外文翻译
应用于数据采集和监控的ZigBee传感器网络
应用物理系，理学院，福冈大学，8-19-1七隈，城南区，福冈市，福冈，814-0180，日本，mterada@fukuoka-u.ac.jp
在本文中提出了一种用于数据采集和监控的ZigBee传感器网络。它被配置使用了一种商业上可用的ZigBee解决方案。一个ZigBee模块是通过USB接口连接到Microsoft Windows电脑，在传感器网络中它作为一个基础工程站。作为一个数据接收器，将远程设备收集的数据发送到作为基站的PC机。每个远程设备都是建立在一个商业上可用的ZigBee模块产品和传感器的基础上。该传感器是一个连接到冷端补偿放大器的热电偶，由放大器产生的信号被输入到一个基于ZigBee模块AD转换器的端口。根据ZigBee协议，温度数据从远程设备传送到数据接收器的PC机。该数据采集率是每秒一个采样，最高可能的采集率是每秒四个采样。这些数据都记录在十六进制数字格式的设备控制软件，数据文件则存储在文本格式的数据接收器PC机上。时间相关数据的变化可被监测运用于电子表格软件的宏功能。根据在大学本科实验课测量的实验结果，该系统被认为是一种在教育领域很有用的工具。
关键词：传感器网络，ZigBee协议，温度监测，自动数据显示，热功当量
1.简介
无线传感器网络预计将是一个关键技术对于诸多应用，如家庭自动化，楼宇控制，节能，汽车监测。对传感器网络应用的几个调查结果已有报道。开发工具包产品是由温度传感器、光学传感器、按钮开关、蜂鸣器集成装配在电路板上，由ZigBee模块供应商提供，应用于如室内照明和空调控制器，ZigBee传感器网络可能适合于许多其他的应用。ZigBee模块产品有几种类型的接口，它们低功耗工作，通常是小的模块。该模块控制软件与产品绑定或可通过互联网免费下载。偏远位置的传感器数据发送到基站计算机的这个系统可以配置为一个相对低成本的系统。本文描述了一个用于数据采集和监测的ZigBee传感器网络，在教育领域的应用被认为是一种新型的传感器网络应用。
2. ZigBee传感器网络
无线传感器网络有两个主要功能问题：测量和通信。每个传感器装置工作在网络拓扑结构的通信节点。该网络由传感器设备和其他设备之间通信。由于无线通讯设备，无网络基础设施是必要的。一个设备进入网络由在邻近范围的无线通信设备部署。
ZigBee是一个标准的名称，指定应用层在小面积和低通信速率的无线个人区域网络中。近场小规模的网络是很容易配置使用ZigBee模块。另一方面，由于超过六万五千设备可以由ZigBee网络管理，因而大型网络也可以配置。
IEEE 802.15.4标准规定了物理层和媒介访问无线个人区域网络的控制层。物理层是网络通信硬件，媒体接入控制层对应于数据链路层的开放系统互连（OSI）参考模型，它指定了两个相邻设备之间的数据传输和数据处理方法。
一个设备和相邻设备之间的通信经由无线连接，无线电灵敏度根据周围的环境设备而变化。选择一个互连设备来维护设备间的通信，并且该通信线路随着数据传输和接收变化。该网络被典型地配置为一个星状、网状或簇树拓扑结构。设备根据支持的功能可分为两种类型，一个精简功能设备发送和接收数据信号，以及一个除了数据信号发送和接收外的全功能设备（FFD）互连。
设备经由无线通信链路将数据传送到PC机，而PC机作为基站控制和管理网络。如果远程设备被放置在PC机的无线电区域外，则它的数据信号和其他设备互联到达PC机。远程设备可通过合作其他设备与PC进行通信。
3.温度检测系统
ZigBee网络由来自Telegesis有限公司的ETRX2设备构成。ETRX2设备通过USB接口连接到作为基站的Microsoft Windows PC机。该ETRX2设备被设置为一个数据接收，所以数据从远程设备被收集的基站电脑。
以下是该ETRX2设备作为ZigBee模块的基本特征：
无线电频率：2.4 GHz频带
数据速率：250千比特/秒
通道数：16（802.15.4频道11至26）
I / O端口：12个通用I / O端口和2个模拟输入端口
典型的中距离：100?300米
图1显示了一个远程设备，即用ETRX2设备进行温度测量。热电偶连接到冷端补偿放大器，将该放大器的信号输入到ETRX2设备中的AD转换器端口。只要这个模块工作在全功能（FFD）模式下，它会与其它测量设备进行温度数据和互连信号的传输。J型热电偶被温度传感器所雇用。放大器的输出灵敏度在1摄氏度的温度下为10 mV。
图1.温度测量装置
根据ZigBee协议温度数据从远程ETRX2设备传送到数据接收器PC机。数据采样速率是每秒一个采样在这个应用中，它可提高到每秒4个采样。
这些数据都由Telegesis终端软件记录在十六进制数字格式中，并且数据文件存储在文本格式的数据接收器的电脑。
远程设备的数据也陆续发送到数据接收器PC机，都记录在逗号分隔值文件。图2显示了数据的格式，每一行包含四个数据项。第一项，和‘ABI呼叫约定’文本相邻，是ZigBee模块的ID号。第二项是12位输入/输出端口状态，表示四个十六进制数字。正如一个十六进制数对应于四个二进制数，四分之三个十六进制数是数字12位数据输入/输出端口。第三和第四项是模拟数字转换器的值，以及对应转换器的端口＃1和端口＃2。在这种情况下，冷端输出电压补偿放大器应用到端口＃1。十六进制数'00C1'等价于十进制数'193'。
这结果表明，适用于模拟数字转换器＃1端口的电压幅值为193毫伏。系数为0.1时计算得到温度是19.3摄氏度。
由于数据采样率是每秒一个采样。通过使用电子表格软件的宏功能，时间相关数据的变化图形显示在电脑屏幕上。一个时间的数据变化就被显示了出来。
4.实验测量试验
作为一个试验测量采用ZigBee测量系统。本实验的目的是确认ZigBee测量所得的数据与当前程序测量数据相符合。上述的温度测量设备被插入到目前的实验器具进行热功当量的测量。在实验中使用的仪器有带有电加热元件和搅拌器的水热计，水银温度计，电力供应，安培表和电压表。图3给出了测量热功当量的实验装置示意图。在福冈大学的科学课程实验课，所有操作都是由学生手动完成。水热计的铜船在蒸馏水中通过电力供应加热器加热。热功当量值由当前的电压值和由电力加热器提供的前后温差计算出。
