SQL SERVER计算机毕业设计外文翻译

附录A

SQL Server Summary

SQL Server2000 inquiry language ------- interactive SQL

The inquiry language is the database management system important constituent. Many relational databases system has took the high-level inquiry language the structure inquiry language (Structured Query Language, is called SQL). Interactive SQL (Transact SQL is called T-SQL) is the SQLserver inquiry language. It standard is compatible with ANSI192 the SQL, and has carried on the expansion to it.

If the hope development procedure has a better probability, is serving should use the standard as far as possible ANSI192 SQL, otherwise, should consider uses T-SQL, because T-SQL may bring a better performance.

T-SQL provides the following order:

Foundation and management database object

Visit and revision data

Data polymerization

Management security and jurisdiction

SQL database operation

Definition data

SQL data definition function including definition database, fundamental catalogue, index and view. First, lets us understand SQL provides main data type:

(1) Founds database: The database has contained the very many fundamental catalogues data acquisition, their instruction format is: CREATE DATABASE [ other parameters ], among, in the system must be only, cannot have the duplication, otherwise will be able to cause the data accessing mistake. [ Other parameters ] can have differently because of the different database system.

(2) Fundamental catalogue definition and revision: Itself is the independent existence table is called the fundamental catalogue, in the SQL sentence, the relations only is occurs in the fundamental catalogue, the fundamental catalogue definition is according to the basic relational model establishment, but its revision actually is according to the occurrence which exists deletes

or the revision fundamental catalogue database.

(3) Index definition and deletion: The index belongs to the physical memory concept, but is not the logical concept, abandons the index in SQL the concept, direct use main connection concept. Is worth saying, some relations simultaneously has the index structure and the main connection structure in the database management system, recommends the use main connection structure in here us, because when system resources rich time it occupies few moreover is very effective. (4) View definition and deletion: In SQL, according to the basic structure unit view is an exterior model development. It is the table which or several fundamental catalogues arrives, "has the object subset from an existence fundamental catalogue which the specific goal the table" the selection definite user founds. Such structure pattern must use SQL in the sentence the SELECT sentence to complete. When definition view, only needs in the system data to save its definition, but do not have directly to save the data which and the view corresponds, when uses the view until the user, only then contains the correlation data.

Data manipulation

SQL is one kind of inquiry function extremely strong language, so long as in the database has the data, then it can carry on the inquiry through the suitable method from the database, inquires the sentence in SQL only to have one kind: SELECT, it can complete all inquiries function through the different sentence combination. The SELECT sentence has a polite talk law rule, possibly has six kind of inquiries sentences. The grammar rule is such: According to goal which must search, assigns in the fundamental catalogue or the view from FROM sentence discovers satisfies a Yuan group which the strip sees.

[ WHERE condition expression ]

[ GROUP a BY row name ]

[ HAVING group of conditions expressions ]

[ ORDER a BY row name [ gathers ]...

Entire sentence meaning as follows: According to the WHERE sentence conditional expression, discovers from the FROM sentence satisfies the condition a Yuan group, carries on according to the GROUP sentence the result according to a row value the grouping, again chooses satisfies the HAVING sentence condition a Yuan group, carries on the output according to the SELECT sentence or a row value. The ORDER sentence is to the goal row which is going to output carries on the arrangement, the order is (rises foreword) according to sentence tail ASC or DESC (reduces) changes.

Data renewal

The data renews including the data insertion, the deletion and the revision operation. They according to insert the sentence, the deletion sentence, and the revision sentence different differentiate. These operations may complete in any fundamental catalogue, but is limited in the view. In the middle of them, when the view is a time which derives by a fundamental catalogue, only can carry on the insertion and the revision operation, but cannot carry on the deletion the work; If the view is derives by many tables, then the above said three kind of operations all cannot complete.

1 Insertion data

Insertions data insert the data in the SQL fundamental catalogue to have two kind of forms: One kind inserts the unit group, another kind is many Yuan groups inserts. The unit group inserts: Inserts a Yuan Zudao in the fundamental catalogue, records for (100, 002, c02, 95); Many Yuan groups insert: This is one kind inserts the SELECT sentence inquiry result to some fundamental catalogues in the method.

