《雅思写作论证论据素材大全》
2016/7/3 20:49:00
《雅思写作论证论据素材大全》
第一大类学校教育与校园文化类
1. 教育的重要性
段落大意：教育对于个人和社会的成功都有着非常重要的作用。
In today’s society, education is really important. Education has evolved a lot over time and has greatly shaped American society. Back in the old days, education was not that important, because many jobs did not have educational requirements. In those days, you could have a high school diploma and get a good job. Today, if you only have a high school diploma, the types of jobs that you can get are restricted（受限制的）to fast food restaurant cashiers （收银员）
or even construction workers. Getting a college degree is very essential to your success and your opportunity to get a good job that pays well.
2. 终身学习
段落大意：终身学习已经成为人们的一种选择和目标。
The term “lifelong learning” indicates that learning does not stop at the end of compulsory education （义务教育）. It is a continuous process and can continue throughout a person’s life. The use of the word “learning” as opposed to “education” suggests a difference between the formal framework （框架） of compulsory education required of children and young people and the more relaxed learning environment enjoyed by adults.
3. 学习方式
段落大意：个人学习习惯和思维的差异决定了每个人都有不同的学习方式。
Each of us learns and absorbs information in different ways. Many teachers simply talked to us, and we answered their questions. Schools taught in such a way and didn’t assist or encourage us to learn in our unique ways. There are many different techniques to classify learning styles such as perceptual modality （感知模式） and information processing（信息加工）. Perceptual modalities define biologically-based reactions to our physical environment and represent the most efficient way we adopt data. By learning our perceptional（认知的）style, we can seek out information most directly. Information processing distinguishes the way we sense, think, solve problems, and remember information. Each of us has a preferred, consistent and distinct way of perceiving（感知）, organizing, and retaining（保存）information.
4. 教育的基础
段落大意：老师是教育工作展开的基础。
What is the purpose of education? What is education for? Education, would be to learn or to gain knowledge of something through the teaching of others or through self-learning (自学). One of the definitions from the Webster’s dictionary states that education is the activities of instructing or teaching, activities that impart（传授） knowledge or skills. The two most important words about education are teaching and learning. Why do we teach? By definition, teachers are leaders, and to put it simply leaders lead. Teachers lead their students through the path of knowledge. According to the Foundation of Education text, teachers also demonstrate leadership by working with others and modeling desirable behaviors.
5. 教育的价值
段落大意：教育能够带给人们知识、经验和深入思考的能力等等。
“If you think the price of education is high, find out the price of ignorance (无知). You will pay for ignorance everyday for the rest of your life.” Parents often ponder (思考) the real value of college education as college costs continue to grow and rates exceed inflation（通货膨胀）. Keeping in mind that one does not necessarily need to obtain a degree to “enjoy life”, especially financially. Then still, “What is the value of a college education? ” An individual gains value from college education as he/she learns to think critically, put the acquired knowledge into practice, understand one’s true self, and recognize others’ values. Expectations are also reached.
6. 优先教育的必要性
段落大意：教育是使国家进步的巨大动力，应被放在首要位置。
China, as a developing country, is determined to catch up with and even surpass (超越）the developed ones. I think that one of the best possible ways to do so is to give first priority（优先考虑）to the development of culture, science and especially education. In modern times, when science and technology are making great progress, the education of the work force （劳动力） is of primary importance. Moreover, many of the success in advanced countries have demonstrated that a nation’s prosperity mainly depends on its labor force, especially those who have been well educated. In a developing country like China, our investment in culture, education and science, and especially elementary education, must enjoy top priority. This is crucial for China to catch up with the developed nations in today’s surging (汹涌）waves of technological revolution. Otherwise, the gap between China and advanced countries will be
widened rather than bridged.
7. 对学生的全方位培养
段落大意：对学生的培养不应仅局限在学术方面，也应该提升他们的基础技能，例如体育、烹饪等。
We need to provide young people with the most possibility of doing well at school. In traditional curriculum there is a wide variety of subjects with a mix of academic (学术) and non-academic （非学术）subjects. In this way a young person is formed with a well-rounded education (通才教育). Non-academic subjects would include sports, cooking, woodwork（木工） and metalwork（金属加工）. I believe this is the best form of education. A young person should learn things other than academic subjects. Sport is particularly important. Young people have to learn to love sport so that they can be fit and healthy in their future life. Otherwise, we will be raising an obese and unfit generation.