图4显示了水热计的组件。温度计，热电偶，加热元件和搅拌器进入盛有蒸馏水的铜容器中。水经加热元件加热被搅拌保持铜容器中水的温度均衡。水的温度在ZigBee测量系统中由热电偶测得，在实验方法手册中由水银温度计测得。重要的是铜容器中的水被不断地充分搅拌。
该仪器停止五分钟，以稳定铜容器中的水温度。水被加热五分钟，为了给加热器提供电流。加热器电流关闭后，该仪器再次停止五分钟，以稳定水温。一个实验期为十五分钟。
图3 实验装置
图4 水热计的成分
热功当量的值J可由公式J=VIt/c(m+w)(θ2－θ1)计算得到。其中：I是加热器电流，V是热功当量电压，t是水被加热的时间，c是水的比热容，m是蒸馏水的质量，W是铜的容器、搅拌器和温度计的水当量，θ2和θ1是加热前后水的温度差。
三个测量操作三个搅拌条件：（1）连续搅拌15分钟，每秒搅拌一下（上下移动搅拌棒）；（2）无搅拌15分钟；（3）每五秒钟搅拌五下，15分钟，每30秒。
图5显示了水温的时间依赖性改变了三个案例和两种温度测量方法。由ZigBee系统采取的数据和水银温度计采取的数据相吻合。该ZigBee温度测量系统被认为适合温度监控。ZigBee系统能更快速的反应取决于热容量小的热电偶。
案例1）被认为是在容器中统一水温的测量。有人提出，在采暖期水温与时间有恒定速率。在采暖过后的期间水的温度基本保持不变。案例2）在水中热量转换为一个对流。在采暖期开始阶段水的温度上升率较低。之后，温度以一个高速率增长，直到温度开始降低。在采暖后期该温度逐渐降低。
案例3）是一个中间的情况。搅拌开始后温度迅速发生变化。它不能被水银温度计检测。在每一次搅拌后，水的温度测量值跳高且很快地下降。后来，它几乎停留不变。
结果，温度θ1、θ2和热功当量值J列于表1。该J值可有θ1和θ2分别为时间t=0秒和300秒之间和时间t=600秒和900秒之间的平均温度值计算得到。对于案例1，表1中的J值为4.19J/cal
与该定义的热功当量值4.18605J/cal相符合。
表1
对于案例1）、2）、3），温度数据和热功当量值的计算。其中：V=2.5v，I=150A，t=600s，c=1.00cal/g，m=150g和w=8.8g。
在大学里科学和技术部门的实验课通常包含大一和大二的课程。由于在高中的教育课程中他们经验不足，部分学生进行实验操作是有困难的。有必要设立一个系统以支持学生们妥善地进行实验操作并获得正确的结果。
对于在实验课上教学人员（教师）与学生讨论实验结果是宝贵的。随着导师包括四个或五个实验对象，他们很少检查所有学生的实验流程。以两名学生为组四个组工作于一个实验对象，开放16到20个对象在一个课时（180分钟）期间。教员要管理32到40名学生的实验操作。
教官检查正在进行的实验数据是值得的。ZigBee数据采集系统适用于监测学生的实验过程。由于现有的实验室设施的空间有限和实验设备布局的频繁变化，基于ZigBee的数据采集系统是适合这种情况的。对于实验室数据监测系统，无线网络配置和小型设备是非常可取的。
在实验中学生不正确的操作是由教师发现，通过监控系统审查报告数据。该系统有助于教师支持学生及指导学生得到合理结果。在教育领域中它被认为是一中独特的传感器网络应用。
5.结论
在大学实验课中温度测量系统的传感器设备制造和ZigBee传感器网络模块被应用与自动测量。在物理实验室该系统适合用于研究热功当量的概念。使这种方法适合现有的实验设施，无线网络和小模块是很重要的一点。
参考文献
【1】ZigBee联盟（2007年）ZigBee家庭自动化公共应用简介。. 【2】Yu，Y，Prasanna，V.k，Krishnamachari B（2006年）信息处理和无线传感器路由网络，世界科技出版公司。
【3】ZigBee联盟（2007年）对能源管理及效率的选择
【4】Tavares, J., Velez, F.J., Ferro, J.M.（2008）应用无线传感器网络的汽车.测量科学评论，8，65-70。
【5】Wittenburg, G，Terflosth，K，Villafuerte，F.L.，Naumowicz，T，Ritter, H., Schiller, J.（2007）监控- 在无线传感器网络计
算机科学讲义。柏林：施普林格，163-178。
【6】ZigBee联盟（2006年）ZigBee规格。
【7】IEEE计算机学会（2003年）IEEE802.15.4的无线介质访问控制（MAC）和物理层（PHY）的低速率无线个人规范区域
网络表（LR - WPAN）IEEE规范。
工业设计专业英语英文翻译
工业设计原著选读 优秀的产品设计 第一个拨号电话1897年由卡罗耳Gantz 第一个拨号电话在1897年被自动电器公司引入，成立于1891年布朗强，一名勘萨斯州承担者。在1889年，相信铃声“中央交换”将转移来电给竞争对手，强发明了被拨号系统控制的自动交换机系统。这个系统在1892年第一次在拉波特完成史端乔系统中被安装。1897年，强的模型电话，然而模型扶轮拨条的位置没有类似于轮齿约170度,以及边缘拨阀瓣。电话，当然是被亚历山大格雷厄姆贝尔（1847—1922）在1876年发明的。第一个商业交换始建于1878（12个使用者），在1879年，多交换机系统由工程师勒罗伊B 菲尔曼发明,使电话取得商业成功,用户在1890年达到250000。 直到1894年，贝尔原批专利过期，贝尔电话公司在市场上有一个虚拟的垄断。他们已经成功侵权投诉反对至少600竞争者。该公司曾在1896年，刚刚在中央交易所推出了电源的“普通电池”制度。在那之前，一个人有手摇电话以提供足够的电力呼叫。一个连接可能仍然只能在给予该人的名义下提出要求达到一个电话接线员。这是强改变的原因。 强很快成为贝尔的强大竞争者。他在1901年引进了一个桌面拨号模型，这个模型在设计方面比贝尔的模型更加清晰。在1902年，他引进了一个带有磁盘拨号的墙面电话，这次与实际指孔，仍然只有170度左右在磁盘周围。