2 Deletion data

Deletions data are satisfy in the SQL deletion operation the WHERE sentence condition the recording to delete from the fundamental catalogue. If does not have the WHERE sentence, may delete in the table the complete record, but the table definition still existed. Its sentence form is: DELETE FROM table [ WHERE condition expression sentence ]. In SQL, the deletion and the revision WHERE sentence usage to the SELECT WHERE sentence usage is quite same not less than. When carries on the deletion data and the revision data operation, in fact needs first to carry on the SELECT inquiry operation, like this will inquire Yuan Zuzai will carry on the deletion and the revision operation.

3 Revision data

Revisions data revise the data in SQL are extremely simple. The revision operation sentence general form is: UPDATE table SET row name [ WHERE condition expression ]. Its function is the revision assigns in the table to satisfy the WHERE sentence condition a Yuan group. SET words and expressions use for to substitute for a corresponding attribute row value. If does not have the WHERE sentence, then indicated wants in the modification list completely a Yuan group.

Data management

Because data bank administration software is the multi-user system, in order to examine the user visit data the right, guaranteed the data sharing and the integrity, the SQL sentence has provided

a series of data management function. Among them, mainly includes the secure inspection, the complete inspection, the concurrency inspection and the parallel shot.

1 Secure inspection

Security inspection data security is, through the protection which guaranteed according to the database security measure prevented the illegal use creates data missing and destruction. Guaranteed the data secure main method is through prevents the illegal use database to carry on the data accessing to protect the database. In other words also is the permission different user operation different data object. Awards the visit data the right including the jurisdiction, examines and abolishes. The jurisdiction awards and abolishes is the database administrator controls and the execution through the individual right. The system in carries on the database before the operation, first must inspect the corresponding user whether has the right to carry out their data inquiry operation.

2 Complete inspection

Complete inspections database integrity is the index according to accuracy and compatibility. This is database theory Central Africa often an important concept. This complete inspection essential target is in prevents these not the correct data to enter the database in the grammar. In relational database complete restraint condition including entity integrity, reference integrity and user definition integrity. But the complete restraint condition definition mainly is sentence provides [ CHECK ] in CREATE in the TABLE sentence. In addition, but also has other help order possibly to carry out the data complete restraint. Like UNIQUE and NOT NULL, beforehand user prevents the data with it which duplicates to input the database, afterwards was uses for to prevent was the spatial value.

3 Concurrency control

Concurrencies controls concurrent control is to fundamental unit's concurrency inspection, also is to fundamental unit's restoration. Supports the concurrency in the SQL concept. This so-called concurrency is the user definition operation set, these operations may do together, also may do not together, is cannot mutually transfer. This execution usually is by BEGIN, TRANSACTION starts, finished by COMMIT or ROLLBACK.

4 Parallel shot

The database is a shared resource, may simultaneously supply many users visit database. When very many users concurrent operation database, needs to inspect through the uniformity

coordinates between them the work. This inspection can guarantee they correctly operate uniform and guarantee database consistency. In SQL, the parallel shot use blockade technology completes, when some data object operations needs concurrently to carry out, may apply to lock these objects, including data object definite inspection, but limits other executions to use these objects.

The information systems of enterprises

Enterprise's information system is a material base of enterprise's informationization, the construction of information system of

enterprises one is good and bad, and has essential function to the economic benefits which improve enterprises. Setting up enterprise's information system, each level and each function field in enterprises manage the business decision activities of enterprises; it is the important way to improve enterprise's competitiveness. The construction of all types of enterprise's information system, especially face the construction of information system of management information of the management, have already become the main part of enterprise's information-based process.

The management information system (Management Information System, MIS), is by the artificial leadership, using the computer hardware, software, the network corresponds these equipment and other office equipments carries on the information the collection, the transmission, the processing, the storage, the renewal and the maintenance achieved the enterprise strategy competes superior, enhances the benefit and the efficiency goal, supports the enterprise the high level decision-making, the intermediate deck control and the basic unit operation integration man-machine system. MIS is the superintendent provides the report, provides the enterprise the recent situation as well as the historic record. This system main localization is aims at in the enterprise, for management function and so on level plan, control and decision-making serves, generally provides the data by the lower level handling of traffic system. MIS will be able the actual enterprise's each kind of movement situation, and using the past historical data forecast future, embarks the assistance enterprise from the enterprise overall situation angle to carry on the decision-making, used the message control enterprise the behavior, helped the enterprise to

achieve its plan goal..

