金融监管改革与启示外文文献翻译2014年译文3400多字
文献出处：Brad Dennis., An empirical study on financial regulatory reform and enlightenment: The Case of United States [J]. International Review of Business Research Papers, 2014,17(3): 57-69.
（声明：本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库。）
原文
An empirical study on financial regulatory reform and enlightenment:
The Case of United States
Brad·Dennis
Abstract
Defects of American current financial regulatory system have been exposed in the Subprime Crisis, which makes America rethink its regulatory philosophy and system. "Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act" is a new legislative outcome in America ' s large -scale financial reform. The Act involves newly establishing the Financial Stability Oversight Council to address systematic risks; setting up the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau; creating transparency and accountability for the derivatives markets and ending too big to fail bailouts, etc. KeyWords: Financial regulation; Reform; Systematic risks; Financial Stability Oversight Council; Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
1 Introduction
On July 21, 2010, U.S. President barack Obama signed the final version of the financial reform bill (all referred to as "dodd - frank Wall Street reform and consumer protection act"), making it the formal legislation.This aims to reshape the U.S. financial regulatory system, and put an end to the financial institutions in so-called "too big to fail" situation, consumer financial protection, create a sound financial base development so as to avoid similar financial crisis repeat of the bill is known as the United States since the great depression the severest financial regulatory reform bill.New look at the bill heavy defects of current financial regulatory system, the
redistribution complex "double bull" in the financial regulatory system regulatory power.This paper tries to analyze the new law and interpretation, so that we can understand its for the good of our country financial regulation legal system construction has the important enlightenment significance.
2 legislative background of America's financial regulatory reform bill
The financial crisis has made the United States and the world economy into a severe recession.On the root causes of the financial crisis, opinions vary.Main viewpoints can be summed up in loose monetary environment creates excess liquidity;Unbalanced ratio the real economy and virtual economy and real estate asset bubble burst, financial regulation overlap and vacuum, excessive financial derivatives and the proliferation of financial institutions in the moral risk, the credit rating agency conflicts of interest and unbalanced economic structure, etc.But the defect on the level of financial regulation, is undoubtedly important to the cause of the financial crisis.The new law of marked the U.S. financial reform legislation run successfully crossed the line.Review bill from the proposed, vote, reject, modify, until, through hardships and sign, it is not hard to see the game of different interest groups.
On June 17, 2009, the Obama administration formally announced a comprehensive financial regulatory reform bill.The house of representatives and the senate on December 11, respectively, and on May 20, 2010 through their version of the bill.According to the program, each house in coordinating a unified text after the vote again.On June 30, the house of representatives by 237 votes in favor, 192 votes against the results of the version of the financial reform bill passed both houses of unity.On July 15, the United States senate to 60 votes, the result of 39 vote passed the bill's final version, and become law to clear the last obstacle for it.The implementation of the new law is the Obama administration faces the pressure of the mid-term elections and safeguard the interests of the party needs, but more reflects its desire to restore confidence in the U.S. financial system.The senate banking committee chairman Christopher Dodd (Christopher Dodd and house financial services committee chairman Barney Frank (Barney Frank), and other people's unremitting
efforts and overcome many fierce lobbying activities of interest groups to enact legislation, will no longer make the taxpayer for Wall Street's mistakes, to protect consumers and the economy "(Obama, 2010)
Two of the seven key points of legislation of America's financial regulatory reform bill The name of the new law embodies the American financial regulatory reform and main content of two core pillars: systemic risk prevention and consumer financial protection.Bill legislation mainly includes seven points:
(1) set up a consumer financial protection agency (agency).Within the federal reserve system to create a new independent regulator, to ensure that U.S. consumers in the choose and buy mortgages, credit CARDS and other financial products, to obtain the clear and accurate information needed, at the same time to eliminate hidden costs, terms of abuse and fraud.
(2) the end financial institutions "too big to fail" that - big - to - fail) under the condition of financial bailout.Take the following measures to end the possibility of financial institution failures require taxpayer bailouts: when financial institutions failing to secure a liquidation procedures;Set tough new capital adequacy and liquidity requirements make financial institutions consciously shoulds not be too much;Update the power of the federal reserve, allow it to provide the system within the scope of the support, but no longer support the individual financial institutions;To establish more strict standard and supervision system to protect the U.S. economy, consumers, investors and the interests of the enterprise.