到1905年，一个“长距离”手指孔已经被增加了。最后一个强的知名模型是在1907年。强的专利大概过期于1914年，之后他或他的公司再也没有听到过。直到1919年贝尔引进了拨号系统。当他们这样做，在拨号盘的周围手指孔被充分扩展了。 强发明的拨号系统直到1922年进入像纽约一样的大城市才成为主流。但是一旦作为规规范被确立，直到70年代它仍然是主要的电话技术。后按键式拨号在1963年被推出之后，强发明的最初的手指拨号系统作为“旋转的拨号系统”而知名。这是强怎样“让你的手指拨号”的。 埃姆斯椅LCW和DCW 1947 这些带有复合曲线座位，靠背和橡胶防震装置的成型胶合板椅是由查尔斯埃姆斯设计，在赫曼米勒家具公司生产的。 这个原始的概念是被查尔斯埃姆斯（1907—1978）和埃罗沙里宁（1910—1961）在1940年合作构想出来的。在1937年，埃姆斯成为克兰布鲁克学院实验设计部门的领头人，和沙里宁一起工作调查材料和家具。在这些努力下，埃姆斯发明了分成薄片和成型胶合板夹板，被称作埃姆斯夹板，在1941年收到了来自美国海军5000人的订单。查尔斯和他的妻子雷在他们威尼斯，钙的工作室及工厂和埃文斯产品公司的生产厂家一起生产了这批订单。 在1941年现代艺术博物馆，艾略特诺伊斯组织了一场比赛用以发现对现代生活富有想象力的设计师。奖项颁发给了埃姆斯和沙里宁他们的椅子和存储碎片，由包括埃德加考夫曼，大都会艺术博物馆的阿尔弗雷德，艾略特诺伊斯，马尔塞布鲁尔，弗兰克帕里什和建筑师爱德华达雷尔斯通的陪审团裁决。 这些椅子在1946年的现代艺术展览博物馆被展出，查尔斯埃姆斯设计的新的家具。当时，椅子只有三条腿，稳定性问题气馁了大规模生产。 早期的LCW（低木椅）和DWC（就餐木椅）设计有四条木腿在1946年第一次被埃文斯产品公司（埃姆斯的战时雇主）生产出来，被赫曼米勒家具公司分配。这些工具1946年被乔治纳尔逊为赫曼米勒购买，在1949年接手制造权。后来金属脚的愿景在1951年制作，包括LCW（低金属椅）和DWC（就餐金属椅）模型。配套的餐饮和咖啡桌也产生。这条线一直
外文翻译
Load and Ultimate Moment of Prestressed Concrete Action Under Overload-Cracking Load It has been shown that a variation in the external load acting on a prestressed beam results in a change in the location of the pressure line for beams in the elastic range.This is a fundamental principle of prestressed construction.In a normal prestressed beam,this shift in the location of the pressure line continues at a relatively uniform rate,as the external load is increased,to the point where cracks develop in the tension fiber.After the cracking load has been exceeded,the rate of movement in the pressure line decreases as additional load is applied,and a significant increase in the stress in the prestressing tendon and the resultant concrete force begins to take place.This change in the action of the internal moment continues until all movement of the pressure line ceases.The moment caused by loads that are applied thereafter is offset entirely by a corresponding and proportional change in the internal forces,just as in reinforced-concrete construction.This fact,that the load in the elastic range and the plastic range is carried by actions that are fundamentally different,is very significant and renders strength computations essential for all designs in order to ensure that adequate safety factors exist.This is true even though the stresses in the elastic range may conform to a recognized elastic design criterion. It should be noted that the load deflection curve is close to a straight line up to the cracking load and that the curve becomes progressively more curved as the load is increased above the cracking load.The curvature of the load-deflection curve for loads over the