Management information system characteristic

The management information characteristic may summarize from seven aspects: 1st, MIS is a person machine union assistance management system management system. The management and the policy-making main body is the person, the computer system only is the tool and the supporting facility.

2nd, mainly applies to the structure question solution.

3rd, the main consideration completes the routine information processing service, including data feeds, memory, processing, output, productive plan, production and sales statistics and so on.

4th, completes the data by the high velocity low cost the processing service, the pursue system processing question efficiency.

5th, the goal is must realize to be relatively stable, the coordinated working conditions. Because the system method of work, the management pattern and the treating processes are definite, therefore the system can stabilize coordinated works.

6th, the data message becomes the system operation the driving influence. Because the information processing model and the treating processes direct object is the data message, only has the guarantee integrity data material gathering, the system only then has the operation the premise.

7th, design system, emphasizes the science, the objective processing method application, and the system design must conform to the actual situation.

The basic problem of MIS construction

MIS is a new subject of unceasing development, the definition of MIS along with the advance of computer technology and communication technology also in update constantly, think MIS generally in current stage is from popular support computer equipment or other information handling means compositions is used in the system of management information.

1. the object of MIS is information is the data of processing process, information is for policymaker valuable data. the major feature of information is source scatter , quantity huge. Information source in produce forefront, source in social environment, source in market, source in administration etc. department. Information has timeliness. The processing ways of information have various forms. Enterprise may divide from the angle of information management for thing flow with information flow. Produce process is a thing flow put in produce process, is not reversible process just. Manage process is the process of information flow, have the feature of information feedback just.

2, system is to press certain rule composition from some essential factor of mutual connection and interaction and has the whole of certain function. System has two above essential factor, each essential factor and whole between, have certain organic connection between whole and environment. System from input, handle, export, feedback and control the 5 basic compositions of essential factor. Information system is the data of input, pass handling, export is the system of information. Show as Fig.2:

3 and management information from information and the collection of information transmit , information store , the processing of information, the maintenance of information and the use of information 5 aspect compositions.

The development principle of MIS

The innovation principle, manifests advanced. The computer technology development is extremely rapid, must promptly understand the new technology, uses the new technology, enable the goal system comparatively original system to have the quantities leap.

The overall principle, manifests the integrity. The business management may understand is reasonable ' the closed loop ' the system. The goal system must be this ' the closed loop ' the system consummation. The enterprise integrity realization computer management not necessarily must also realize in enterprise's each aspect, but must integrity design system each aspect.

Unceasingly develops the principle, manifests in advance. In order to enhance the utilization ratio, the effective display MIS function, must pay attention to technical the development and the environment change. MIS should pay great attention to in the performance history unceasingly develops and realizes in advance.

The economical principle, manifests the usability. Large and complete and precise and advanced certainly is not succeeds the MIS weight standard. In fact many defeats MIS is precisely because blindly pursued the high-tech to neglect its usability. Blind pursue perfect MIS has neglected this unit's technical level, the management level and the personnel quality.

The basic ness work of systematic construction

Operation and the development of system have a lot of prerequisite condition and problem, for example: select and train acceptable computer application responsible person is one of basic ness works of enterprise MIS construction, is put in charge of the people of computer application can not only discover and solve the problem of computer , more important is can put forward appropriate systematic development application programs to lead, build as enterprise leading relevant MIS and even the decision of enterprise reform basis. this do not be general computer technical people can be qualified , is by systems analyst undertake work . the MIS construction of enterprise should emphasize for systems analyst select and train.

Operation and the construction of system are concerned with data share , computer software and hardware , work pattern wait for a lot of aspects, should have unified regular treaty to decide, have the content of 3 aspects mainly ;

( 1) information standard. as: code and thing property table etc.. the establishment of the standard of this respect with carry out is original way change to new system prerequisite condition.

( 2) the platform standard of software and hardware of computer. in which include computer hardware, operating system, database, network as well as word handling and such content. these standards is realization unite the guarantee of net.

( 3) manage pattern. in which include systematic operation rules, post installation and the last hillock standard etc. of computer technical people. this is management work accept new system make it stabilize the guarantee of operation.