8. 政府在教育中的责任
段落大意：政府在教育过程中应该承担相应的责任，包括教学硬件的配置、老师的培养等。
I believe that local, state, and federal governments are responsible for the appropriation (拨款) of funds for school systems to meet their students’educational needs. This includes providing adequate facilities for schools, hiring trained and experienced school administrators, and offering tempting salaries to attract highly qualified educators. Although supplying the adequate funds for school systems is not always an easy task, it should enjoy the priority. Unfortunately, too many schools are forced to rely on standardized test scores as a means of additional funding from the government, and this focus should be shifted to other criteria (评判标准) of school performances.
9. 对学校的选择
段落大意：每年新入学的学生都面临着选择学校的问题。到底是去四年制大学还是社区学校成为他们的矛盾。
Every year thousands of junior and senior high school students face the difficult question about what they want to do with their lives after high school. Choosing a college means venturing (冒险) into a new, unfamiliar world of immense possibilities. An exciting experience awaits teenagers when coming to this point in life. Or is it a world of unknown risks? Students have a wide variety of options (选择) when it comes to making their decisions. Some of these students choose a path that will take them to higher levels of education at a prestigious（名
声显赫的） four-year college or university, while others take the option of staying close to home at a community college (社区大学).
10. 教育的重要性
段落大意：教育是人们成功的重要保障因素。
The importance of learning is self-evident (显而易见的). Receiving a high-quality education enables the individual to bring out the ultimate (极限) of his or her potentials. Without education, the human mind is underdeveloped (未充分发展的). No human being in the world has been able to succeed without certain proper source of education. It’s not that a person is not a human without an education, but that the mind is made to be trained. Without education, a person is incomplete in that sense. Education makes a person great thinker and wise decision-maker (决策者). It is achieved by bringing him knowledge from the outside world, teaching him to reason, and acquainting him with history.
11. 教育解决贫穷问题
段落大意：教育是解决贫困问题的重要途径和根本方法。
What is so depressing is the fact that education is the only way to get people out of poverty. Education is the only intervention (干预) that can help children from poor families break the cycle. In addition to giving young people basic skills, education can make them aware of opportunities beyond the ghetto (贫民窟). The few who escape the problems of crime, drugs, prostitution（卖淫）, and unwed motherhood（未婚妈妈）are those who have received help from committed teachers and social workers（社工）.
12. 性教育的必要性
段落大意：性教育教给孩子们正确面对性问题的方法和观念。这种教育的作用不容忽视。“High schools must provide young people with adequate sex education because ignnorance can be harmful.” The largest gulf（鸿沟） of understanding still remains between the parents and the youth, especially in the area of sexuality. Sex is a natural part of life, and when questions arise, they can be discussed in a mature way. Owing to this, we realize that sex education is important in a person’s life. Therefore, sex education in high schools is very necessary for youngsters to acquire information and form their attitudes, beliefs and values about identity, relationships and intimacy（亲密关系）. Sex education also encompasses (包含) sexual development, affection, body image（体像） and gender roles（性别角色）. In other words, it is about learning how we grow, reproduce（繁衍） and change over the years. It also includes a positive view
of sex and safety involved in sexuality.
13. 老师在教育中扮演的角色
段落大意：老师在教育中应该扮演很多种角色，例如咨询者、关怀者、鼓励者等等。
A teacher’s role is very dynamic (不断变化的) and versatile（多方面的）. However, there are quite a number of conflicting (冲突的) expectations teachers face about the roles they should play. This makes teaching one of the most challenging and demanding jobs. Along with teaching in their curriculum area, the role of a teacher is to foster （培养） children’s interests and facilitate（促进）their learning ability in a positive manner. As a result, the teacher also has the role of mentor, role model, parent, caregiver, counselor and motivator, and so on so forth..
14. 音乐教育的重要性
段落大意：音乐教育能够提升孩子们取得成功的能力，应被纳入核心课程。
With school budgets cut, and music instrument short, more and more people begin to realize the benefits of having music in education. Providing music as part of education helps develop intelligence (智力) that leads to greater success in school and in life. Everyone from Save The Music and The National Association For Music Education agrees that, “Every student in the nation should have an education in arts.” These two institutions are doing everything they can to spread the information about music, and the importance of resorting（恢复） music education as part of the core (核心的) curriculum. Giving a child opportunity to play an instrument can promote their later success in society. Researchers have found that children involved in music education are more likely to graduate from high school and attend college, and are less likely to be involved in gangs (黑社会团伙) and substance abuse（药物滥用）. Music is part of everyday culture in America.