cracking load is due to the change in the basic internal resisting moment action that counteracts the applied loads,as described above,as well as to plastic strains that begin to take place in the steel and the concrete when stressed to high levels. In some structures it may be essential that the flexural members remain crack free even under significant overloads.This may be due to the structures’being exposed to exceptionally corrosive atmospheres during their useful life.In designing prestressed members to be used in special structures of this type,it may be necessary to compute the load that causes cracking of the tensile flange,in order to ensure that adequate safety against cracking is provided by the design.The computation of the moment that will cause cracking is also necessary to ensure compliance with some design criteria. Many tests have demonstrated that the load-deflection curves of prestressed beams are approximately linear up to and slightly in excess of the load that causes the first cracks in the tensile flange.(The linearity is a function of the rate at which the load is applied.)For this reason,normal elastic-design relationships can be used in computing the cracking load by simply determining the load that results in a net tensile stress in the tensile flange(prestress minus the effects of the applied loads)that is equal to the tensile strength of the concrete.It is customary to assume that the flexural tensile strength of the concrete is equal to the modulus of rupture of the
世界贸易和国际贸易【外文翻译】
外文翻译 原文 World Trade and International Trade Material Source:https://www.360docs.net/doc/a04000638.html, Author: Ted Alax In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of world trade and economic activity. As a result of this trade and activity, international finance and banking have evolved. For example, the United States is a major consumer of coffee, yet it does not have the climate to grow any or its own. Consequently, the United States must import coffee from countries (such as Brazil, Colombia and Guatemala) that grow coffee efficiently. On the other hand, the United States has large industrial plants capable of producing a variety of goods, such as chemicals and airplanes, which can be sold to nations that need them. If nations traded item for item, such as one automobile for 10,000 bags of coffee, foreign trade would be extremely cumbersome and restrictive. So instead of batter, which is trade of goods without an exchange of money, the United State receives money in payment for what it sells. It pays for Brazilian coffee with dollars, which Brazil can then use to buy wool from Australia, which in turn can buy textiles Great Britain, which can then buy tobacco from the United State. Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above is that no nation has all of the commodities that it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa and petroleum is recovered in the Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them. Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.
网络营销外文翻译
E---MARKETING (From:E--Marketing by Judy Strauss,Adel El--Ansary,Raymond Frost---3rd ed.1999 by Pearson Education pp .G4-G25.) As the growth of https://www.360docs.net/doc/a04000638.html, shows, some marketing principles never change.Markets always welcome an innovative new product, even in a crowded field of competitors ,as long as it provides customer value.Also,Google`s success shows that customers trust good brands and that well-crafted marketing mix strategies can be effective in helping newcomers enter crowded markets. Nevertheless, organizations are scrambling to determine how they can use information technology profitably and to understand what technology means for their business strategies. Marketers want to know which of their time-ested concepts will be enhanced by the Internet, databases,wireless mobile devices, and other technologies. The rapid growth of the Internet and subsequent bursting of the dot-com bubble has marketers wondering,"What next?" This article attempts to answer these questions through careful and systematic examination of successful e-mar-keting strategies in light of proven traditional marketing practices. （Sales Promotion;E--Marketing；Internet；Strategic Planning ） 1.What is E--Marketing E--Marketing is the application of a broad range of information technologies for: Transforming marketing strategies to create more customer value through more effective segmentation ,and positioning strategies；More efficiently planning and executing the conception, distribution promotion,and pricing of goods,services,and ideas;andCreating exchanges that satisfy individual consumer and organizational customers` objectives. This definition sounds a lot like the definition of traditional marketing. Another way to view it is that e-marketing is the result of information technology applied to traditional marketing. E-marketing affects traditional marketing in two ways. First,it increases efficiency in traditional marketing strategies.The transformation results in new business models that add customer value and/or increase company profitability.