According to the characteristic organization system of computer

Original way is normally with meet the working characteristic of person form step by step , often scatter , non-standard, its handling process also longer. computer systematic suitable handling a large quantity of , standardize data, and handle process make great effort concise. organize new system according to the characteristic of computer, do not offer the handling of data alone can also make working way become to standardize , concise. therefore, the development of MIS do not be in imitate original way, is the characteristic of computer basis redesign a kind of new working pattern. actual work in, often overlook fairly for this, even design the function of computer completely according to the characteristic of artificial way. as if if design the production line of auto industry with craftsmen handwork production way, actually can not raise efficiency really the same, such MIS construction can not play deserved role.

Computer system " infrastructure " is carry out overall program for the data of enterprise with organize , establish the data platform of unification. is central with data platform, will systematic development partition is form data platform with alternate result from data platform two parts, make construction of system simple and clear on whole. establish data platform is computer-oriented effective method, but do not be suitable for directly face user and it use work way. is — grow development method, it apply to goal and contain data content definite system, as: civil aviation and railway sell ticket system. this kind of system may directly start with from organization data implement development. for goal and contain data content conceal system, as the equipment management system of power plant, What will first face is that the more vague working way that user and it use grasp completely for this development people in short period, is been impossible , . should adopt right now decompose way, pass through trial run the demand of

user unceasing absorption go into system. in this process in, development will pay attention is center with data platform establish new construction of system.

Concluding remarks

In MIS construction, development first faces is user and original working way, make for specific condition issue body analysis, will have establishment the creativity of new working pattern, develop process with organization measure control. the characteristic of the work of this respect is vague confuse with 0; MIS construction will realize is the new working way of center with computer system, its result no matter computer systematic inside is still the work of person will be definite , standardize . last result make clear , standardize , do not explain can have definite rule or simple method go to abstract original way. MIS construction face is original way and computer system two completely the problem of difference, overlook nevermore with obscure . treat entire MIS construction with the technical way of computer is the mistake of a kind of ultimacy. IT is whole world cause a revolution, MIS construction is the important content of this revolution, is the enterprise in the future realize science melt manage get the basic ness work of high benefit. MIS construction will be concerned with user, original working way, computer software and hardware, program development and other a lot of factors, this does not be to have the aid of certain specific, specific technology, can be completed , on essence, is a problem of systematic ness.

附录B

SQL Server概述

SQL Server2000的查询语言-------交互式SQL

查询语言是数据库管理系统的重要组成部分。许多关系数据库系统拥有作为高级查询语言的结构化查询语言（Structured Query Language,简称SQL）。交互式SQL（Transact SQL 简称T-SQL）是SQLserver的查询语言。它与ANSI192 SQL标准兼容，并对其进行了扩展。

如果希望开发的程序有更好的可移植性，在服务么应尽量使用标准的ANSI192 SQL，否则，就应该考虑使用T-SQL，因为T-SQL可以带来更好的性能。

T-SQL提供如下的命令：

l●创建和管理数据库对象

l●访问和修改数据

l●数据聚合

l●管理安全性和权限

SQL数据库的操作

定义数据

SQL的数据定义功能包括定义数据库，基本表，索引和视图。首先，让我们来了解一下SQL提供的主要数据类型：

（1）创建的数据库：数据库包含了很多基本表数据集合，它们的指令格式是：CREATE DATABASE[其他参数]，其中，在系统中必须是唯一的，不能有复制的，否则将会引起数据访问的错误。[其他参数]会因为不同的数据库系统而有所不同。

（2）基本表的定义和修改：本身是独立存在的表叫做基本表，在SQL语句里，关系只是在基本表中发生，基本表的定义是根据基本关系模型的建立，但是它的修改却是根据存在的发生删除或修改的基本表的数据库。

（3）索引的定义和删除：索引属于物理存储概念，而不是逻辑概念，在SQL中抛弃索引的概念，直接使用主要的关联概念。值得说的是，有些关系在数据库管理系统中同时具有索引结构和主要关联结构，在这里我们推荐使用主要关联结构，因为当系统资源丰富时它占的少而且是很有效的。