15. 家庭作业应该被减少
段落大意：太多的家庭作业有害无益，因此应该被减少到适合的范围之内。Homework has traditionally been given to students to reinforce (巩固) what they have learned at school, and ultimately to help them absorb (吸收) the material better. However, too much homework is not helpful, and can even be counterproductive (起负面作用的). Excessive（过量的） amounts of time spent on completing homework can take up a kid’s social and family gathering time, and limit their participation in sports or other activities. The amount of homework a teacher can give to a student should be restricted, and only assigned due to
necessity.
16. 电脑和教育
段落大意：电脑普遍应用于教育之中这一现象引起了人们的广泛思考。
Education is defined as “the knowledge or skill obtained or developed by a learning process or an instructive or enlightening (启发性的) experience”. It is referred to as the knowledge obtained, but does it matter where this knowledge is obtained? We now use computers in our society, which allows us to do many things. In some cases in today’s society, children go through their entire education with computer. There is now cyber (网络）schooling, where a child no longer attends school but learns at home in front of their computers. Should this, however, be the way students learn and become educated?
17. 教育等级划分
段落大意：初级教育、中级教育、高等教育以及成人教育的简介。
1) Primary Education
Primary education includes preschool（学前） and elementary（基础的） education. Preschool, or kindergarten, can last up to three years, with children entering as early as age three, until age six, when they typically enter elementary school. The academic year (学年) is divided into two semesters（学期）.
2) Secondary Education
Secondary education is divided into academic secondary education and specialized/vocational/technical （专科/职业/技术）secondary education. Academic secondary education is delivered by academic lower and upper middle schools. Lower middle school graduates wishing to continue their education take a locally administered entrance exam（地区入学考试）, on the basis of which they will have the option either of continuing in an academic upper middle school or of entering a vocational secondary school. Vocational schools offer programs ranging from two to four years and train medium-level（中级的） skilled workers, farmers, and managerial（管理的） and technical personnel（人才）. Technical schools typically offer four-year programs to train intermediate technical personnel（中级技术人才）. “Schools for Skilled Workers” typically train junior middle school graduates for positions requiring production and operation skills. The length of training is typically three years.
3) Higher Education
Higher education at the undergraduate (本科）level includes two-and three-year
junior colleges —sometimes also called short-cycle colleges（短期学校）—four-year colleges, and universities offering programs in both academic and vocational subjects. Many colleges and universities also offer graduate programs leading to the master’s or Ph.D. degree. Chinese higher education at the undergraduate level is divided into vocational and academic programs. Vocational programs are offered not only at short-cycle colleges, but also frequently at four-year colleges and universities. Academic programs are offered at four-year colleges and universities but do not always lead to the bachelor’s degree. Immense higher education opportunities also fall under (被归入) the general category of adult education.
4) Adult Education
The adult education（成人教育）category overlaps all three of the above categories. Adult primary education includes Workers’ Primary Schools（工人初级学校）, Peasants’ Primary Schools（农民初级学校）, and literacy classes （识字班）. Adult secondary education includes radio/TV specialized secondary schools for cadres（基干官兵）, staff, workers and peasants. It includes in-service teacher training schools and correspondence (函授）specialized secondary schools as well. Adult higher education includes radio/TV universities, cadre institutes, workers’colleges, peasant colleges, correspondence colleges, and educational colleges. Most of the above offer both two- and three-year short-cycle (or vocational) curricula, yet a few also offer regular undergraduate curricula.
18. 双语教学
段落大意：双语教学被证明非常有用，但是也带来很多问题。
Bilingual education (双语教学) was first initiated in 1968. It was a new means to educate the children who spoke a minority language. Thirty-one years later the same problems exist for those children who speak languages other than English. The experiment of bilingual education has been a failure and now it’s time to move on. The first English only initiatives were brought forth in 1981 by newly elected president Reagan. Since then the conflict over bilingual education has drove on. Currently twenty-three states have “English Only” laws with 4 states having laws that are pending（待定的）. The issue of bilingual education and the conflict that surrounds it is primarily focused between whites and Hispanics （西班牙和葡萄牙人）, although since the mid 70’s it’s also been involved with the Chinese culture. However, bilingual education has failed; currently the
movement is towards the English only educational system.