(3) the establishment of financial stability oversight council (FSOC).In order to promote the construction of risk early warning system and regulatory coordination mechanism, set up financial stability monitoring committee to identify and respond to the large financial institutions, financial products and trading behavior caused by systemic risk, in order to avoid such risks threaten the stability of the U.S. economy.
(4) to ensure the transparency and reliability of the financial derivatives.To fill the trading risk regulatory loopholes, the new law strengthened to include over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives, production guarantee securities (ABS), hedge funds, mortgage brokers and regulation of payday loans.
(5) executive compensation level and structure of corporate governance.In the executive compensation benefits, provide shareholders with voice, make it to the executive compensation levels and compensation for executives fired achieve a nonbinding vote.
(6) of investor protection.Set tough new rules to ensure the transparency and reliability of credit rating agencies, to protect the rights and interests of investors and enterprises.
(7) to strengthen the implementation of the regulations.Authorized positive regulators to crack down on financial fraud, institutional conflicts of interest and at the expense of U.S. households and business interests to meet the market manipulation behavior of individual self-interest.
3 financial regulation reform legislation logic framework
(1) for financial business practices, innovation concept of financial regulation.Since the 1970 s, pursues the new liberalism economy, think should implement financial and trade liberalization, reduce regulation, give full play to the function of market's self-adjustment.In 1989 John Williamson (John Williamson) proposed by ten o 'clock the "Washington consensus" that reflects the core concept.Financial legislation in congress is basically in accordance with the new liberalism economy, encourage financial innovation and development, maintain the market value orientation of freedom, but ignored the value of the financial stability and security considerations.From 70-80 - s of the 20th century, the United States financial system was a great revolution, the revolution is mainly characterized by traditional way of bank credit to similar to the shadow banking (shadow banking) credit financing system transformation, changed the whole financial market credit basis (Mr Yi, 2010).Financial institutions profit-driven, often prompted the high-risk financial activities, and risk management system has failed to keep up with the pace of financial product development, thus accumulated a serious risk.When the financial market behavior and credit basis after fundamental changes, if there is no corresponding regulation system arrangement, does not have a suitable for the system of laws and rules of the financial system, also won't be able to form a new way of
financial risk, how to avoid the outbreak of the financial crisis is inevitable (Mr Yi, 2010).After tasted the bitter legacy of the financial crisis, the U.S. government must renew its laissez-faire, the idea of the regulation and legislation.So, billed as the largest and the most severe in the history of financial reform bill arises at the historic moment, reflect efforts continue to increase government intervention in the market, continuously break through the new tendency of government supervision boundary.
(2) comply with the financial market structure, the reform of financial regulation mode The development of the structure of the U.S. financial markets In 1999, Clinton approved the financial services modernization act, repealed the glass-steagall act of 1933 relative clauses, which eliminated the banking, securities and insurance agencies from the legal boundary in the scope of our business, became a major event in the late 20th century financial liberalization, marks the formal towards mixed management in us financial sector. With the relaxation of financial regulation, many commercial Banks to financial derivatives "feast". Due to finance expansion is larger than the service of the real economy, buried hidden trouble has been expanded.
4 The choice of the U.S. financial regulatory model
Since the formal establishment of mixed management after the financial market structure, the United States gradually form "double bull" umbrella supervision mode."Double" refers to the power of the federal and state sharing financial regulation;"Long" is a multiple departments responsible for the supervision.Because a crisscross network of regulators regulation pattern, there is "repeat" and "supervision vacuum" phenomenon.When mixed management institutions of financial market development, and the corresponding financial regulatory model failed to timely adjust, exposed the contradiction between necessity.On financial regulatory reform in financial supervision mode change.
According to the Columbia University school of law professor John Coffey (JohnC. Coffee) about financial regulation "bimodal pattern", the purpose of financial regulation, there are two independent, one is the regulatory prudential regulation related financial institutions;Second, the protection of rights and interests of consumer
financial regulators.The United States after agency regulation and function of traditional financial supervision mode, to achieve two legislative innovation financial regulatory goals.First of all, to reconstruct of regulators, set up integration and coordination of various financial regulatory powers special agencies - the financial stability oversight council;Secondly, set up a powerful consumer financial protection regulators - consumer financial protection https://www.360docs.net/doc/ae9277190.html,position and function of the financial stability oversight committee before the outbreak of the financial crisis, the United States department of the government in monitoring the country's financial system, specialized agencies not full tracking effect of the potential threat of national economic security.Therefore, when such as insurance giant American international group (AIG), a sharp expansion in scale and connected with other enterprises, custodian of the buried time bomb unconcerned, until the bombs detonated in September 2008, then the global economy into a terrible abyss (Brady Dennis, 2010).