（4）视图的定义和删除：在SQL中，根据基本结构单位视图是一个外部模型发展。

它是一个或几个基本表到出的表，从一个存在的基本表“有特定目的的表”选取确定的用户创建的对象的子集。这样的结构模式必须使用SQL语句中的SELECT语句来完成。当定义视图时，只需要在系统的数据中存储它的定义，但不要直接存储与视图相对应的数据，直到使用者使用视图时，才包含相关数据。

数据操作

SQL是一种查询功能非常强的语言，只要数据库中存在数据，那么它就能通过适当的方法从数据库中进行查询，在SQL中查询语句只有一种：SELECT，它能够通过不同语句的组合完成所有的查询功能。SELECT语句有一套语法规则，可能有六种查询语句。语法规则是这样的：根据要查找的目标，从FROM子句指定的基本表或视图中找出满足条见的元组。

[WHERE 条件表达]

[GROUP BY 列名]

[HAVING 一组条件的表达]

[ORDER BY 列名[集合]…]

整个语句的含义如下：根据WHERE子句的条件表达式，从FROM 子句中找出满足条件的元组，根据GROUP语句将结果按列值进行分组，再选择满足HAVING子句条件的元组，根据SELECT子句或列的值进行输出。ORDER子句是对将要输出的目标列进行排序，顺序是按句尾的ASC（升序）或DESC（降序）来变化。

数据更新

数据更新包括数据的插入、删除和修改的操作。他们根据插入语句、删除语句、和修改语句的不同来区分。这些操作可以在任何基本表中完成，但是在视图中是受限制。在它们当中，当视图是由一个基本表导出来的时候，就只能进行插入和修改的操作，但不能进行删除的工作；如果视图是由多个表导出的，那么上面说的三种操作就都不能完成。

1.插入数据

在SQL的基本表中插入数据有两种形式：一种是插入单元组，另一种是多元组插入。单元组插入：插入一个元组到基本表中，记录为（100，002，c02，95）；多元组插入：这是一种将SELECT语句的查询结果插入到一些基本表中的方法。

2.删除数据

在SQL中的删除操作是把满足WHERE语句条件的记录从基本表中删除。如果没有WHERE子句，可以删除表中的全部记录，但是表的定义仍然存在。它的语句格式为：DELETE FROM 表名[WHERE 条件表达语句] 。在SQL中，删除和修改的WHERE语

句用法于SELECT的WHERE语句用法是完全相同的。在进行删除数据和修改数据的操作时，实际上需要先进行SELECT查询操作，这样将查询出来的元组再进行删除和修改的操作。

3.修改数据

在SQL中修改数据是非常简单的。修改操作语句的一般格式为：UPDATE 表名SET 列名[WHERE 条件表达]。其功能是修改指定表中满足WHERE子句条件的元组。其中SET 字句用来取代相应的属性列值。如果没有WHERE子句，则表示要修改表中的全部元组。

数据控制

因为数据库管理软件是多用户系统，为了检验用户访问数据的权利，保证数据的共享性和完整性，SQL语句提供了一系列的数据管理功能。其中，主要包括安全性检查、完整性检查、并发性检查和一致性检查。

1 安全性检查

数据的安全是根据数据库的安全措施来保证的，通过保护来防止非法使用造成的数据丢失和破坏。保证数据安全性的主要方法是通过阻止非法使用数据库进行数据访问来保护数据库。换句话说也就是允许不同的用户操作不同的数据对象。授予访问数据的权利包括权限、审查和废除。权限的授予和废除是数据库管理员通过个人权利来控制和执行的。系统在进行数据库的操作前，首先要检查相应的用户是否有权利去执行他们的数据查询操作。

2 完整性检查

数据库的完整性是指数据的正确性和相容性。这是数据库理论中非常重要的一个概念。这完整性检查的主要目标是在阻止那些在语法上不正确的数据进入数据库。在关系数据库中完整性约束条件包括实体完整性，参照完整性和用户定义完整性。但是完整性约束条件定义主要是在CREATE TABLE语句中提供[CHECK]子句。此外，还有别的帮助命令可能执行数据的完整性约束。像UNIQUE和NOT NULL，以前使用者用它来阻止重复的数据录入到数据库，后来就是用来防止是空值。