19. 音乐教学
段落大意：在教学中加入音乐被证明是非常有助于学生学习的。
In today’s society, people are constantly looking for new ways to have students produce more from their public education. Some argue that more funding (拨款) is the answer, while others believe that better learning facilities will help. Studies recently conducted show that a simple change in the curriculum will produce the outcome that people are searching for. The simple change is music education. Music education has been proven to improve general academic skills as well as social skills in children. If music classes are added to a child’s schedule (课程表）, they will begin to show improvement in learning that educators are looking for. Instead of the ideas of more funding and better facilities, all the students need is a simple music course in their everyday lives.
20. 音乐和教育
段落大意：音乐能够锻炼人们的思维和大脑，在教学中加入音乐，对学生非常有帮助。Ursula K. Le Guin makes an excellent point in her quote, “Music and thinking are so much alike that it is almost as if they are one and the same.” Music has a huge impact on the brain. It has been proven that it makes contributions to the development of cognitive (认知的) and perceptual（知觉的） skills, refines (完善) the development of the brain and entire neurological (神经的) system, and connects and develops the motor systems（引擎系统） of the brain in a way that cannot be done by any other activity. Since music has such a huge impact on the brain, it is evident that music education is important and should therefore remain an important key factor of kindergarten through high school students’ education.
21. 教育的启蒙塑造作用
段落大意：教育塑造人类文明，从根本上解决一切社会经济问题。
Education is one of the most powerful instruments in shaping the human race. Education is the only answer to all our socio-economic（社会经济的） problems. Several global organizations and nations have been emphasizing the need for the universalisation（普及化）of primary education. At the world education conference at Jomtien（乔木提恩会议）, access to education was declared as a human right. The Economics Nobel laureate（获得者） of 1998, Prof. Amartya Kumar Sen has also pointed out that for sustainable development（可持续发展）, even
the poorest of the poor should be provided proper education. Accordingly, steps have to be taken to bring primary education to the doorsteps of the rural people, since more than 75 percent of Indians live in rural areas.
22. 教育对个人的益处
段落大意：教育是人类用来武装自己，培养自己知识、技能以及良好习惯的重要手段。Education has essentially been a social process in capacity building and maintenance（维持）of society since the creation of human beings. To cope with the changing realities and uncertainties of human life, education has been a weapon with which people equip themselves to acquire relevant knowledge, skills and habits of surviving in the modern world. Education for All (EFA) has been an international concern since 1968. There was an international conference in Paris with a theme titled “The World Crisis in Education”. This triggered (触发) the process of developing the World Declaration on Education for All. It was spread over the several months and all over the world. The World Bank and the United National Education Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) (国际教科文组织) came together to sponsor the World Conference on Education for All in Jomtiem (乔木提恩), Thailand in March, 1990.
23. 对“学校已死”的辩论
段落大意：教育改革家称学校已死，就连诺贝尔奖获得者也称学校是浪费时间，他们大多数时间是在学校以外学习。
It is unconventional wisdom to regard school as dead. The phrase “school is dead” is the title of a book by Everett Reimer, a scholar with many years’experience in attempting to reform schools for poor children in the third world. However, what we might call “unconventional wisdom” has been skeptical (怀疑的) of schooling for thousands of years. Since the time of the Roman Empire there have been many quotations from notable persons about problems of schooling and its effects on learners. A general state education is a mere contrivance (发明) for moulding（塑造）people to be exactly like one another, and it pleases the predominant power in the government, be it a monarch (君主), a priesthood, an aristocracy (贵族), or the majority of the existing generation. As it is efficient and successful, it establishes despotism (专制主义) over the mind, leading to a collective community. In more modern times Nobel Prize winners have said that school is a waste of time, saying that they learned mostly outside school. In any event, it is clear that school attendance is something distinct from learning.
2016/7/3 20:49:00第七大类：工作与成功类
1. 美国职业教育概况
段落大意：美国的职业教育在中学和社区大学里进行，并部分由联邦资助。
In the U.S., vocational education programs are conducted in public secondary schools and community colleges and are financed in part by federal funds. Other programs are conducted by business and industry, labor organizations, the armed forces, and private vocational-technical schools. Programs in both public and private institutions are general in scope (范围), providing training for several jobs in an occupational cluster（群）. Programs conducted by business, industry, and the armed forces usually focus on particular aspects. Under the Vocational Education Amendments (1968), vocational programs are administered by the U.S. Department of Education.