The new financial stability oversight council, led by Treasury secretary, by a representative of the 10 federal financial regulators, an independent committee members and five non-voting members of a total of 16 members.Federal financial regulators mainly include the federal reserve, securities and exchange commission (SEC) and commodity futures trading commission (CFTC), the comptroller of the currency (OCC), the federal deposit insurance corporation (FDIC), the federal housing finance agency (FHFA), the national credit union administration (NCUA), and the new consumer financial protection agency (agency).
The committee's main job is to identify and deal with the threat to the country's financial stability of systemic https://www.360docs.net/doc/ae9277190.html,mittee shall have the right to decided which aims to expand the scale of the enterprise's financial institutions to the nation's financial system at risk, and make recommendations to the federal reserve, for its capital adequacy ratio, leverage limits, liquidity and risk management puts forward more strict requirements, the committee shall have the right at the same time in terms of capital requirements for not less than minimum standards of the current standard;For non-bank financial firms, such as the committee that the failure or business activities will bring risk to the financial stability, after a two-thirds majority
vote, can require the fed to regulate;Exercise "pre-emptive" regulatory powers, the committee, after a two-thirds majority vote of the approval of the federal reserve requirements of large financial institutions to divest assets, premise is the national threats to financial stability and put the measure as a last resort., under the supervision of the committee have been troubled asset relief program (TARP) funds of large bank holding companies will not be able to simply by spinning off escape regulation at the federal reserve bank.In addition, in the ministry of finance within a new office of financial research.Members of the office by economists, accountants, lawyers and former regulators and other senior experts.Mainly responsible for collecting financial data and economic analysis.In the office of financial research and other agencies, under the support of the committee will collect and analyze relevant data to the risk of identification, monitoring and to congress each year in periodic report and statement will be published information.Consumer financial protection agency, on the eve of the financial