3 并发性控制

并发控制是对基本单位的并发性检查，也是对基本单位的恢复。在SQL的概念中支持并发性。这所谓的并发性就是用户定义操作的集合，这些操作可以一起做，也可以不一起做，是一个不能互相转让的。这个执行通常是由BEGIN，TRANSACTION开始的，由COMMIT

或ROLLBACK结束。

4 一致性检查

数据库是一个共享资源，可以同时供多个用户访问数据库。当很多用户同时操作数据库时，需要通过一致性来检查来协调它们之间的工作。这个检查能够保证他们正确操作的一致性和保证数据库的一致。在SQL中，一致性检查使用封锁技术来完成，当一些数据对象操作需要并发执行时，可以申请锁定这些对象，包括数据对象确定性的检查，但是限制其他执行使用这些对象。

企业的信息系统

企业信息系统是企业信息化的物质基础，企业信息系统建设的好与坏，对于提高企业的经济效益有至关重要的作用。建立企业信息系统，在企业的各个层次和各个职能领域对企业的经营决策活动进行管理，是提高企业竞争力的重要方式。各级各类企业信息系统的建设，特别是面向管理工作的管理信息信息系统建设，已成为企业信息化进程的主要部分。

管理信息系统（Management Information System，MIS），是一个以人为主导，利用计算机的硬件、软件、网络通信这些设备和其它的办公设备进行信息的收集、传输、加工、储存、更新和维护以达到企业战略竞优、提高效益和效率的目的，来支持企业的高层决策、中层控制和基层运作的集成化的人机系统。MIS为管理者提供报告，提供企业的最近的情况以及历史记录。这一系统主要定位是针对企业内部，为管理层的计划、控制和决策等功能服务，一般由下层的业务处理系统提供数据。MIS能够实测企业的各种运行情况，并利用过去的历史数据预测未来，从企业全局的角度出发辅助企业进行决策，利用信息控制企业的行为，帮助企业实现其规划目标。

管理信息系统的特点

管理信息的特点可以从七个方面来概括：

1、MIS是一个人机结合的辅助管理系统。管理和决策的主体是人，计算机系

统只是工具和辅助设备。

2、主要应用于结构化问题的解决。

3、主要考虑完成例行的信息处理业务，包括数据输入、存储、加工、输出，

生产计划，生产和销售的统计等。

4、以高速度低成本完成数据的处理业务，追求系统处理问题的效率。

5、目标是要实现一个相对稳定的、协调的工作环境。因为系统的工作方法、

管理模式和处理过程是确定的，所以系统能够稳定协调地工作。

6、数据信息成为系统运作的驱动力。因为信息处理模型和处理过程的直接对

象是数据信息，只有保证完整的数据资料的采集，系统才有运作的前提。

7、设计系统时，强调科学的、客观的处理方法的应用，并且系统设计要符合

实际情况。

MIS建设的基本问题

MIS 是一个不断发展的新型学科，MIS的定义随着计算机技术和通讯技术的进步也在不断更新，在现阶段普遍认为MIS 是由人和计算机设备或其他信息处理手段组成并用于管理信息的系统。

1.MIS的对象就是信息

信息是经过加工的数据，信息是对决策者有价值的数据。信息的主要特征是来源分散，数量庞大。信息来源于生产第一线，来源于社会环境，来源于市场，来源于行政管理等部门。信息具有时间性。信息的加工方式有多种形式。

企业从信息管理的角度可划分为物流和信息流。生产过程是一个物流的投入产出过程，且是不可逆的过程。管理过程是信息流的过程，且具有信息反馈的特征。

2、系统是由相互联系、相互作用的若干要素按一定的法则组成并具有一定功能的整体。

系统有两个以上要素，各要素和整体之间，整体和环境之间存在一定的有机联系。系统由输入、处理、输出、反馈、控制五个基本要素组成。信息系统是输入的数据，经过处理，输出的是信息的系统。如图二所示：

3、管理信息由信息的采集、信息的传递、信息的储存、信息的加工、信息的维护和信息的使用五个方面组成。

MIS的开发原则

创新原则，体现先进性。计算机技术的发展十分迅速，要及时了解新技术，使用新技术，使目标系统较原系统有质的飞跃。

整体原则，体现完整性。企业管理可以理解为一个合理的‘闭环’系统。目标系统应当是这个‘闭环’系统的完善。企业完整的实现计算机管理不一定必须在企业的各个方面同时实现，但必须完整的设计系统的各个方面。