2. 无门槛的职业教育
段落大意：无门槛职业教育的目的是为每个人提供高质量职业指导。
Many public and private schools offering vocational instruction (教育) adopt a so-called open-door policy, that is, anyone who can profit from the instruction may attend the school. The goal of the public school vocational program is to provide access for all people to high-quality instruction that will meet occupational demand. Every state department of education in the U.S. employs specialists in vocational education.
3. 一些有关职业发展的相关问题
段落大意：一些与职业发展相关的问题，包括某领域需求的关键技能、热门工作等等。You might want to pose questions that relate to your vocation as follows:
1） The key skills and core competencies (能力) that employers are looking for
in the field
2 ）The hottest sectors of the job market for this type of work
3 ）Three to five of the most important issues currently being addressed in the field
4 ）The professional resources used by the movers（行动者）and shakers（摇动者）in the field
5 ）Changes that could impact the field and industry
6）How to gain status and recognition in the field or industry
4. 职业教育的范围
段落大意：职业教育有短期和长期之分，范围包括办公技能、农业、贸易、健康服务和技术培训等。
Vocational education programs range from short-unit (ten weeks or less) to long-term programs up to two years in length. The programs include numerous occupational areas, such as office skills, agriculture, various trades, health services, and technical training. The scope of vocational education is broad, ranging from occupations requiring little skill to those requiring a high degree of skills and scientific knowledge. Jobs requiring minimum training are not generally included in formal programs because the necessary skills can be readily learned on the job.
5. 职业教育的必要性
段落大意：技术对职业的冲击、雇主对雇员更高的教育背景要求、对拥有专门训练雇员的需求——这些因素导致职业教育势在必行。
Vocational education refers to instruction on skills necessary for persons who are preparing to enter the labor force or who need training or retraining in the technology of their occupations. The impact of technology on occupations, the tendency of employers to set higher educational requirements, and the need for employees to gain specialized skills have made vocational training imperative (急需的). Part-time programs are essential to provide occupational mobility among workers and to overcome the effects of job obsolescence（过时）.
6. 职业咨询
段落大意：职业咨询的基本原则：职业咨询师可以帮助人们了解自己的性格特点及职业要求，从而更好地进行职业准备。
Although the vocational guidance and vocational education movements developed separately during the early 1900s, they later became closely associated. Today career counseling is recognized as being important for everyone. The basic principle of career counseling and guidance is that a person is better equipped to make occupational plans after exploring his or her own characteristics, examining the requirements of various occupations, and matching the two sets of facts with the aid of a skilled counselor. Various standardized tests and inventories (详细目录) have been developed to measure skills, aptitudes（资质）, interests, and other abilities and traits（特色）. In addition to school records, job-shadowing techniques and computerized programs are also used to assist students with occupational selection.
7. 职业咨询有助于了解工作种类
段落大意：职业咨询有助于人们了解各种各样的工作，从而更加自由地选择职业。除此以外，工作经验也是择业的一大促进因素。
A major aspect of career counseling and guidance is the knowledge of the field of work. Ignorance of work has been a great deterrent (阻碍物) to freedom of occupational choice. To help solve this problem, some schools provide opportunity for students to gain actual work experience as part of their vocational preparation. The value of work experience in education has long been recognized and is now emphasized in the counseling of youth.
8. 教育指导
段落大意：教育指导帮助学生获得自我认知和自我定位。
Educational guidance is the process of helping students achieve self-understanding and self-direction which is necessary to make informed choices and move toward personal goals. Guidance, a uniquely American educational innovation, focuses on the complete development of individual students through a series of services designed to maximize school learning, stimulate career development, and respond to the personal and social concerns that inhibit individual growth. Although guidance activities are usually associated with educational professionals known as counselors, educational guidance is actually a cooperative enterprise (努力) involving the participation of teachers, administrators, other educational specialists, and parents.
9. 美国教育指导的起源
段落大意：教育指导起源于职业指导服务，并得到了迅速发展。
The origins of educational guidance are firmly rooted in the development of vocational guidance services. In 1908 the Vocation Bureau of Boston was established under the direction of the American lawyer and educator Frank Parsons to assist young men in making vocational choices based on their occupational aptitudes and interests. It soon became obvious that individuals needed vocational guidance while still in school so that they could prepare for their chosen careers. By midcentury, counseling services had been provided for a larger range of people, and counselors extended their activities beyond vocational advice to problems of social adjustment.
