. It is used to characterize the coupling degree between coils and the higher the k , the higher transmission efficiency between coils. So the following experiments will discuss k in detail.

If the electric current in the circuit is I S , the induced electromotive force V r generated from the receiving coil is as follows:

M fI V S r π2=. (1) where, f is the harmonic frequency; M is mutual-inductance between transmitting coil and receiving coil.

Since coupling coefficient k is defined as follows:

r

s L L M

k =

. (2) where, L S and L r are the self-inductances of transmitting coil and the receiving coil respectively.

According to (1), the coupling coefficient k can be represented as follows:

r

s s r L L fI V k π2=

. (3)

The self-inductances L S and L r can be directly measured by the YD2817A LCR digital electric bridge. Therefore, After V r and I S have been measured in this circuit, the coupling coefficient k can be calculated by (3).

Other parameters to be used later are as follows. V S is sinusoidal power source, which needs to be adjusted to harmonic frequency f in this experiment; R S and R r are coil resistances; C 1 is compensation capacitor.

III. E STABLISHMENT OF T HREE -DIMENSIONAL W IRELESS

P OWER T RANSMISSION S YSTEM A. Structure of Transmitting Coil

The frame of transmitting coil is fabricated by plastic, as shown in Fig.2. The frame is wounded 37 tunes by Litz wire of 0.10mm ×100 circles.The inductance value of transmitting coil is 0.4576mH.

Figure 2.

Transmitting coil

B. Structure of The Receiving Coil

A square magnetic core used here has a good magnetoconductivity[5], compared with the cylindrical

magnetic core because its side face is more easier to be wound and the total cross sectional area wounded by coils is larger. Hence, a square magnetic core is chosen inside receiving coil and its dimension is 7mm ×7mm ×11mm, as shown in Fig.3.

The material of magnetic core is ferrite (TDK PC50) which has a maximum operation frequency of 1MHz. The receiving coil is made of three orthometric windings so as to receive power from three orthometric orientations. Windings are wounded by three 0.10mm ×3 copper wires

from plane of XY , YZ and XZ and their number of turns are respectively 80,60, and 60. Their inductance values are

67.4μH 、74.8μH and 62.6μ

H.

Figure 3.

Receiving coil

IV. E XPERIMENT A NALYSIS AND D ISCUSSION Fig.4 is the finite element model of the transmitting coil. According to Fig.4, at the central plane of transmitting coil (R =0), the magnetic flux density reaches the lowest point. It means that if the receiving coil is placed there and the other conditions are kept the same, the mutual inductance will be the minimal. So if the receiving coil at the center of transmitting coil can meet with the practical needs, the receiving coil at the other positions of transmitting coil can also meet with the requirements as well. In this paper, experiments at this crucial case will be discussed. The coupling coefficient calculated with the given experimental data determines both the stability of the system and the worst-case transmission efficiency.

Figure 4.

Variation of magnetic flux density

The induced voltages of three windings at different angels are measured and the coupling coefficient between transmitting coil and each winding is calculated according

to (3). Fig.5 and 6 depict the variations of coupling coefficient to angle. The raw measurement data are symmetrical with respect to the axis θ=0° or φ=0°. The minima and maxima of the coupling coefficient are encountered at,or close to the orientation of the magnetic field coinciding with one of the coil axes.

Fig.5 shows the coupling coefficient data when φ=0°, while θis rotated around X axis from -90° to 90° at each step of 15°. Since φ=0°, the coupling coefficient of winding III is near zero. As the angle θ increases from -90° to 0°, the coupling coefficient of winding I decreases from about 6 to less than 1. On the contrary, the coupling coefficient of winding II increases rapidly. Especially when θ=0°, the coupling coefficient of winding I is near equal to zero, while the coupling coefficient of winding II reaches the maxima.

Figure 5.Coupling coefficient vs. θ (?=0°)

Fig.6 shows another case. When θ=45° and φis rotated around Y axis from -90° to 90° at each step of 15°. As the angle φincreases from -90° to 0°, the coupling coefficient of winding III decreases rapidly while the coupling coefficients of winding I and winding II increases obviously. The experimental results in Fig.5 and Fig.6 indicate that the three-dimensional receiving coil can receive energy from the three orientations. The three windings can efficiently complement each other at different attitudes. So no matter at any position, the receiving coil can receive energy steadily.