crisis, there are seven regulators for housing mortgage loans, credit CARDS and other products to regulate, but none will consumers' rights and interests protection priority, leading to the housing mortgage loan becomes risky products, credit card interest and bank charges surge, non-bank lenders to free from the federal regulatory (Brady Dennis, 2010).So, the new set up specialized consumer protection department.
译文
金融监管改革与启示：美国的实证研究
布拉德
摘要
次贷危机暴露了美国现行金融监管制度的缺陷，使美国对其监管理念和监管体系进行反思。《多德-弗兰克华尔街改革和消费者保护法案》是美国在危机后进行大规模金融监管改革的立法尝试。新设金融稳定监管委员会防范系统性风险、成立消费者金融保护局、加强金融衍生品监管、终结金融机构大而不能倒状况等立法内容折射出美国金融监管理念的革新。我国应适度借鉴美国金融监管改革立
法优质内核，完善我国金融监管法律制度建设。
关键词：金融监管；改革；系统性风险；金融稳定监管委员会；消费者金融保护局
1 引言
2010 年7 月21 日，美国总统奥巴马签署了最终版本的金融改革法案（全称为“多德-弗兰克华尔街改革和消费者保护法案”），使之成为正式立法。这部旨在重塑美国金融监管体系、终结金融机构所谓“大而不能倒”的状况、保护消费者金融权益、创建稳健的金融基础从而避免类似金融危机重演的法案被称为美国自“大萧条”以来最严厉的金融监管改革法案。该法案重新审视现行金融监管体系的缺陷，重新分配错综复杂的“双层多头”金融监管体系内监管机构的权力。本文试图对新法案进行分析和解读，以找出完善金融监管法律制度建设的启示。
2美国金融监管改革法案的立法背景
金融危机让美国乃至全球经济陷入严重衰退。有关金融危机产生的根源，众说纷纭。主要观点可以总结为宽松的货币环境创造了过剩的流动性；实体经济与虚拟经济比例严重失衡、房地产资产泡沫破裂、金融监管重叠与真空、金融衍生工具过度盛行、金融机构道德风险泛滥、信用评级机构利益冲突及经济结构失衡等方面。但金融监管体制层面的缺陷，无疑是金融危机的重要成因。新法案的出台标志着美国金融改革立法长跑成功越线。回顾法案从提出、投票、否决、修改直至通过并签署的艰辛历程，不难看出各利益团体的博弈之激烈。
2009 年6 月17 日，奥巴马政府正式公布全面金融监管改革法案。国会众议院和参议院分别于12 月11 日和2010 年 5 月20 日通过了各自版本法案。按照程序，两院在协调出统一文本后各自重新进行投票表决。 6 月30 日，众议院以237 票赞成、192 票反对的结果通过了两院统一版本的金融改革法案。（声明：本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库。）
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外文文献翻译---基于 Web 的分析系统
文献翻译 基于 Web 的分析系统 院（系）名称信息工程学院专业名称软件工程
英文译文 基于Web 的分析系统 马克斯科特，约翰琳 1 摘要 在使用分析型数据库时，分析人员将数据归入公用组，并尝试确定条件变化时产生的结果。例如，提高产品价格会增加单位利润，但可能会减少销量????ù会产生较高还是较低的总利润？或者，联邦贴现率的下降会如何影响房地产贷款的收益？为了帮助分析人员根据历史趋势做出有根据的预测，Microsoft 在SQL Server 2000 中提供了分析服务，在SQL Server 7.0 中提供了OLAP 服务。这些服务都提供OLAP 功能，能够将存储在SQL Server（或任何其他OLE DB 兼容的数据源）上的数据处理成多维数据结构，称为多维数据集。多维数据集简化了趋势分析和建立实体间交互方式联系的过程。例如，房地产投资者采用现金流模型来区分一组具有共同特征（如：地产类型、地理位置和利率范围）的贷款，并预测各种事件的影响。如果贷款提前偿还或者借款人违约，后果将会如何？此类不可预测的事件会如何影响贷款所担保的债券的收益。 从包含几百笔贷款的清单中选择并区分具有分析特征的贷款是需要相当技巧的。分析服务和OLAP 服务有助于在各组贷款间建立联系，以便分析人员能够建立贷款假设模型。为了帮助客户的房地产分析人员预测商业抵押证券的业绩，我们的开发小组需要设计一个以各种方式（如：利率、到期期限或地产位置）来简化贷款分类的系统。其界面应易于学习和使用。而且，所开发的系统需要在Internet 上进行安全的部署。为了满足这些要求，开发小组选择了分析服务。 2 在Web上部署Office 在选定了后端技术后，开发小组开始制订实现前端界面的计划。多数金融分析人员使用Microsoft Excel，他们对其界面比较熟悉，感觉也很舒服。Excel 包括数据透视表服务，能够允许分析人员连接到分析服务数据库。Excel 的拖放界面提供了对多维数据
英文文献及中文翻译
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
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外文文献及翻译
外文文献及翻译 题目：利用固定化过氧化氢酶 回收纺织品漂染的废水 专业食品科学与工程 学生姓名梁金龙 班级B食品072 学号0710308119 指导教师郑清