10. 美国国防教育法的目的
段落大意：美国国防教育法的目的是寻找能力突出的学生，鼓励并帮助他们接受更高教育。
The National Defense Education Act (NDEA) of 1958 more than doubled the number of trained personnel available to provide expanded guidance services in the public schools. The purpose of the act was to identify students with outstanding abilities, to encourage them to seek higher education, and to assist them in following studies best suited to their abilities. NDEA also provided financial incentives (激励) like grants（奖助金）to train institutions to make educational guidance an integral part of public secondary education.
11. 美国教育指导项目：制订学术计划和学生评估
段落大意：美国教育指导项目包括一系列服务，如制订学术计划和学生评估等。
In public schools, guidance programs are organized as a series of services. One service is academic planning. Counselors assist students with curriculum and individual course selection, and they also help students who have academic difficulties. Student appraisal (评估) is another counseling function. Standardized tests are administered to assess academic achievement, to identify individual aptitudes, to explore vocational interests, and to examine personal characteristics. Tests are also used to identify gifted students and those with special learning problems.
12. 美国教育指导项目：职业发展项目
段落大意：美国教育指导项目还包括职业发展项目，其目的是培养职业选择意识、人际交往技巧和实际工作技能等。
Other counseling services include career-development programs to foster（培养）awareness of career alternatives, programs in human relations skills, and training in practical job skills, as well as the acquisition and dissemination (宣传) of related information. Counselors work with teachers, administrators, and families in coordinated efforts to help resolve problems of specific students. If necessary, they can introduce students to train therapists for additional assistance. In colleges and universities, administrative offices concerning student affairs, admissions, financial aid, housing, and student health and so on, provide guidance services. College counseling centers assist students with academic, vocational, or personal problems.
13. 美国教育指导现状
段落大意：除了学校颁发的证书，专职教育指导者还希望取得从业执照。对教育指导行业的规范同样要求更高的职业责任心。
In addition to state certification as educationally qualified personnel within schools, many guidance professionals are seeking licensing (执照) outside of
school settings. Several states currently grant license to counselors. Increased efforts to license and regulate guidance workers also elicit (引出) greater demands for professional accountability. Guidance workers are required to develop specific programs with measurable goals and systematic evaluation procedures to demonstrate their effectiveness. Programs have been developed for such special problem areas as abusive（虐待的）families, divorce, and substance abuse（滥用药物）, and for specific groups such as minorities and the physically and developmentally disabled. Community-based programs also emphasize prevention and crisis intervention as primary guidance strategies.
14. 关系网的概念
段落大意：构建关系网的目的是获得并散布信息，这可以通过非正式且自然的方式来进行。构建关系网的目的是了解他人，并寻求他人对自己项目的建议。
Networking is the art of building relationships for the purpose of acquiring and disseminating information. It can be done informally and naturally every time you interact with another professional. When you network, your objective is to learn about the other individual and to seek their advice on your project. In the case of job searches, the project is about locating resources—including individuals—that will help you learn about the job market specific to your particular expertise and interests. It’s a good idea to network while you are still happy or moderately (普通地) happy with your job. Once you’ve established a professional network, you can more easily expand on and give attention to this process when the need arises.
15. 构建关系网
段落大意：构建关系网是进行职业管理的必要技巧。通过构建关系网，可以建立资源、获取信息并帮助他人。
In this age of increasingly short-term job cycles, networking is an essential skill for managing your career. Many people think that networking is simply a euphemism (委婉语) for asking for a job. However, if you are truly networking, you are building resources, acquiring information, and offering assistance to others at the same time. Unfortunately, networking is not an instinctive skill, and it can only be achieved by practice.
16. 如何通过会谈构建关系网
段落大意：可以通过电子邮件和电话来与认识的人进行会谈，探讨自己的职业发展状况。Once you’ve made the transition from informal to more formal contacts, assess
whether it is better to call or write to request for a meeting based on the nature of your relationship with that individual. In some cases, you may want to do both. Send a letter or an e-mail message, and then follow up with a phone call. Whatever the medium, you can set the tone for the meeting and provide your contact with some general background including the following points:
1）Opening lines that express interest in this person and a reference to the last time you met
2）A brief update on your professional status
3）A statement about your interest in investigating a new career direction 4）A request to discuss these ideas and obtain some advice on your endeavor
17. 合理组织关系网构建
段落大意：非求职状态下，保持每个月五次的关系网交谈；求职状态下，每周进行几次关系网交谈。
If you are networking while currently employed, you might want to set a goal of five networking conversations per month. These could occur in person or over the phone. If you are actively hunting jobs, you should aim at having several networking conversations per week. Very quickly you’ll find that you need a tracking system to record names of initial contacts, referrals (参考) obtained from those contacts, e-mail addresses, phone numbers, and mailing addresses. You’ll also want to note the source for each referral, dates when you’ve made contact, and any follow-up conversations you plan to have with that individual.