Figure 6.Coupling coefficient vs. ? (θ=0°)

Fig.7 shows the coupling coefficient data of a air core coil. Compared with Fig.5, we can conclude that the ferrite core obviously improves the coupling performance. The

coupling coefficient of the ferrite core coil is about twice larger than the air core coil. So it is important to choose a

ferrite core inside the receiving coil.

Figure 7.Coupling coefficient of air core coil vs. θ(?=0°)

V.R ECTIFIER AND R EGULATOR C IRCUIT OF R ECEIVING C OIL The induced voltage waveform of the receiving coil is sinusoidal wave, so it needs to be rectified and regulated to stable DC power. According to paper[6], the model of rectifying first and parallel connection second can obtain the maximum induced emf of three orthometric windings. In order to acquire stable voltage, the rectifier and regulator circuit choose the model of rectifying first and parallel connection second. The completed circuit is shown in Fig.8: C1、C2 and C3 are compensation capacitor of each winding of the receiving coil and it can increase the transmission efficiency of system; D1~D12 are rectifier diode; C4 is filter capacitor; C5 is output capacitor of Low Drop Out(LDO) Linear V

oltage Regulator.

Figure 8.

Rectifier and regulator circuit of the receiving coil

Figure 9.Miniaturized circuit

In order to meet the dimension requirement of MEMS, the rectifier and regulator circuit need to be miniaturized. The miniaturized circuit composes of two circuit boards, as shown in Fig.9. The diameter of each board is 10mm.

VI. A PPLICATION E XPERIMENT

A. Output Power Analysis and Discussion

According to Fig.5 and 6, at the central plane of transmitting coil (R =0), when θ=45° and φ=45° (or θ=-45° and φ=-45°), the mutual inductance will be the minimal. So if the receiving coil at this attitude can supply enough power, the receiving coil at the other attitudes can also meet requirement. In this experiment, a resistor R (=50?) is the equivalent load at the output of the rectifier that is to be fed. The resistor draws an equal amount of power out of the rectifier circuit. Fig.9 shows the variation of voltage. As the input current increases, the output voltage of load also increases. According to Fig.10, at this worst working condition, the receiving coil can supply power from 0 to 1W.

Figure 10. Output voltage vs. I S

B.

Application for Endoscope

Figure 11. Output voltage vs. θ (?=0 deg)

In the experiment, the three-dimensional wireless power transmission system is used to power a self-made endoscope, as shown in Fig.12. The endoscope's shell is composed of two parts: the front part and the rear part. The material of the front part is PMMA. It has high transparency which is better for LED lighting and camera displaying. The material of the rear part is Teflon. Both materials have properties of high strength, chemical stability, corrosion resistance and

non-toxic. They also have good properties of seal suitable for working in the dark environment of a digestive system. The endoscope's operational voltage is 3V . In order to acquire a stable working voltage, a 3V LDO is chosen. Fig.11 shows the working voltage of endoscope when φ=0° and θ is rotated around X axis from -90° to 90° at each step of 15°. As angle θ changes from -90° to 0°, the final acquired working voltage is continuously near 3V .

Figure 12. A clipped picture taken by endoscope

Fig.12 shows a picture clipped from the video taken by the endoscope. The image quality displays clearly.

VII. C ONCLUSIONS

In this paper, a three-dimensional wireless energy transmission system is designed and studied by experiments. The experimental results show that the three-dimensional receiving coils can receive energy from the three orientations and can efficiently complement each other. This obviously overcomes the shortage of power receiving stability for a single-dimensional power receiving winding. The receiving coil using ferrite core can obviously improves the coupling performances, and increases the efficiency of an energy transmission system. Micro rectifier and regulator circuits are designed and fabricated by using appropriate component to power a self-made endoscope. It can supply 1W output energy. The experimental results prove that the efficiency and stability of three-dimensional wireless power transmission system can meet practical demandings.