利用固定化过氧化氢酶回收纺织品漂染的废水 Silgia A. Costa1, Tzanko Tzanov1, Filipa Carneiro1, Georg M. Gübitz2 &Artur Cavaco-Paulo1,? 1纺织工程系, 米尼奥大学, 4810吉马尔, 葡萄牙 2环境生物技术系, 格拉茨技术大学, 8010格拉茨, 奥地利 ?作者联系方式(Fax: +351 253 510293; E-mail: artur@det.uminho.pt) 关键词：过氧化氢酶的固定化，酶稳定，过氧化氢，纺织印染 摘要 过氧化氢酶固定在氧化铝载体上并用戊二醛交联，在再循环塔反应器和CSTR反应器中研究贮存稳定性，温度和pH值对酶的活性。固定化酶的在的活性维持在44％，pH值11（30?C），对照组是活性为90％，pH值7（80?C），过氧化氢酶固定化的半衰期时间被提高到2小时（pH12，60?C）。用过氧化氢漂白织物后，洗涤过程中的残留水被固定化酶处理，可以用于再次印染时，记录实验数据。 1 序言 由于新的法规的出台，从生态经济的角度来看（Dickinson1984年），对于纺织行业中存在的成本和剩余水域的污染问题，必须给予更多的关注。过氧化氢是一种漂白剂，广泛应用于工业纺织工艺（Spiro & Griffith1997年）。在去除H2O2时，会消耗大量的水和能源（Weck 1991, St?hr & Petry 1995），以避免对氧气敏感的染料（Jensen 2000）产生后续问题。过氧化氢酶可用于降低过氧化氢的含量（Vasudevan & Thakur 1994, Emerson et al. 1996），从而减少水分消耗或方便回收印染洗涤液。过氧化氢酶的使用主要问题出在漂白时温度和清洗液碱度过高。以前，我们试图通过筛选新的嗜热嗜碱的微生物（Paar et al. 2001）或使用不同的酶稳定剂（Costa et al. 2001）来解决此问题。但是染料与蛋白质之间的潜在相互作用（Tzanov et al. 2001a, b）表明，可溶性过氧化氢酶的使用是不恰当的。固定化过氧化氢酶的使用还有一种选择(Costa et al. 2001, Amar et al. 2000)。在这项研究中，我们对氧化铝进行共价固定并使用戊二醛作为交联剂，这种方法在商业中得到验证。本项研究的目的就是探讨过氧化氢酶的固定化动力学，及其稳定性和工艺条件，这将使我们能够应用此系统，以处理可能被用于清洗染色的反复使用的酒。 2 材料和方法 2.1 酶 Terminox（EC1.11.1.6），50L以上，由AQUITEX- Maia提供，葡萄牙产。 2.2 过氧化氢酶的固定化 取Al2O3颗粒或薄片（Aldrich），直径分别为3和7毫米，在45摄氏度下，先经浓度4%的γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(Sigma)烷基化，再放入丙酮中浸泡24小时。用蒸馏水洗涤硅烷化载体后，放入浓度为2％戊二醛水溶液中室温下浸泡2小时（Aldrich），重复清洗一次并在60?C下干燥1小时。取五克的烷基化载体，室温24?C下浸泡在25毫升粗酶制剂中（Costa et al. 2001）。得出，每克Al2O3
软件工程论文参考文献
软件工程论文参考文献 [1] 杜献峰 . 基于三层 B/S 结构的档案管理系统开发 [J]. 中原工学院学报，2009:19-25 [2]林鹏，李田养. 数字档案馆电子文件接收管理系统研究及建设[J].兰台世界，2008:23-25 [3]汤星群.基于数字档案馆建设的两点思考[J].档案时空，2005:23-28 [4]张华丽.基于 J2EE 的档案管理系统设计与实现[J].现代商贸工业. 2010:14-17 [5] 纪新.转型期大型企业集团档案管理模式研究[D].天津师范大学，2008：46-57. [6] 周玉玲.纸质与电子档案共存及网络环境电子档案管理模式[J].中国科技博览，2009：44-46. [7] 张寅玮.甘肃省电子档案管理研究[D]. 兰州大学，2011:30-42 [8] 惠宏伟.面向数字化校园的档案信息管理系统的研究与实现[D]. 电子科技大学，2006:19-33 [9] 刘冬立.基于 Web 的企业档案管理系统的设计与实现[D].同济大学，2007:14-23 [10]钟瑛.浅议电子文件管理系统的功能要素[J]. 档案学通讯，2006:11-20 [11] 刘洪峰，陈江波.网络开发技术大全[M].人民邮电出版社，2005：119-143. [12] 程成，陈霞.软件工程[M].机械工业出版社，2003：46-80. [13] 舒红平.Web 数据库编程-Java[M].西安电子科技大学出版社，2005：97-143. [14] 徐拥军.从档案收集到知识积累[M].是由工业出版社，2008：6-24. [15]Gary P Johnston，David V. Bowen.he benefits of electronic recordsmanagement systems: a general review of published and some unpublishedcases. RecordsManagement Journal，2005:44-52 [16]Keith Gregory.Implementing an electronic records management system: Apublic sector case study. Records Management Journal，2005:17-21 [17]Duranti Luciana.Concepts，Principles，and Methods for the Management of Electronic RecordsR[J].Information Society，2001：57-60.