18. 如何开始关系网的构建
段落大意：首先将所认识的人列出，包括朋友、亲戚、同事以及为自己提供服务的人。与这些不同的人交谈将有助于构建有益的关系网。
Some of the best networkings can be simply talking to people you know well. If you are new at networking and are just beginning career research or a job search, begin by making a broad list of people you know, even those people you hadn’t thought about having network contacts. Your list should include friends, relatives, work colleagues (past and present), and service providers such as your accountant, physicians, and others with whom you do business on a personal basis. Also include neighbors, club members, teachers and professors, alumni (校友) contacts, social and community contacts, and local merchants. Informal discussions with these various individuals can often lead to more helpful, formal networking contacts. Be prepared to discuss your career background even with people who know you well. You’d be surprised how little others may know about your work accomplishments. You can also start networking by joining a
professional association.
19. 失业保险
段落大意：失业保险的概念。
Unemployment insurance is a form of social insurance, designed to provide income to persons who have lost their jobs. Unemployment insurance is wage related and is paid as a matter of right to any insured eligible (符合条件的) worker. The two major goals of the system are to prevent unemployed persons from undergoing severe hardships and to get them back to work. Unemployment compensation benefits account for approximately 1 percent of personal income in most developed Western nations.
20. 失业保险的重要性
段落大意：随着失业率的升高，失业保险越来越重要。
With the higher unemployment rates in Western nations since 1973, the protection offered by unemployment insurance has increased in importance. If unemployment stays high, pressures for extensions of potential duration and for increased weekly benefits are likely to grow, while public concern about preventing payment to those not seriously seeking work expands. In the future as in the past, interest in a country’s unemployment insurance program will be directly related to the degree of the unemployment problem.
21. 失业保险的实现方式
段落大意：州失业补偿法建立基金，由雇主提供资金，对失业人员提供失业保险。State unemployment compensation laws establish a fund, financed by contributions from employers, from which weekly unemployment benefits are paid for a specified number of weeks. Employers’contributions are based on experience rating, that is, they are related to the amount of benefits received in the past by workers laid off from the business. A few states also require contributions from employees. To be eligible for benefits, an unemployed worker must have earned a given amount of wages within a specific period of time. In addition, a worker must file a claim, register for work at the state employment service, be able to work, and be available for suitable work. A claimant may be disqualified（剥夺资格）from benefits for varying periods if he or she left a job voluntarily without a good cause, dismissed for misconduct, or refused an offer of suitable work. Until another job is found or the benefit period ends, a worker receives a weekly payment by reporting at scheduled intervals（间隔）to the local unemployment office.
22. 企业家精神
段落大意：创业企业家将商业运作的相关因素组织在一起，筹集资金、确定商业场所、组织工人、管理整个企业运作，并同时承担相应的风险。
Entrepreneurship（企业家精神）is an ability some people have to accept risks and combine factors of production in order to produce goods and services. Entrepreneurs (企业家) organize the various components necessary to operate a business. They raise the necessary financial backing（支持）, acquire a physical site for the business, assemble a team of workers, and manage the overall operation of the enterprise. They accept the risk of losing the money they spend on the business in the hope that eventually they will earn a profit. If the business is successful, they receive all or some share of the profits. If the business fails, they bear some or all of the losses.
23. 创业者和经理人的区别
段落大意：经理人并不是创业者或企业家，因为他们只是执行上层决策。而创业者或企业家不仅要对整个企业负责，而且要愿意承担风险。
Many people mistakenly believe that anyone who manages a large company is an entrepreneur. However, many managers at large companies simply carry out decisions made by higher-ranking executives. These managers are not entrepreneurs because they do not have final control over the company and they do not make decisions that involve risking the company’s resources. On the other hand, many of the nation’s entrepreneurs run small businesses, including restaurants, convenience stores, and farms. These individuals are true entrepreneurs, because entrepreneurship involves not merely the organization and management of a business, but also an individual’s willingness to accept risks in order to make a profit.