R EFERENCES

[1] Lenaerts, B.,Puers, R, “An inductive power link for a wireless

endoscope”, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2007. 22: 1390–1395

[2] Lenaerts, B.,Puers, R, “Inductive powering of a freely moving

system”, Sensors and Actuators A 2005. 123: 522-530

[3] Xiuquan Liu Ping Huang, “Study on techniques of outside energy

supply for the wireless capsule endoscope”, IEEE/ICCA07 May 30 2007-June 1 2007,203–206

[4] X.Q.Liu, “Study on Techniques of Wireless Power

Transmission for the MEMS inside Human Body ”,

GuangZhou ：South China University of Technology,2008

[5] X.Q. Liu, W. Zhang, Y.H. Wu and P. Huang, “Simulation and

Analysis of Loosely Wireless Power Transmission of MEMS in Human Body,” Journal of System Simulation, Vol.08, 2008, pp. 2215-2219.(in Chinese)

[6] Y.Sun, Z.H.Wang, X.Dai, “Study of Frequency Stability of

Contactless Power Transmission System”, Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society ，2005. 20(11): 56-59

CONTENTS

Preface iii

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Tubular Permanent Magnet Linear Synchronous Motor Thrust Fluctuation Optimization

V1-478 Zhao Jinghong and Zhang Junhong

V1-482 Kalman Filter-based Orbit Determination with Dynamic Model Compensation for a Maneuvered GEO Satellite

Tianhe Xu,Yuepeng Chen,Tianhe Xu and Qianxin Wang

V1-486 Real-time Optimization of Transportation System for Earth-Rock Filled Dam Construction

with GPS-based Monitoring System

Liu Donghai,Jiao Kai and Sun Jing

A Vibration and Movement Coupled Modeling Approach of 3 DOF Flexible Joint

V1-492 Manipulators

Zhuang Wei and Huang Yonghua

Tubular Permanent Magnet Linear Synchronous Motor Thrust Optimization

V1-498

Zhao Jinghong and Zhang Junhong

V1-502 Salient Pole Force Analysis and Inhibition of Tubular Permanent Magnet Linear Synchronous Motor

Zhao Jinghong and Zhang Junhong

V1-505 Multi-EKF Localization Algorithm for Multi-robots Formation Navigation

Cai Yun-Fei,Tang Zhen-Min and Zhao Chun-Xia

Modeling and Simulation of Propeller and Hull System for Marine Propulsion Plant

V1-510

Li Ren,WenXiao Zhang and HuaYan Li

V1-514 Vibration Characteristic Analysis of Hoist Cage Excited by Steelwork Defects

Li Zhanfang,Xiao Xingming and Ma Chi

ICEEAC 2010 Session 14

V1-518 Wind Speed Prediction Model Based on Radial Basis Functional Neural Network

Ding Tao and Xiao Hongfei

SINS Installation Error Calibration Based on Multi-position Combinations

V1-522

Zhenhuan Wang, Xijun Chen and Qingshuang Zeng

V1-526 A Novel Recurrent Generalized Congruence Neural Network Measure for Objective Speech

Quality Evaluation

Tian-yun Yan

V1-530 Design of Coarse-fine Combined Synchronization Control System for Lithography Based

on Cross-coupled Sliding Mode Control

Zhipeng Wu and Xinglin Chen

V1-534 The Design of PLC SOC Controller by Dual-Core Mutually Exclusive Processor

Liu Liang-liang and Jiang Peng-long

Prestress Loss Model and Experimental Study of Anchor Cables in Soft Soil Area

V1-538 He Zhiyu and An Xin

V1-542 Investigation of Strength in G4-73 Type Centrifugal Fan Impeller

Song-ling Wang, Zhe Sun and Zheng-ren Wu

V1-545 Investigation of G4-73 Centrifugal Fan Airfoil Stall Characteristics

Wang Songling, Liu Zhe and Zhang Lei

V1-549 Hand Flat Knitting Machine Speech Counter System Design

-Based on Single-chip Microcomputer

Li Kang

V1-552 Portable Intelligent Gas Monitor System Design

-Bssed on Sunplus SPCE061A

Li Kang

ICEEAC 2010 Session 15

V1-555 A Stator Flux Estimation Method Based on Duty Cycles of Inverter Switching

Yifeng Wu, Zhiquan Deng and Yu Wang

Finite Element Analysis of Drive Axle Housing Based on the Solid Element and the Shell