工业设计外文翻译
Interaction design Moggridge Bill Interaction design，Page 1-15 USA Art Press, 2008 Interaction design (IxD) is the study of devices with which a user can interact, in particular computer users. The practice typically centers on "embedding information technology into the ambient social complexities of the physical world."[1] It can also apply to other types of non-electronic products and services, and even organizations. Interaction design defines the behavior (the "interaction") of an artifact or system in response to its users. Malcolm McCullough has written, "As a consequence of pervasive computing, interaction design is poised to become one of the main liberal arts of the twenty-first century." Certain basic principles of cognitive psychology provide grounding for interaction design. These include mental models, mapping, interface metaphors, and affordances. Many of these are laid out in Donald Norman's influential book The Psychology of Everyday Things. As technologies are often overly complex for their intended target audience, interaction design aims to minimize the learning curve and to increase accuracy and efficiency of a task without diminishing usefulness. The objective is to reduce frustration and increase user productivity and satisfaction. Interaction design attempts to improve the usability and experience of the product, by first researching and understanding certain users' needs and then designing to meet and exceed them. (Figuring out who needs to use it, and how those people would like to use it.) Only by involving users who will use a product or system on a regular basis will designers be able to properly tailor and maximize usability. Involving real users, designers gain the ability to better understand user goals and experiences. (see also: User-centered design) There are also positive side effects which include enhanced system capability awareness and user ownership. It is important that the user be aware of system capabilities from an early stage so that expectations regarding functionality are both realistic and properly understood. Also, users who have been active participants in a product's development are more likely to feel a sense of ownership, thus increasing overall satisfa. Instructional design is a goal-oriented, user-centric approach to creating training and education software or written materials. Interaction design and instructional design both rely on cognitive psychology theories to focus on how users will interact with software. They both take an in-depth approach to analyzing the user's needs and goals. A needs analysis is often performed in both disciplines. Both, approach the design from the user's perspective. Both, involve gathering feedback from users, and making revisions until the product or service has been found to be effective. (Summative / formative evaluations) In many ways, instructional
外文翻译
Journal of Industrial Textiles https://www.360docs.net/doc/a04000638.html,/ Optimization of Parameters for the Production of Needlepunched Nonwoven Geotextiles Amit Rawal, Subhash Anand and Tahir Shah 2008 37: 341Journal of Industrial Textiles DOI: 10.1177/1528083707081594 The online version of this article can be found at: https://www.360docs.net/doc/a04000638.html,/content/37/4/341 Published by: https://www.360docs.net/doc/a04000638.html, can be found at:Journal of Industrial TextilesAdditional services and information for https://www.360docs.net/doc/a04000638.html,/cgi/alertsEmail Alerts: https://www.360docs.net/doc/a04000638.html,/subscriptionsSubscriptions: https://www.360docs.net/doc/a04000638.html,/journalsReprints.navReprints: https://www.360docs.net/doc/a04000638.html,/journalsPermissions.navPermissions: https://www.360docs.net/doc/a04000638.html,/content/37/4/341.refs.htmlCitations: - Mar 28, 2008Version of Record >>
国际贸易英文文献
Strategic transformations in Danish and Swedish big business in an era of globalisation, 1973-2008 The Danish and Swedish context In the difficult inter-war period, a state-supported, protected home market orientation had helped stabilise both Denmark’s and Sweden’s economies, but after WorldWar II priorities changed. Gradually and in accordance with the international economic development, restrictions on foreign trade were removed, and Danish and Swedish industry was exposed to international competition. As a consequence, several home market oriented industries –such as the textile and the shoe industry –were more or less outperformed, while in Sweden the engineering industry soon became the dominant leader of Swedish industry, with companies such as V olvo, Ericsson, Electrolux, ASEA and SKF. In the Danish case, the SMEs continued to be dominant but in combination with expanding export oriented industrial manufacturers such as Lego, Danfoss, Carlsberg and the shipping conglomerates ok and A.P. moller-Marsk. In Sweden and Denmark stable economic growth continued into the 1970s, but due to the problems during