24. 工资
段落大意：工资所包含的内容。
Wages, in economic theory, refer to price paid for labor. Wages consist of all payments that compensate individuals for time and effort spent in the production of economic goods and services. The payments include wages in the ordinary, narrow sense, which are the earnings, computed（计算）generally on an hourly, daily, weekly, or output basis, of manual and clerical（文书的）workers. It also contains weekly, monthly, or annual salaries of professional and supervisory (管理的) personnel, bonuses added to regular earnings, premiums (津贴) for night or holiday work or for work exceeding stated norms of quantity or quality, fees
and retainers (聘用定金) for professional services, and that part of the income of business owners that compensates them for time devoted to business.
25. 高回报率与年收入
段落大意：高回报率并不意味着高的年收入。
A high rate of pay does not ensure large annual earnings. Construction workers are paid at relatively high hourly rates, but their annual income usually is low because of the irregularity of their employment. In addition, nominal (名义的) wages do not accurately reflect real earnings. During a period of inflation the real value of wages may fall although nominal wages rise, because the cost of living rises more rapidly than monetary earnings. Deductions（减除）from wages for income taxes, social security taxes, pension payments, union dues（应付款）, insurance premiums（保险费）, and other charges further reduce the worker’s final earning.
26. 生活成本与生活水平影响工资水平
段落大意：生活成本与生活水平影响工资水平。
The factors determining wage levels in particular countries at particular times are cost of living and standards of living. First is the cost of living. Even in poor societies, wages are usually at least sufficient to pay the cost of sustaining workers and their children. Otherwise, the working population will not reproduce itself and will decline. The other is the standards of living. Prevailing living standards influence conceptions of what constitutes a so-called living wage, thus helping to determine wage levels. Improvements in general living conditions generate moral pressures for giving laborers a share of the better life. In the presence of such pressures, employers are more inclined to grant wage increases and legislators are constrained to approve minimum-wage and other laws designed to improve workers’ conditions. However, this effect is not large.
27. 劳动力供应和生产率影响工资水平
段落大意：劳动力供应和生产率等影响工资水平。
The relative supply of labor: Where labor is relatively scarce compared to capital, land, and other resources, as in the United States in the 19th century, employers’ competitive bidding (出价) for labor tends to raise the general wage level. On the other hand, as in present-day India, where the ratio of labor to other resources is high and accordingly the supply of labor greatly exceeds demand, competition among laborers for the relatively few available jobs tends
to depress the wage level.
Productivity: Wages tend to rise with productivity. Productivity depends partly on the energy and skill of the labor force and more on the level of technology employed. U.S. wage levels are high largely because American workers obtain the skills necessary for operating the most advanced industrial equipment. Bargaining power: The organization of labor in trade unions and in political associations enhances its relative bargaining power and thus tends to win for organized labor, especially in time of deflation, a larger share of the national income.
28. 工资水平七大影响因素I：产品相对价值、能力获取成本
段落大意：工资水平受七大因素影响，其中包括产品相对价值和能力获取成本。
The general wage level is an average of widely differing individual pay rates and earnings. The various elements contributing to wage differentiation are as follows.
Relative value of product: An industrious and skilled worker who produces a more valuable output than workers of lesser capabilities is worth more to an employer and usually is paid more.
Costs of required capabilities: Employers must pay the price of special training if they need workers who are so trained. If engineers did not receive more compensation than laborers, relatively few persons would invest the time, money, and effort required to become engineers.
29. 工资水平七大影响因素II：特定劳力相对稀缺性、职业相对吸引力、劳动力机动性
段落大意：工资水平受七大因素影响，其中包括：特定劳力相对稀缺性、职业相对吸引力、劳动力机动性。
Relative scarcity of specific kinds of labor: Common labor is paid poorly because it is common, but entertainers, such as movie stars and television performers, who have qualities regarded as unique enjoy very large incomes. Comparative attractiveness of occupations: Difficult, disagreeable, or dangerous jobs usually bring higher rates of pay than do more inviting jobs requiring less skills. Thus, a truck driver engaged in moving explosives earns more than one delivering groceries.
Mobility of labor: Where the working population is immobile, wage differentials （差别）are wide. On the other hand, the readiness of workers to change jobs or to move long distances to better-paying positions tends to narrow wage differentials among firms, occupations, and communities.