V1-559 Element

Jingshun Fu,Junfeng Wang and Jin Wang

V1-563 Incremental Fault Diagnosis for Nonlinear Processes

Kechang Fu,Ming Zhu,Peng Liu and Guojiang Wang

V1-567 Internal Model Control Of Three-phase Four-leg Active Power Filter Based On Online

LS-SVM ANN Inverse System Method

Hong Qi and Zhenhua Shao

V1-571 A Low Native Jitter V oltage Controlled Oscillator on 0.18μm CMOS Process

Zhuo Ma, Li Luo, Yang Guo, Lunguo Xie and Jihua Chen

V1-576 Generation Shedding and Load Shedding based on Transient Energy Margin Sensit/ivity Zhang Ke and Lin Lin

V1-580 Research on Stability of Networked Control System with Uncertain Time-varying Delays Weihao Ma and Chaoyong Jin

V1-584 Gobal Optimization Based Power System Stablization With WAMS Time Delay Study Zhang Lin, Dichen Liu, Wu Jun, Liao Qingfen, Yun Lei and Feifei Dong

V1-588 A New Method for Designing the Size of Energy-Storage Capacity in Grid-Connected Wind

Farm

Shenhang Yu and Ying Sun

V1-592 Analysis and Experimental Validation of Performance of Z-source Inverter-fed Permanent

Magnet Brushless DC Motor Drive

Jian Shang,Zhizhen Liu and Yan Zhang

ICEEAC 2010 Session 16

V1-596 An Improved Z-source Boost-buck Rectifier Topology with Lower DC Output V oltage

Jian Shang, Zhizhen Liu,Yan Zhang and Sihao Duan

V1-600 The Structure Principle of Knowledge Mesh and its Application

Yang Ren-zi and Yan Hong-sen

Numerical Simulation of Covered Culvert at Jinan Section in South-to-North Water

V1-604

Diversion Project

Wang Xiao-ling,Zhou Zheng-yin,Sun Yi-chao and Li Tao

Fuzzy Hierarchy Comprehensive Evaluation on Dam-break Risk Analysis

V1-608 Wang Xiaoling,Zhou Zhengyin,Sun Ruirui and Zhou Shasha

Control Simulation Study Based on Recurrent Generalized Congruence Neural Network

V1-612

Tian-yun Yan

V1-616 The Enterprise Performance Management System for Mining Enterprises

Ming Jian and Hu Nailian

Nonlinear Robust Adaptive Control for Static Var Compensator Based on Backstepping and

V1-622

Dissipative System Theory

Lei Zhang, Aimin Zhang, Jiuqiang Han and Hang Zhang

V1-626 Indeterminacy Analyzing of the Quantum Particle Swarm Analog with the Gaussian Distribution and its Solving

Bai xuemei and Zhang fuchun

V1-629 Acanthopanax Senticosus Harms Intelligence Quality Assessment Based on Core Data Jianyang Lin, Yong Yu, Yajie Xu and Zhoumi Kan

A New Method of Rolling Prediction for Gas Emission Based on Wavelet Neural Network

V1-633 Yumin Pan,Xiaoyu Zhang and Pengqian Xue

ICEEAC 2010 Session 17

V1-637 The EFFECT AND Countermeasures of INTRODUCING Electro-technical Officer on

Board

Liu xinjian ,Ma qiang ,Zhang jinhai and Chen bo

V1-639 On Current Situation and Development of Our Industrial Automation Control Technology Li Jing-min

A simplified Model of Write Amplification for Solid State Drives Adopting Pagelevel

V1-641 Address Translation Mechanism

Wei-Neng Wang, Zong-Chao Wang, Kai Ni, Yi Zhao, Jian-She Ma and Long-Fa Pan

Cascaded Control Allocation in Overactuated Aircraft Via Mixed optimization

V1-644 Chen Yong, Dong Xin-min, Chen Ya-li, Wang Long, Guo Jun and Li Hong-bo

Stabilization for Quantized Feedback Control Systems: An LMI Approach

V1-648 Fang Jin

V1-652 Effect of low Concentration Alkali and Ultrasound Combination Pretreatment on Biogas Production by Stalk

Wang Yong-ze, Chen Xiong, Wang Zhi, Zhao Jin-fang, Fan Ting-ting, Li Dong-sheng and Wang

Jin-hua

Author Index V1-655