the oil crises, the economies came into fundamental structural troubles for the first time since World War II. In the beginning this was counteracted by traditional Keynesian policy measures. However, because of large budget deficits, inflation and increasing wages, both the Danish economy from 1974 and the Swedish economy from 1976 encountered severe problems. Towards the late 1970s Denmark’s and Sweden’s economic policies were thus increasingly questioned. It was clear that Keynesian policy could not solve all economic problems. Expansive fiscal policies in terms of continued deficits on the state budget could not compensate for the loss of both national and international markets and step by step the Keynesian economic policy was abandoned. The increased budget deficit also made it difficult for the state to support employment and regional development. These kinds of heavy governmental activities were also hardly acceptable under the more market oriented policy that developed first in Great Britain and the USA, but in the 1980s also in Denmark and Sweden (Iversen & Andersen, 2008, pp. 313–315; Sjo¨ gren, 2008, pp. 46–54). These changes in political priorities were especially noticeable in the financial market. After being the most state regulated and coordinated sector of the economy since the 1950s, then between 1980 and 1985 the Danish and Swedish financial markets underwent an extensive deregulation resulting in increased competition. Lending from banks and other credit institutes was no longer regulated, and neither were interest rates. The bond market was also opened as the issuance of new bond loans was deregulated in Sweden in 1983. When the control of foreign capital flows was liberalised in the late 1980s the last extraordinary restriction was now gone. Together with the establishment of the new money market with options and derivates, this opened up to a much larger credit market and the possibility for companies to finance investments and increase business domestically as well as abroad (Larsson, 1998, pp. 205–207). Another important part of the regulatory changes in the early 1980s were new rules for the Copenhagen and Stockholm stock exchanges. Introduction on the stock exchange was made much
工业设计产品设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译原文：
DESIGN and ENVIRONMENT Product design is the principal part and kernel of industrial design. Product design gives uses pleasure. A good design can bring hope and create new lifestyle to human. In spscificity,products are only outcomes of factory such as mechanical and electrical products,costume and so on.In generality,anything,whatever it is tangibile or intangible,that can be provided for a market,can be weighed with value by customers, and can satisfy a need or desire,can be entiled as products. Innovative design has come into human life. It makes product looking brand-new and brings new aesthetic feeling and attraction that are different from traditional products. Enterprose tend to renovate idea of product design because of change of consumer's lifestyle , emphasis on individuation and self-expression,market competition and requirement of individuation of product. Product design includes factors of society ,economy, techology and leterae humaniores. Tasks of product design includes styling, color, face processing and selection of material and optimization of human-machine interface. Design is a kind of thinking of lifestyle.Product and design conception can guide human lifestyle . In reverse , lifestyle also manipulates orientation and development of product from thinking layer.
外文翻译中文版(完整版)
毕业论文外文文献翻译 毕业设计（论文）题目关于企业内部环境绩效审计的研究翻译题目最高审计机关的环境审计活动 学院会计学院 专业会计学 姓名张军芳 班级09020615 学号09027927 指导教师何瑞雄
最高审计机关的环境审计活动 1最高审计机关越来越多的活跃在环境审计领域。特别是1993-1996年期间，工作组已检测到环境审计活动坚定的数量增长。首先，越来越多的最高审计机关已经活跃在这个领域。其次是积极的最高审计机关，甚至变得更加活跃：他们分配较大部分的审计资源给这类工作，同时出版更多环保审计报告。表1显示了平均数字。然而，这里是机构间差异较大。例如，环境报告的数量变化，每个审计机关从1到36份报告不等。 1996-1999年期间，结果是不那么容易诠释。第一，活跃在环境审计领域的最高审计机关数量并没有太大变化。“活性基团”的组成没有保持相同的：一些最高审计机关进入，而其他最高审计机关离开了团队。环境审计花费的时间量略有增加。二，但是，审计报告数量略有下降，1996年和1999年之间。这些数字可能反映了从量到质的转变。这个信号解释了在过去三年从规律性审计到绩效审计的转变（1994-1996年，20％的规律性审计和44％绩效审计;1997-1999：16％规律性审计和绩效审计54％）。在一般情况下，绩效审计需要更多的资源。我们必须认识到审计的范围可能急剧变化。在将来，再将来开发一些其他方式去测算人们工作量而不是计算通过花费的时间和发表的报告会是很有趣的。 在2000年，有62个响应了最高审计机关并向工作组提供了更详细的关于他们自1997年以来公布的工作信息。在1997-1999年，这62个最高审计机关公布的560个环境审计报告。当然，这些报告反映了一个庞大的身躯，可用于其他机构的经验。环境审计报告的参考书目可在网站上的最高审计机关国际组织的工作组看到。这里这个信息是用来给最高审计机关的审计工作的内容更多一些洞察。 自1997年以来，少数环境审计是规律性审计（560篇报告中有87篇，占16％）。大多数审计绩效审计（560篇报告中有304篇，占54％），或组合的规律性和绩效审计（560篇报告中有169篇，占30％）。如前文所述，绩效审计是一个广泛的概念。在实践中，绩效审计往往集中于环保计划的实施（560篇报告中有264篇，占47％），符合国家环保法律，法规的，由政府部门，部委和/或其他机构的任务给访问（560篇报告中有212篇，占38％）。此外，审计经常被列入政府的环境管理系统（560篇报告中有156篇，占28％）。下面的元素得到了关注审计报告：影响或影响现有的国家环境计划非环保项目对环境的影响;环境政策;由政府遵守国际义务和承诺的10％至20％。许多绩效审计包括以上提到的要素之一。 1本文译自：S. Van Leeuwen.(2004).’’Developments in Environmental Auditing by Supreme Audit Institutions’’ Environmental Management Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 163–1721