外文文献翻译——参考格式
广东工业大学华立学院 本科毕业设计（论文） 外文参考文献译文及原文 系部经济学部 专业经济学 年级 2007级 班级名称 07经济学6班 学号 16020706001 学生姓名张瑜琴 指导教师陈锶 2011 年05月
目录 1挑战：小额贷款中的进入和商业银行的长期承诺 (1) 2什么商业银行带给小额贷款和什么把他们留在外 (2) 3 商业银行的四个模型进入小额贷款之内 (4) 3.1内在的单位 (4) 3.2财务子公司 (5) 3.3策略的同盟 (5) 3.4服务公司模型 (6) 4 合法的形式和操作的结构比较 (8) 5 服务的个案研究公司模型：厄瓜多尔和Haiti5 (9)
1 挑战：小额贷款中的进入和商业银行的长期承诺 商业银行已经是逐渐重要的运动员在拉丁美洲中的小额贷款服务的发展2到小额贷款市场是小额贷款的好消息客户因为银行能提供他们一完整类型的财务的服务，包括信用，储蓄和以费用为基础的服务。整体而言，它也对小额贷款重要，因为与他们广泛的身体、财务的和人类。如果商业银行变成重的运动员在小额贷款，他们能提供非常强烈的竞争到传统的小额贷款机构。资源，银行能廉宜地发射而且扩张小额贷款服务rela tively。如果商业广告银行在小额贷款中成为严重的运动员，他们能提出非常强烈的竞争给传统的小额贷款机构。然而，小额贷款社区里面有知觉哪一商业银行进入进入小额贷款将会是短命或浅的。举例来说，有知觉哪一商业银行首先可能不搬进小额贷款因为时候建立小额贷款操作到一个有利润的水平超过银行的标准投资时间地平线。或，在进入小额贷款，银行之后可能移动在－上面藉由增加贷款数量销售取利润最大值－或者更坏的事，退出如果他们是不满意与小额贷款的收益性的水平。这些知觉已经被特性加燃料商业银行的情形进入小额贷款和后来的出口之内。在最极端的，一些开业者已经甚至宣布，”降低尺度死！”而且抛弃了与主意合作的商业银行。 在最 signific 看得到的地方，蚂蚁利益商业银行可能带给小额贷款，国际的ACCION 发展发射而且扩张的和一些商业银行的关系小额贷款操作。在这些情形的大部分方面， ACCION 和它的合伙人正在使用方法，已知的当做服务公司模型，表演早答应当做一个能工作的方法克服真正的。 商业银行的障碍进入和穿越建立长命的小额贷款操作一个商业银行 这论文描述如何服务公司模型、住址商业银行中的主要议题进入进小额贷款，监定成功建立的因素动作井小额贷款服务公司，和礼物结果和小额贷款的课servic e 公司用最长的经验，在海地和审判官席 del 的 SOGEBANK│ SOGESOL 初期结果指出那这服务公司模型表现一重要的突破在促成商业银行进入和留在小额贷款。在厄瓜多尔的 Pichincha│ CREDIFE。初期结果指出服务公司模型在促成商业广告中表现一次重要的突破银行进入而且留在小额贷款。
外文翻译--《软件工程-实践者的研究方法》
附录 Software Engineering-A PRACTITIONER’S APPROACH Written by Roger S. Pressman, Ph.D. （P.340-P.343） 13.3DESIGN PRINCIPLES Software design is both a process and a model. The design process is a sequence ofsteps that enable the designer to describe all aspects of the software to be built. It is important to note, however, that the design process is not simply a cookbook. Creative skill, past experience, a sense of what makes “good” software, and an overallcommitment to quality are critical success factors for a competent design. The design model is the equivalent of an architect’s plans for a house. It begins by representing the totality of the thing to be built (e.g., a three-dimensional renderingof the house) and slowly refines the thing to provide guidance for constructing eachdetail (e.g., the plumbing layout). Similarly, the design model that is created for softwareprovides a variety of different views of the computer software. Basic design principles enable the software engineer to navigate the design process.Davis suggests a setof principles for software design, which have beenadapted and extended in the following list: ? The design process should not suffer from “tunnel vision.” A gooddesigner should consider alternative approaches, judging each based on therequirements of the the resources available to do the job, and thedesign concepts presented in Section ? The design should be traceable to the analysis model. Because a singleelement of the design model often traces to multiple requirements, it is necessaryto have a means for tracking how requirements have been satisfied bythe design model. ? The design should not reinvent the wheel. Systems are constructed usinga set of design patterns, many of which have likely been encountered before.These patterns should always be chosen as an alternative to reinvention.Time is short and resources are limited! Design time should be invested inrepresenting truly new ideas and integrating those patterns that already exist. ? The design should “minimize the intellectual distance” between the software and the problem as it exists in the real world.That is, the structure of the software design should (whenever possible)mimic the structure of the problem domain.