不断发展原则，体现超前性。为了提高使用率，有效的发挥MIS的作用，应当注意技术的发展和环境的变化。MIS在开发过程中应注重不断发展和超前意识。

经济原则，体现实用性。大而全和高精尖并不是成功MIS的衡量标准。事实上许多失败的MIS正是由于盲目追求高新技术而忽视了其实用性。盲目追求完善的MIS而忽视了

本单位的技术水平、管理水平和人员素质。

系统建设的基础性工作

系统的开发和运行有许多先决的条件和问题，比如：选拔和培养出合格的计算机应用负责人是企业MIS建设的基础性工作之一，分管计算机应用的人员不仅能够发现、解决计算机本身的问题，更重要的是能够向领导提出适度的系统开发应用规划，作为企业领导有关MIS建设乃至企业改革的决策依据。这不是一般的计算机技术人员能够胜任的，而是由系统分析员担当的工作。企业的MIS建设应注重对系统分析员的选拔与培养。

系统的建设和运行涉及到数据的共享、计算机软硬件、工作模式等许多方面，应该有统一的规则和约定，主要有3个方面的内容；

(1)信息规范。如：代码、事物特性表等。这方面标准规范的制定和执行是原有方式向新系统转换的前提条件。

(2)计算机的软硬件平台规范。其中包括计算机硬件、操作系统、数据库、网络以及字处理等内容。这些规范是实现联网的保证。

(3)管理模式。其中包括系统运行规程、岗位设置、计算机技术人员的上岗标准等。这是管理工作接受新系统使之稳定运行的保证。

按计算机的特点组织系统

原有的方式一般是以适应人的工作特点逐步形成的，常常是分散的、不规范的、其处理过程也较长。而计算机系统适合处理大批量的、规范的数据，并且处理过程力求简明。按计算机的特点组织新的系统，不单单提供了数据的处理而且能使工作方式变得规范、简明。因此，MIS的开发不是在模拟原有的方式，而是根据计算机的特点重新设计出一种新的工作模式。实际工作中，对这一点常常比较忽视，甚至完全根据人工方式的特点设计计算机的功能。就象如果用工匠们手工生产方式设计汽车工业的生产线，实际上并不能真正提高效率一样，这样的MIS建设并不能发挥出应有的作用。

计算机系统的“基础结构”是对企业的数据进行总体的规划和组织，建立起统一的数据平台。以数据平台为中心，将系统开发划分为形成数据平台和由数据平台变换出结果两个部分，在整体上使系统结构简单明了。建立数据平台是面向计算机的有效方法，但不适于直接面对用户及其所使用的工作方式。作为—种开发方法，它适用于目标及所包含的数据内容明确的系统，如：民航及铁路售票系统。这种系统可以直接从组织数据入手实施开发。而对于目标及所包含的数据内容隐蔽的系统，如电厂的设备管理系统，首先要面对的是用户及其所使用的比较模糊的工作方式，对此开发人员在短期内完全掌握是不可能的。此时应采取分解的方式，通过试运行把用户的需求不断的吸收到系统中去。在这个过程中，

开发者要注意以数据平台为中心建立起新的系统结构。

结束语

MIS建设中，开发者首先面对的是用户和原有的工作方式，对具体情况作出具体分析，要有建立新的工作模式的创造力，并用组织措施控制开发过程。这方面工作的特点是模糊和零乱；MIS建设要实现以计算机系统为中心的新的工作方式，其结果无论是计算机系统内部还是人的工作都将是明确的、规范的。最终结果的明确、规范，并不说明能有确定的规则或简单的办法去抽象原有的方式。MIS建设面对的是原有方式和计算机系统两个截然不同的问题，决不能忽视和混淆。用计算机本身的技术方式去对待整个MIS建设是一种根本性的错误。信息技术正在全球引发一场革命，MIS建设是这场革命的重要内容，是今后企业实现科学化管理获取高效益的基础性工作。MIS建设要涉及用户、原有工作方式、计算机软硬件、程序开发等许多因素，这不是借助某项具体的、特定的技术所能完成的，本质上是一个系统性的问题。